Phylogeny of the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha : Cyclorhagida : Echinoderidae) – a cosmopolitan species group trapped in the intertidal

Author(s):  
Phillip Vorting Randsø ◽  
Hiroshi Yamasaki ◽  
Sarah Jane Bownes ◽  
Maria Herranz ◽  
Maikon Di Domenico ◽  
...  

Kinorhyncha is a phylum of microscopic, benthic marine invertebrates found throughout the world, from the Arctic to Antarctica and from the intertidal zone to the deep sea. Within the most species-rich genus, Echinoderes, we find a putatively monophyletic species group, the so-called Echinoderes coulli-group. The remarkable morphological similarities of the E. coulli-group species and the fact that the group has a global distribution even though most of the species are restricted to intertidal habitats, has led to the hypothesis that dispersal and speciation within the group has been driven by the process of continental drift. However, this has never been confirmed empirically. With morphology and two molecular loci, COI and 18S, we calculated phylogenetic trees by analysing datasets separately and in combination using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference. Using different models of evolution in combination with different statistical approaches, we show that two major clade divergences were consistent with historic drifting of continents, suggesting that vicariance has played an important role for the speciation within the E. coulli-group. Furthermore, we found that reconstructions of past tectonic drifting since the Devonian (416–359 million years ago) were able to explain present species distributions, and suggest that the group originated in a supposedly vast shallow marine environment in north-eastern Gondwana by the mid-late Silurian, 426–416 million years ago.

Author(s):  
Rayner Núñez ◽  
Alejandro Barro-Cañamero ◽  
Marc C. Minno ◽  
Douglas M. Fernández ◽  
Axel Hausmann

The genus Calisto is endemic tothe West Indiesand the only representative there of the Satyrinae. Here wereconstruct the evolutionary relationshipsof the herophile group and describe five new species from Cuba: Calisto gundlachi sp. nov., Calisto siguanensis sp. nov., Calisto disjunctus sp. nov., Calisto sharkeyae sp. nov. and Calisto lastrai sp. nov.We employ one mitochondrial and four nuclear markers to assess the phylogenetic position, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches, of the new taxa. Our phylogenetic trees yielded two strongly supported main clades with four of the new species included within them and C. sharkeyae as sister group to the rest of the major main clade. We conduct time-divergence estimations and ancestral area reconstructions using BEAST and BioGeoBEARS. The group originated 12.15 million years ago during the middle Miocene in north-eastern Cuba, Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa Massif. After 6 million years of in situ evolution most lineages started to colonise other Cuban territories and the Bahamas. This scenario is consistent with key geological events, including the closure of the western Havana–Matanzas channel 8–6 million years ago, the uplift of the Sierra Maestra 6–5 million years ago, and the land connections among Cuban regions during the Miocene–Pleistocene sea level drops. Dispersal and vicariance processes may have occurred, with populations surviving floodings on the major and minor mountain ranges, which remained as ‘islands’. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:03690F79-F938-42A0-B234-4A228D5C1913


Diversity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelina Lo Giudice ◽  
Carmen Rizzo

The ecological function of bacteria-invertebrate interactions in Polar areas remains poorly understood, despite increasing evidence that microbial metabolites may play pivotal roles in host-associated chemical defense and in shaping the symbiotic community structure. The metabolic and physiological changes that these organisms undergo in response to adapting to extreme conditions result in the production of structurally and functionally novel biologically active molecules. Deepening our knowledge on the interactions between bacteria and their invertebrate host would be highly helpful in providing the rationale for why (e.g., competition or cooperative purpose) and which (whether secondary metabolites, enzymes, or proteins) bioactive compounds are produced. To date, cold-adapted bacteria associated with marine invertebrates from the Arctic and Antarctica have not been given the attention they deserve and the versatility of their natural products remains virtually unexplored, even if they could represent a new attractive frontier in the search for novel natural compounds. This review is aimed at showcasing the diversity of cold-adapted bacteria associated with benthic invertebrates from Polar marine areas, highlighting the yet unexplored treasure they represent for biodiscovery.


Author(s):  
Дмитрий Николаевич Замятин

Геокультурное пространство любого региона формируется в результате взаимодействия двух слабо отделимых друг от друга элементов – геокультур, развивающихся на данной территории, и культурных ландшафтов. Полноценное развитие геокультурного пространства предполагает формирование уникальной онтологии воображения, создающей когнитивный «фундамент» для построения соответствующих моделей. Онтологические модели воображения характеризуют возможности расширенной репрезентации и интерпретации культурных ландшафтов какого-либо региона. Визуальность культурного ландшафта представляет собой сложное образование, в котором зрительные реакции и рефлексии оказываются результатом множественного воображения – одновременно и личностного, и группового. Геокультурное пространство Арктики в его визуально-дискурсивном измерении является сложным, поскольку традиция «колониального взгляда» вкупе с тенденцией к анализу постколониальных практик и к деколонизации различных арктических дискурсов создаёт амбивалентное дискурсивное поле актуальных визуальных практик и политик. Экзистенциальная ситуация постэкзотизма, типологически характерная для арктических регионов, является полем онтологизации множественных визуальных практик, закрепляющих ризоматические процедуры геокультурных различений. В результате полевого исследования прибрежных территорий Северо-Восточной Чукотки были выделены наиболее визуально интенсивные ключевые ландшафтные ассамбляжи: 1) морской охоты; 2) традиционных праздников морских охотников; 3) «первозданной» природы. Ландшафтные ассамбляжи репрезентируются теми или иными визуальными диспозитивами. Под визуальными диспозитивами понимаются устойчиво воспроизводящиеся и феноменологически фиксируемые визуальные ландшафтные (геокультурные) образы, характеризующие специфику определённых ландшафтных ассамбляжей. В результате проведённого исследования выделено пять ключевых визуальных диспозитивов, обусловливающих специфические формы воспроизводства и развития как самих геокультур, так и соответствующих культурных ландшафтов данных территорий: 1) диспозитив морских охотников, наиболее пограничный и фрактальный; 2) диспозитив праздников традиционной культуры морских охотников; 3) диспозитив разрушения и руинирования, связанный как с экстремальными природными условиями региона, так и с эпохой советского и постсоветского развития; 4) диспозитив «природного», «первозданного» пространства, связанный с низкой освоенностью территории; и 5) диспозитив мультинатурализма, проявляющийся в особенностях визуальных сред чукотских поселений (сел, поселков городского типа, небольшого города). Эти диспозитивы, переплетаясь и взаимодействуя между собой, создают множественные, постоянно трансформирующиеся ландшафтные ассамбляжи. В рамках представленных визуальных диспозитивов формируются феномены арктического постэкзотизма и внутреннего экзотизма, фиксирующие невозможность возвращения к доколониальной «ландшафтной оптике». The geocultural space of any region is formed as a result of the interaction of two weakly separable elements – geocultures developing in the given territory and cultural landscapes. The full development of a geocultural space involves the formation of a unique ontology of imagination, which creates a cognitive “foundation” for the construction of appropriate models. Ontological models of imagination characterize the possibilities of an expanded representation and interpretation of the cultural landscapes of a region. The visuality of a cultural landscape is a complex formation in which visual reactions and reflections are the result of multiple imaginations – both personal and group. The geocultural space of the Arctic, in its visual-discursive dimension, is complex, since the tradition of the “colonial view”, coupled with the tendencies to analyze postcolonial practices and to decolonize various Arctic discourses, creates an ambivalent discursive field of relevant visual practices and policies. The existential situation of post-exoticism, typologically characteristic of the Arctic regions, is a field of ontologization of multiple visual practices that consolidate rhizomatic procedures of geocultural distinctions. As a result of a field study of the coastal territories of North-Eastern Chukotka, the most visually intensive key landscape assemblages have been identified: 1) sea hunting, 2) traditional holidays of sea hunters, 3) “pristine” nature. Landscape assemblages are represented by various visual dispositives. Visual dispositives are understood as consistently reproducing and phenomenologically fixed visual landscape (geocultural) images that characterize the specifics of certain landscape assemblages. As a result of the study, five key visual dispositives have been identified that determine the specific forms of the reproduction and development of both geo-cultures themselves and the corresponding cultural landscapes of these territories: 1) the dispositive of sea hunters, the most borderline and fractal; 2) the dispositive of holidays of the traditional culture of sea hunters; 3) the dispositive of destruction and ruin associated with both the extreme natural conditions of the region and the era of the Soviet and post-Soviet development; 4) the dispositive of the “natural”, “pristine” space associated with the low development of the territory, and 5) the dispositive of multi-naturalism, manifested in the features of the visual environments of Chukchi settlements (villages, urban-type settlements, small towns). These dispositives, intertwining and interacting, create multiple, constantly transforming landscape assemblages. Within the framework of the presented visual dispositives, the phenomena of Arctic post-exoticism and internal exoticism are formed, which fix the impossibility of returning to the pre-colonial “landscape optics”.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Salokannel ◽  
Kyung Min Lee ◽  
Aki Rinne ◽  
Marko Mutanen

Abstract Large-scale global efforts on DNA barcoding have repeatedly revealed unexpected patterns of variability in mtDNA, including deep intraspecific divergences and haplotype sharing between species. Understanding the evolutionary causes behind these patterns calls for insights from the nuclear genome. While building a near-complete DNA barcode library of Finnish caddisflies, a case of barcode-sharing and some cases of deep intraspecific divergences were observed. In this study, the Apatania zonella (Zetterstedt, 1840) group and three Limnephilus Leach, 1815 species were studied using double digest RAD sequencing (ddRAD-seq), morphology, and DNA barcoding. The results support the present species boundaries in the A. zonella group species. A morphologically distinct but mitogenetically nondistinct taxon related to parthenogenetic Apatania hispida (Forsslund, 1930) got only weak support for its validity as a distinct species. The morphology and genomic-scale data do not indicate cryptic diversity in any of the three Limnephilus species despite the observed deep intraspecific divergences in DNA barcodes. This demonstrates that polymorphism in mtDNA may not reflect cryptic diversity, but mitonuclear discordance due to other evolutionary causes.


2010 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Jean-François Therrien

A pair of Short-eared Owls was observed throughout the summer of 2008 showing territorial behavior more than 1000 km north of their known breeding range in north-eastern Canada. These observations might be related to high lemming densities and/or climate change occurring in the Arctic.


Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 874-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolas Nikolaidis ◽  
Zacharias G. Scouras

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction site maps for three Drosophila montium subgroup species of the melanogaster species group, inhabiting Indian and Afrotropical montium subgroup territories, were established. Taking into account previous mtDNA data concerning six oriental montium species, a phylogeny was established using distance-matrix and parsimony methods. Both genetic diversity and mtDNA size variations were found to be very narrow, suggesting close phylogenetic relationships among all montium species studied. The phylogenetic trees that were constructed revealed three main lineages for the montium subgroup species studied: one consisting of the Afrotropical species Drosophila seguyi, which is placed distantly from the other species, one comprising the north-oriental (Palearctic) species, and one comprising the southwestern (south-oriental, Australasian, Indian, and Afrotropical) species. The combination of the mtDNA data presented here with data from other species belonging to the melanogaster and obscura subgroups revealed two major clusters: melanogaster and obscura. The melanogaster cluster is further divided into two compact lineages, comprising the montium subgroup species and the melanogaster complex species; the species of the other complex of the melanogaster subgroup, yakuba, disperse among the obscura species. The above grouping is in agreement with the mtDNA size variations of the species. Overall, among all subgroups studied, the species of the montium subgroup seem to be the most closely related. Key words : mtDNA restriction site maps, mtDNA size variations, Drosophila, phylogeny.


Author(s):  
PR Ackery ◽  
CR Smith ◽  
R Vane-Wright

The result of more than 20 years of research and collaboration by international butterfly experts, this book is the first comprehensive catalogue to the butterfly fauna of any major tropical region and, as such, provides a basic research tool for any worker with an interest in African butterflies. Covering 3593 recognised species in 300 genera, it deals with about 20% of the world butterfly fauna. Included are entries for all genus-group, species-group and infra-subspecific names applicable to the Afrotropical butterflies, a total of about 14 000 names. This work has a more wide-ranging appeal than a narrow taxonomic list, a volume that will be of value not only to taxonomists but to all biologists with an interest in Africa and its butterfly fauna.


1891 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Henry H. Howorth

Among the many interesting issues raised by the discovery of Mammoth remains in large numbers along the Arctic borders of Eastern Asia, one has, I think, ceased to be polemical. So far as I know, there is no serious student who now contests the fact that the Mammoth and his companions lived where their remains are found. The rooted trees upon which they fed, and the southern river-shells which were their contemporaries, both of which are found with their remains (both being incapable of migration), prove incontestably what a score of other arguments show, that the fauna of North-Eastern Siberia in the Mammoth age, like its flora, must be explained by some other theory than migration. This I have urged in many ways in my work on the Mammoth.


Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4852 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
ALEKSANDR NOVIKOV ◽  
DAYANA SHARAFUTDINOVA

A new species of harpacticoid copepod of the family Canthocamptidae, Maraenobiotus supermario sp. nov. is described. The new species was found in interstitial waters of the moss tundra of the Lena River Delta, Siberia. This species belongs to the vejdovskyi-species group. The new species differs from its congeners in the apical caudal setae lacking a bulbous proximal part, and in the unique structure of the mandibular palp with only one seta. We also present detailed figures and description of sensilla and pores on the somites surface, which could be used in the future to diagnose and solve taxonomic issues of this complex genus. 


Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4808 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-250
Author(s):  
ALAN A. MYERS ◽  
JAMES K. LOWRY

The amphipod genus Orchestia is revised. It now includes 10 species of which three are new: O. forchuensis sp. nov. from north-eastern North America and Iceland., O. perezi sp. nov. from Chile and O. tabladoi sp. nov. from Argentina. Orchestia inaequalipes (K.H. Barnard 1951) is reinstated. The type species of the genus, O. gammarellus is redescribed based on material from Fountainstown, Ireland and a neotype is established to stabilize the species. The species was originally described from a garden in Leiden, far from the sea. Its true identity is unknown and no type material exists. Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas, 1776) is shown to be a sibling species group with members in both hemispheres of the temperate Atlantic as well along the Pacific coast of South America. A hypothesis for the establishment of the current distribution of Orchestia species is presented that extends back to the Cretaceous. 


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