Impact of Various Grass Species on Soil Bacteriobiome

Today, various grass species are important not only in animal feeding but, increasingly often, also in energetics and, due to esthetic and cultural values, in landscape architecture. Therefore, it is essential to establish the roles various grass species and their functional forms play in modifying soil bacteriobiome and enzymatic activity. To this end, a pot experiment was conducted to examine effects of various fodder grass and lawn grass species on the bacteriobiome and biochemical properties of soil. Nonsown soil served as the control for data interpretation. Analyses were carried out with standard and metagenomic methods. The intensity of effects elicited by grasses depended on both their species and functional form. More favorable living conditions promoting the development of soil bacteria and, thereby, enzymatic activity were offered by fodder than by lawn grass species. Among the fodder grasses, the greatest bacteriobiome diversity was caused by sowing the soil with Phleum pratense (Pp), whereas among lawn grasses in the soil sown with Poa pratensis (Pr). Among the fodder grasses, the highest enzymatic activity was determined in the soil sown with Lolium x hybridum Hausskn (Lh), and among the lawn grasses—in the soil sown with Lolium perenne. Sowing the soil with grasses caused the succession of a population of bacterial communities from r strategy to k strategy.

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Sixty Years After the First Description: Genome Sequence and Biological Characterization of European Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus Infecting Cereal Crops

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-07-19-0258-fi ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 68-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Merike Sõmera ◽

Anders Kvarnheden ◽

Cécile Desbiez ◽

Dag-Ragnar Blystad ◽

Pille Sooväli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Transmission Factor ◽

Range Data ◽

Cereal Species ◽

Systemic Spread

High-throughput sequencing technologies were used to identify plant viruses in cereal samples surveyed from 2012 to 2017. Fifteen genome sequences of a tenuivirus infecting wheat, oats, and spelt in Estonia, Norway, and Sweden were identified and characterized by their distances to other tenuivirus sequences. Like most tenuiviruses, the genome of this tenuivirus contains four genomic segments. The isolates found from different countries shared at least 92% nucleotide sequence identity at the genome level. The planthopper Javesella pellucida was identified as a vector of the virus. Laboratory transmission tests using this vector indicated that wheat, oats, barley, rye, and triticale, but none of the tested pasture grass species (Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis), are susceptible. Taking into account the vector and host range data, the tenuivirus we have found most probably represents European wheat striate mosaic virus first identified about 60 years ago. Interestingly, whereas we were not able to infect any of the tested cereal species mechanically, Nicotiana benthamiana was infected via mechanical inoculation in laboratory conditions, displaying symptoms of yellow spots and vein clearing evolving into necrosis, eventually leading to plant death. Surprisingly, one of the virus genome segments (RNA2) encoding both a putative host systemic movement enhancer protein and a putative vector transmission factor was not detected in N. benthamiana after several passages even though systemic infection was observed, raising fundamental questions about the role of this segment in the systemic spread in several hosts.

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Wind-mediated seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, Japan

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1017/inp.2019.11 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (02) ◽

pp. 133-141

Author(s):

Chika Egawa ◽

Atsushi Shoji ◽

Hiroyuki Shibaike

Keyword(s):

Seed Dispersal ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Plant Cover ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Dispersal Distance ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Forage Grass ◽

Forage Grasses ◽

Number Of Seeds

AbstractAlthough introduced pasture grasses are essential for forage production in current livestock farming, some species cause serious impacts on native biodiversity when naturalized. Information on the seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from cultivated settings to surrounding environments can inform management efforts to prevent their naturalization. In this case study, we quantified the wind-mediated seed dispersal distance and amount of dispersed seed of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, northern Japan. In total, 200 funnel seed traps were installed around three regularly mown grasslands and one unmown grassland where various forage grass species were grown in mixture. Seeds of each species dispersed outside the grasslands were captured from May to October 2017. Based on the trapped distances of seeds, the 99th percentile dispersal distance from the grasslands was estimated for six species, including timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). For two dominant species, P. pratense and D. glomerata, the numbers of seeds dispersed outside the field under mown and unmown conditions were determined under various plant cover situations. The estimated dispersal distances ranged from 2.3 m (P. pratense) to 31.5 m (P. pratensis), suggesting that areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands are exposed to the invasion risk of some forage grass species. For both P. pratense and D. glomerata, the number of seeds dispersed outside the unmown grassland exceeded 100 seeds m−2 under high plant cover situations, while the number of seeds dispersed from the mown grasslands at the same plant cover level was less than one-third of that number. The results suggest that local land managers focus their efforts on frequent mowing of grasslands and monitoring of the areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands to substantially reduce the naturalization of invasive forage grasses.

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The resistance of Lolium perenne L. × hybridum, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata to soil pollution by diesel oil and petroleum

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/42/2019-pse ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 307-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽

Agata Borowik ◽

Jan Kucharski

Keyword(s):

Soil Pollution ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Diesel Oil ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Lolium Perenne L ◽

Phleum Pratense L

Resistance of common European grasses to diesel oil and petroleum pollution is not well-known. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected grasses to pollution by diesel and petroleum using the pot experiment. The achieved results were compared with those determined for grasses grown on the non-polluted soil. Soil pollution with the tested products was found to significantly decrease the yield of all grasses, with the decrease being lower upon soil pollution with petroleum than with diesel oil. The most resistant to the pollution with diesel oil and petroleum were Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. The degradation of particular groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depended on their chemical properties, on the type of pollutant and grass species. The greatest degradation was determined in the case of BTEX, C6–C12 benzines as well as 2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons, whereas the lowest in the case of 5-and 6-ring hydrocarbons and C12–C25 oils. The most useful species in the remediation of soils polluted with diesel oil and petroleum turned out to be: Lolium perenne L., Lolium × hybridum Hausskn and Phleum pratense L., whereas the least useful appeared to be: Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L.

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Germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of selected grass species under the influence of blastokolins from germinating grass seeds

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2006.081 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 253-262

Author(s):

Halina Lipińska

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Randomization Method ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions in Department of Grass Science and Greenland Shaping in 2002-2004. Studies included six experiment series on Petri dishes set by means of complete randomization method in four replications. Following species were tested: Festulolium, Festuca pratensis, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis making one or two-species combinations. Fifteen seeds of two species were arranged alternately in 1- centimeter distance on a Petri dish. Objects where seeds germinated with no neighborhood of other species (30 seeds on a dish), were control. The filter's humidity on Petri dishes was maintained by wetting it with distilled water. Achieved results revealed significant influence of blastokolins of tested grass species on seed germination and initial seedling growth. Secretion of germinating Festulolium seeds showed the highest activity. Reaction of tested grass species to allelochemicals varied. In reference to control objects, Phleum pratense among tested species was distinguished with the highest susceptibility to allelochemicals released during seed germination.

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COLD HARDINESS AND ICE TOLERANCE OF PASTURE GRASSES GROWN AND TESTED IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps86-080 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 601-608 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

B. E. GUDLEIFSSON ◽

C. J. ANDREWS ◽

H. BJORNSSON

Keyword(s):

Cold Hardiness ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Meadow Fescue ◽

Freezing Resistance ◽

Reed Canarygrass ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Wide Range

A number of forage grass species were tested for cold hardiness and ice tolerance after growth and cold hardening under controlled conditions. Tests exposing cold-hardened plants to a single level of stress separated species into statistically similar groups but, in a number of cases, the stress was not sufficient to kill plants so the true cultivar rankings were obscured. Derivation of the 50% kill point from a wide range of levels of stress served to identify cold hardiness and ice tolerance levels of cultivars of 10 species. Ranked according to the most hardy cultivar of the species tested were: timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa L.), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus L.), berings hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae). LT50 values varied from −15.7 °C for timothy to −4.7 °C for reed canarygrass. Cold hardiness and ice tolerance were only loosely associated (r = 0.36). The most ice-tolerant species were berings and tufted hairgrasses and timothy with LI50 values of 50, 39 and 44 d, respectively.Key words: Acclimation, encasement, freezing, resistance

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FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF CULTIVATED PERENNIAL GRASSES HARVESTED AT THE EARLY HEADING STAGE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps75-038 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 271-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. N. TINGLE ◽

C. R. ELLIOTT

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Cultivar Differences ◽

Grass Species ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Heading Stage

Fifteen grass species harvested at the early heading stage varied in dry matter yield and contents of crude protein, dry matter digestibility, Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Mn and Cu. Each parameter except Mg and Cu concentrations exhibited differences between cultivars within certain of eight species. Only timothy (Phleum pratense L.) had cultivar differences in dry matter digestibility. Crude protein contents varied between cultivars of meadow fescue (Festuca elatior L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Differences between species were greater than between cultivars within species.

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Repatriation of lost old grass varieties to the germplasm collection of the Czech Republic

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/1518-cjgpb ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 46 (Special Issue) ◽

pp. S37-S39

Author(s):

M. Ševčíková

Keyword(s):

Poa Pratensis ◽

Germplasm Collection ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Grass Breeding ◽

Arrhenatherum Elatius ◽

Crop Research

In former Czechoslovakia, grass breeding was located in the three distinct regions of Southern Bohemia and Northern Moravia during the 1920’s; and later in Slovakia in the 1940’s. This resulted in the development of 45 cultivars of 17 grass species which originated from local ecotypes and were named after the place of their breeding (e.g. Táborský, Větrovský, Rožnovský, and Levočský). Most of these historical cultivars were not preserved in any national germplasm collection, and the number of missing accessions amounted to 27 of the 34 deleted varieties. Using the findings about unpreserved materials of Czechoslovak origin in the European Central Crop Databases, as well as the EURISCO web catalogue, it was possible to repatriate 7 historical cultivars (Arrhenatherum elatius Větrovský, Festuca pratensis Větrovská, Festuca rubra Rožnovská, Lolium perenne Táborský, Phleum pratense Větrovský, Poa nemoralis Rožnovská, and Poa pratensis Levočská) from the gene banks of the neighbouring European countries. The accessions were regenerated, and their seed has been stored ex situ in the Gene Bank of the Crop Research Institute in Prague.

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The effect of some herbicides on seed yield of six grass species – Short Communication

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/4817-pps ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 23-28

Author(s):

J. Macháč ◽

B. Cagaš ◽

R. Macháč

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Short Communication ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

The Other ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Arrhenatherum Elatius

The tolerance to or phytotoxicity of selected herbicides and their impact on seed yield was investigated in six grasses grown for seed: Phleum pratense cv. Sobol (a), Festuca rubra cv. Táborská (b), Festuca pratensis cv. Otava (c), Poa pratensis cv. Slezanka (d), Arrhenatherum elatius cv. Medián (e) and Dactylis glomerata cv. Zora (f). All species were tolerant to Grodyl 75 WG (amidosulfuron 75%), (a) and (f) were tolerant to Grodyl plus (amidosulfuron 15 g/kg + isoproturon 600 g/kg) which was phytotoxic to the other grass species; all species were tolerant to Stomp 330 E (pendimethalin 330 g/l); Lintur 70 WG (triasulfuron 4.1% + dicamba 65.9%) was phytotoxic only to (c) while the other species were tolerant to it.

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CHLORIDE UPTAKE BY VARIOUS TURFGRASS SPECIES AND CULTIVARS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps71-095 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 485-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. E. CORDUKES ◽

E. V. PARUPS

Keyword(s):

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Chloride Content ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Grass Species ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Chloride Uptake

Twelve cultivars representing eight grass species were each grown in a sand/vermiculite medium in the greenhouse, fed six solutions varying in chloride content for 140 days, and cut at lawn height. Six harvests were obtained and analyzed for chloride uptake. Visual ratings and yields indicated that the grasses tolerate relatively high chloride levels for a considerable time. Chloride uptake increased with time and increasing chloride content of the solutions. Uptake was less from alkaline than from acid solutions. Highland bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were the least tolerant, while Norlea perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were the most tolerant to chlorides. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) were intermediate in this respect.

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Variations in coat protein sequence of Wheat streak mosaic virus among crop and non-crop hosts

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp17025 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 328 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Khushwant Singh ◽

Jiban Kumar Kundu

Keyword(s):

Coat Protein ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Type A ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Type B ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Type D

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) has become a re-emerging pathogen in recent years in the Czech Republic. Crop (e.g. wheat, barley, maize) and non-crop grasses from the Poaceae family are the natural hosts of the virus. Here, we report the results from coat protein (CP) gene-sequence analysis of WSMV isolates from wheat crops (four cultivars: Turondot, Bodyček, Avenue, Hymack) and three grass species (Agropyron repens, Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis). Phylogenetic reconstruction of putative CP sequences showed that all tested isolates clustered with existing type B isolates of WSMV (originating from Europe and Asia) rather than type D (originating from USA, Argentina, Australia, and Iran) and type A (originating from Mexico) isolates. Analysis of recombination events showed that Turondot and Hymack isolates recombined with P. pratense, whereas Bodyček and Avenue isolates recombined with a type B isolate (Iran_Saadat-Shahr). The grasses A. repens, P. pratense and P. pratensis share recombination events with type A (Mexico_El Batán), type B (French and German isolates) and type D (Iran_Naghadeh) isolates. The characteristic GCA (Gly276) triplet codon found in type B isolates was conserved in both the wheat and grass isolates. Notably, nucleotide variations were mainly observed at positions nt 381–389, nt 405–460 and nt 486–497 between crop and non-crop hosts. Based on our analysis, we propose that the grass isolates form subtype B1 within the type B isolates of WSMV. Putative CP amino acid sequences in the centre of the protein and in the C-terminal domain (aa 112–260) were significantly more frequently conserved in both wheat and grasses than those in the N-terminal domain (aa 11–80). Collectively, these results indicate that variations exist between crop and non-crop hosts of WSMV.

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