scholarly journals Germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of selected grass species under the influence of blastokolins from germinating grass seeds

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262
Author(s):  
Halina Lipińska
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Randomization Method ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions in Department of Grass Science and Greenland Shaping in 2002-2004. Studies included six experiment series on Petri dishes set by means of complete randomization method in four replications. Following species were tested: <i>Festulolium</i>, <i>Festuca pratensis</i>, <i>Lolium perenne</i>, <i>Phleum pratense</i> and <i>Poa pratensis</i> making one or two-species combinations. Fifteen seeds of two species were arranged alternately in 1- centimeter distance on a Petri dish. Objects where seeds germinated with no neighborhood of other species (30 seeds on a dish), were control. The filter's humidity on Petri dishes was maintained by wetting it with distilled water. Achieved results revealed significant influence of blastokolins of tested grass species on seed germination and initial seedling growth. Secretion of germinating <i>Festulolium</i> seeds showed the highest activity. Reaction of tested grass species to allelochemicals varied. In reference to control objects, <i>Phleum pratense</i> among tested species was distinguished with the highest susceptibility to allelochemicals released during seed germination.

scholarly journals The effect of some herbicides on seed yield of six grass species – Short Communication

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
J. Macháč ◽  
B. Cagaš ◽  
R. Macháč
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

The tolerance to or phytotoxicity of selected herbicides and their impact on seed yield was investigated in six grasses grown for seed: Phleum pratense cv. Sobol (a), Festuca rubra cv. T&aacute;borsk&aacute; (b), Festuca pratensis cv. Otava (c), Poa pratensis cv. Slezanka (d), Arrhenatherum elatius cv. Medi&aacute;n (e) and Dactylis glomerata cv. Zora (f). All species were tolerant to Grodyl 75 WG (amidosulfuron 75%), (a) and (f) were tolerant to Grodyl plus (amidosulfuron 15 g/kg + isoproturon 600 g/kg) which was phytotoxic to the other grass species; all species were tolerant to Stomp 330 E (pendimethalin 330 g/l); Lintur 70 WG (triasulfuron 4.1% + dicamba 65.9%) was phytotoxic only to (c) while the other species were tolerant to it.

scholarly journals Analysis of dry matter yield structure of forage grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lemežienė ◽  
J. Kanapeckas ◽  
P. Tarakanovas ◽  
S. Nekrošas
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Yield Structure

An average dry matter yield structure (three cuts per growing season) in relation to agronomically valuable characteristics of six forage grass species and a year of herbage utilization was studied over the period of 1989&ndash;2002 in Lithuania. The most productive species of the first cut of two years of herbage utilization were Phleum pratense (P &lt; 0.01) and Festulolium hybrids (P &lt; 0.05) (average dry matter yield were 7.42 and 6.66 t/ha, respectively), moderately productive &ndash; Festuca pratensis, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne (5.58, 5.42 and 5.20 t/ha), significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) yielding was Poa pratensis (4.19 t/ha). During two years of herbage utilization Dactylis glomerata produced significantly (P &lt; 0.01) higher dry matter yield of aftermath &ndash; 7.30 t/ha. Other grass species were ranked in the following order: Festulolium hybrids 5.85 t/ha, Festuca pratensis 4.94 t/ha, Poa pratensis 4.57 t/ha, Lolium perenne 4.48 t/ha, and Phleum pratense 3.92 t/ha. Dactylis glomerata and Poa pratensis distinguished by the highest aftermath percent in the structure of the annual dry matter yield (57.7 and 52.2%). Phleum pratense formed an especially poor aftermath &ndash; only 34.6%. An average annual dry matter yield data analysis of two years of herbage utilization over the period of 1989&ndash;2002 showed that Dactylis glomerata and Festulolium hybrids were most productive (P &lt; 0.01) species.

scholarly journals Sixty Years After the First Description: Genome Sequence and Biological Characterization of European Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus Infecting Cereal Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merike Sõmera ◽  
Anders Kvarnheden ◽  
Cécile Desbiez ◽  
Dag-Ragnar Blystad ◽  
Pille Sooväli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Transmission Factor ◽  
Range Data ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Systemic Spread

High-throughput sequencing technologies were used to identify plant viruses in cereal samples surveyed from 2012 to 2017. Fifteen genome sequences of a tenuivirus infecting wheat, oats, and spelt in Estonia, Norway, and Sweden were identified and characterized by their distances to other tenuivirus sequences. Like most tenuiviruses, the genome of this tenuivirus contains four genomic segments. The isolates found from different countries shared at least 92% nucleotide sequence identity at the genome level. The planthopper Javesella pellucida was identified as a vector of the virus. Laboratory transmission tests using this vector indicated that wheat, oats, barley, rye, and triticale, but none of the tested pasture grass species (Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis), are susceptible. Taking into account the vector and host range data, the tenuivirus we have found most probably represents European wheat striate mosaic virus first identified about 60 years ago. Interestingly, whereas we were not able to infect any of the tested cereal species mechanically, Nicotiana benthamiana was infected via mechanical inoculation in laboratory conditions, displaying symptoms of yellow spots and vein clearing evolving into necrosis, eventually leading to plant death. Surprisingly, one of the virus genome segments (RNA2) encoding both a putative host systemic movement enhancer protein and a putative vector transmission factor was not detected in N. benthamiana after several passages even though systemic infection was observed, raising fundamental questions about the role of this segment in the systemic spread in several hosts.

Wind-mediated seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Chika Egawa ◽  
Atsushi Shoji ◽  
Hiroyuki Shibaike
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractAlthough introduced pasture grasses are essential for forage production in current livestock farming, some species cause serious impacts on native biodiversity when naturalized. Information on the seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from cultivated settings to surrounding environments can inform management efforts to prevent their naturalization. In this case study, we quantified the wind-mediated seed dispersal distance and amount of dispersed seed of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, northern Japan. In total, 200 funnel seed traps were installed around three regularly mown grasslands and one unmown grassland where various forage grass species were grown in mixture. Seeds of each species dispersed outside the grasslands were captured from May to October 2017. Based on the trapped distances of seeds, the 99th percentile dispersal distance from the grasslands was estimated for six species, including timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). For two dominant species, P. pratense and D. glomerata, the numbers of seeds dispersed outside the field under mown and unmown conditions were determined under various plant cover situations. The estimated dispersal distances ranged from 2.3 m (P. pratense) to 31.5 m (P. pratensis), suggesting that areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands are exposed to the invasion risk of some forage grass species. For both P. pratense and D. glomerata, the number of seeds dispersed outside the unmown grassland exceeded 100 seeds m−2 under high plant cover situations, while the number of seeds dispersed from the mown grasslands at the same plant cover level was less than one-third of that number. The results suggest that local land managers focus their efforts on frequent mowing of grasslands and monitoring of the areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands to substantially reduce the naturalization of invasive forage grasses.

scholarly journals The resistance of Lolium perenne L. × hybridum, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata to soil pollution by diesel oil and petroleum

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Resistance of common European grasses to diesel oil and petroleum pollution is not well-known. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected grasses to pollution by diesel and petroleum using the pot experiment. The achieved results were compared with those determined for grasses grown on the non-polluted soil. Soil pollution with the tested products was found to significantly decrease the yield of all grasses, with the decrease being lower upon soil pollution with petroleum than with diesel oil. The most resistant to the pollution with diesel oil and petroleum were Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. The degradation of particular groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depended on their chemical properties, on the type of pollutant and grass species. The greatest degradation was determined in the case of BTEX, C<sub>6</sub>–C<sub>12</sub> benzines as well as 2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons, whereas the lowest in the case of 5-and 6-ring hydrocarbons and C<sub>12</sub>–C<sub>25</sub> oils. The most useful species in the remediation of soils polluted with diesel oil and petroleum turned out to be: Lolium perenne L., Lolium × hybridum Hausskn and Phleum pratense L., whereas the least useful appeared to be: Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L.

scholarly journals Contribution of different grass species to plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange in intensively managed grassland

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mattsson ◽  
B. Herrmann ◽  
S. Jones ◽  
A. Neftel ◽  
M. A. Sutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Apoplastic Ph ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Ammonia Exchange

Abstract. Species diversity in grasslands usually declines with increasing input of nitrogen from fertilizers or atmospheric deposition. Conversely, species diversity may also impact the build-up of soil and plant nitrogen pools. One important pool is NH3/NH4+ which also can be exchanged between plant leaves and the atmosphere. Limited information is available on how plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange is related to species diversity in grasslands. We have here investigated grass species abundance and different foliar nitrogen pools in 4-year-old intensively managed grassland. Apoplastic pH and NH4+ concentrations of the 8 most abundant species (Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, Festuca pratensis, Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, Bromus mollis) were used to calculate stomatal NH3 compensation points. Apoplastic NH4+ concentrations differed considerably among the species, ranging from 13 to 117 μM, with highest values in Festuca pratensis. Also apoplastic pH values varied, from pH 6.0 in Phleum pratense to 6.9 in Dactylis glomerata. The observed differences in apoplastic NH4+ and pH resulted in a large span of predicted values for the stomatal NH3 compensation point which ranged between 0.20 and 6.57 nmol mol−1. Three species (Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis and Dactylis glomerata) had sufficiently high NH3 compensation point and abundance to contribute to the bi-directional NH3 fluxes recorded over the whole field. The other 5 grass species had NH3 compensation points considerably below the atmospheric NH3 concentration and were thus not likely to contribute to NH3 emission but only to NH3 uptake from the atmosphere. Evaluated across species, leaf bulk-tissue NH4+ concentrations correlated well (r2=0.902) with stomatal NH3 compensation points calculated on the basis of the apoplastic bioassay. This suggests that leaf tissue NH4+ concentrations combined with data for the frequency distribution of the corresponding species can be used for predicting the NH3 exchange potential of a mixed grass sward.

scholarly journals Anti-senescence Activity of Chemicals Applied to Kentucky Bluegrass

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Goatley ◽  
R.E. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Petri Dishes

This study was conducted to determine the potential anti-senescence activity of certain chemicals by monitoring changes in gross. CO2 exchange with senescence of excised leaves of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). One day following foliar applications of benzyladenine (BA), triadimefon, and propiconazole, with and without chelated Fe (8% Fe phosphate citrate), Kentucky bluegrass leaves were excised, floated on distilled water in petri dishes, and placed in a darkened growth chamber. Gross CO2 exchange rates (CER) were recorded 1, 4, 7, and 10 days after excision (DAE). Foliar applications of Fe, BA, triadimefon, or propiconazole applied alone induced an anti-senescence response. Combinations of Fe with the chemicals delayed excision-induced leaf senescence, but no significant increase in anti-senescence activity was obtained from the Fe and chemical combinations as compared to the materials applied alone. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA); 1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1yl)-2-butanone (triadimefon);1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazole).

scholarly journals The Effects of Salinity on Hibiscus syriacus and H. hamabo Seed Germination

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 899C-899
Author(s):  
Moo R. Huh ◽  
Beyoung H. Kwack ◽  
Leonard P. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

In this experiment, the effects of salinity from 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 5.0 % NaCl on Hibiscus syriacus L. and Hibiscus hamabo Sieb. & Zucc. seed germination with various temperature and Ca treatments was investigated in petri dishes with 10 ml of distilled water or with the appropriate saline solution. At 11 days after treatment, the highest germination rate was obtained at 20C with H. syriacus and 25C with H. hamabo without NaCl and Ca treatments. At 25C, only H. hamabo seeds germinated with 1% NaCl, with dry and fresh weight increasing as Ca concentration increased. With 0.5% NaCl treatment, the germination rate of H. hamabo and H. syriacus increased as Ca concentrations (0.0, 13.35, and 133.5 mM) increased. Without NaCl treatments, hypocotyl and leaf length and width of H. syriacus were longer than those of H. hamabo; with NaCl treatments, the inverse was true.

KINETICS OF EVAPORATION OF DISTILLED WATER BY DRYING FROM WATER–PROTEIN MIXTURE IN ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.С. ДАНИЛЬЧЕНКО ◽  
Т.Г. КОРОТКОВА ◽  
С.Ю. КСАНДОПУЛО
Keyword(s):  
Petri Dish ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Protein Film ◽  
Protein Mixture ◽  
Isothermal Conditions ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Conformational Rearrangements ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
Kinetics Of

Приведены результаты исследований кинетики испарения воды при сушке смеси вода–белок при 60°С в изотермических условиях. Смесь готовили из дистиллированной воды, предварительно доведенной до кипения при атмосферном давлении, которую заливали в две чашки Петри по 20 мл в каждую, и яичного белка, добавленного в количестве 0,2 и 0,6 мл соответственно. Чашки Петри помещали в сушильный шкаф Memmert, оснащенный принудительной конвекцией и устройством контроля температуры. Навеску с чашкой Петри взвешивали через каждые 5 мин на аналитических весах Discovery. Установлено, что увеличение количества белка снижает скорость испарения воды в периоде постоянной скорости сушки, скорость испарения зависит от природы растворенного вещества. По окончании процесса испарения на дне чашки Петри обнаружена полупрозрачная высохшая пленка белка, что свидетельствует о конформационных перестройках белка в процессе убыли влаги и частичном растворении белка в воде в процессе испарения. The results of studies of the kinetics of evaporation of water during drying of the water–protein mixture at 60°C in isothermal conditions are given. The mixture was prepared from distilled water, pre-boiled at atmospheric pressure, which was poured into two Petri dishes of 20 ml each, and egg white added in an amount of 0,2 and 0,6 ml, respectively. Petri dishes were placed in a Memmert drying Cabinet equipped with forced convection and a temperature control equipment. The overhang with a Petri dish was weighed every 5 min on the analytical scales of Discovery. It was found that an increase in the amount of egg protein reduces the rate of evaporation of water in a period of constant drying rate and the rate of evaporation depends on the nature of the dissolved substance. At the end of the evaporation process, a translucent dried protein film is found at the bottom of the Petri dish, which indicates the conformational rearrangements of the protein in the process of moisture loss and partial dissolution of the protein in the water during evaporation.

COLD HARDINESS AND ICE TOLERANCE OF PASTURE GRASSES GROWN AND TESTED IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. GUDLEIFSSON ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
H. BJORNSSON
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Wide Range

A number of forage grass species were tested for cold hardiness and ice tolerance after growth and cold hardening under controlled conditions. Tests exposing cold-hardened plants to a single level of stress separated species into statistically similar groups but, in a number of cases, the stress was not sufficient to kill plants so the true cultivar rankings were obscured. Derivation of the 50% kill point from a wide range of levels of stress served to identify cold hardiness and ice tolerance levels of cultivars of 10 species. Ranked according to the most hardy cultivar of the species tested were: timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa L.), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus L.), berings hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae). LT50 values varied from −15.7 °C for timothy to −4.7 °C for reed canarygrass. Cold hardiness and ice tolerance were only loosely associated (r = 0.36). The most ice-tolerant species were berings and tufted hairgrasses and timothy with LI50 values of 50, 39 and 44 d, respectively.Key words: Acclimation, encasement, freezing, resistance

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