scholarly journals Cultivar-Groups in Cucurbita maxima Duchesne: Diversity and Possible Domestication Pathways

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Fernando Sebastián López-Anido
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Flesh Quality ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Seed Disperser ◽  
Cultivar Group ◽  
Cultivar Groups

Domesticated Cucurbita has been remarked as one of the plant genera with the highest diversity in color, shape and fruit dimensions. Their economic and cultural values are related to the consumption of the mature or immature fruits, seeds, flowers, and to the use as decoration. The wild ancestor of C. maxima, the ssp. andreana has an actual scattered and disjointed distribution, associated with megafauna seed disperser syndrome. It was domesticated in South America around 9000–7000 years BP. The cultivar-group is a subspecific category for assembling cultivars on the basis of defined similarity. The work describes and pictures nine cultivar-groups for the species, Banana, Turban, Hubbard, Show, Buttercup, Zapallito, Plomo, Zipinka and Nugget. The molecular and a morphological join data analysis scatter biplot showed Turban and Buttercup in a central position, suggesting a first step in the domestication pathway associated with seed and immature fruit consumption; afterward, bigger bearing fruits groups were selected for their mature fruit flesh quality on one hand, and bush type, short day induction and temperate climate adaptation on the other hand. The striking domesticated Brazilian accession MAX24 intermediate between cultigens and ssp. andreana strengthens, in concordance with archeological remains, the possible domestication place of the species more easternward than previously believed.

scholarly journals Intangible cultural heritage: a benefit to climate-displaced and host communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gül Aktürk ◽  
Martha Lerski
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
Resilient Communities

AbstractClimate change is borderless, and its impacts are not shared equally by all communities. It causes an imbalance between people by creating a more desirable living environment for some societies while erasing settlements and shelters of some others. Due to floods, sea level rise, destructive storms, drought, and slow-onset factors such as salinization of water and soil, people lose their lands, homes, and natural resources. Catastrophic events force people to move voluntarily or involuntarily. The relocation of communities is a debatable climate adaptation measure which requires utmost care with human rights, ethics, and psychological well-being of individuals upon the issues of discrimination, conflict, and security. As the number of climate-displaced populations grows, the generations-deep connection to their rituals, customs, and ancestral ties with the land, cultural practices, and intangible cultural heritage become endangered. However, intangible heritage is often overlooked in the context of climate displacement. This paper presents reflections based on observations regarding the intangible heritage of voluntarily displaced communities. It begins by examining intangible heritage under the threat of climate displacement, with place-based examples. It then reveals intangible heritage as a catalyst to building resilient communities by advocating for the cultural values of indigenous and all people in climate action planning. It concludes the discussion by presenting the implications of climate displacement in existing intangible heritage initiatives. This article seeks to contribute to the emerging policies of preserving intangible heritage in the context of climate displacement.

Building a Collaborative Tribal Climate Adaptation Program via the Integration of Cultural Values and Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Walsh ◽  
Stefanie Krantz ◽  
Amber Zeigler ◽  
Josiah Pinkham ◽  
Alan Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Climate Adaptation

scholarly journals Optimizing Continuous Canopy Shakers for Late Season `Valenica' Harvest

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 885A-885
Author(s):  
Richard S. Buker* ◽  
Jackie K. Burns ◽  
Fritz M. Roka
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Southern Site ◽  
Mechanical Harvester

Continuous canopy shakers (CCS) were developed in the late 90's and have been used to commercially harvest citrus in Florida. A viable mechanical harvester in Florida must be able to selectively remove mature `Valencia' fruit. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of operating conditions on mature and immature fruit removal during the 2003 harvest season. The study was conducted in the southern flat woods and northern ridge areas. The study treatments were completely random and replicated four times. The CCS treatments were 145, 215, 230, and 245 cycles per minute (cpm) and a hand picked control. The harvest occurred on 17 and 19 June at the southern and northern sites, respectively. Mature fruit removal linearly increased from 95.7% to 97.9% between 145 and 245 cpm, respectively. Varying the operating ranges significantly influenced mature fruit removal in the southern flat woods site. The trees at the southern site were taller (>4m), and had a larger crop load. At the northern ridge site where trees were smaller, varying the CCS operating ranges did not significantly influence mature fruit removal. Immature fruit removal was influenced by the operating ranges. Immature fruit removal was increased at least 22% over hand picked controls. The results were interpreted to indicate the frequency of CCS is dependent on tree size. The initial selectivity of the CCS was not equal to hand picking.

scholarly journals Modification of Carbohydrate Content in Developing Tomato Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 551E-551
Author(s):  
Arthur A. Schaffer ◽  
Marina Petreikov ◽  
Daphne Miron ◽  
Miriam Fogelman ◽  
Moshe Spiegelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
The Impact

The carbohydrate economy of developing tomato fruit is determined by wholeplant source–sink relationships. However, the fate of the imported photoassimilate partitioned to the fruit sink is controlled by the carbohydrate metabolism of the fruit tissue. Within the Lycopersicon spp. there exists a broad range of genetic variability for fruit carbohydrate metabolism, such as sucrose accumulation and modified ratios of fructose to glucose in the mature fruit and increased starch synthesis in the immature fruit. Metabolic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in tomatoes, as well as natural genetic variation in the metabolic pathways, will be described. The impact of sink carbohydrate metabolism on fruit non-structural carbohydrate economy will be discussed.

scholarly journals Association between Fruit Development and Mature Fruit Drop in Huanglongbing-affected Sweet Orange

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 851-857
Author(s):  
Lisa Tang ◽  
Sukhdeep Singh ◽  
Tripti Vashisth
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Fruit Drop

In the past decade, FL citrus industry has been struck by Huanglongbing (HLB), a disease caused by the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Besides tree decline, HLB causes a sharp increase in mature fruit drop before harvest, leading to a substantial reduction in citrus production. The aim of the study was to provide insights in HLB-associated mature fruit drop. For HLB-affected ‘Valencia’ and ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), trees exhibiting severe symptoms (“severe trees”) had a significantly higher rate of mature fruit drop compared with mildly symptomatic ones (“mild trees”). Interestingly, dropped fruit were smaller than those still attached to tree branches regardless of the symptom levels of trees; overall, fruit of severe trees were smaller than mild trees. The result suggests a negative effect of HLB on fruit growth that may lead to a high incidence to drop subsequently at maturity. This possibility is further supported by the difference in immature fruit size as early as 2 months after bloom between severe and mild trees. Although HLB-triggered phloem plugging due to callose deposition in citrus leaves, which results in disrupted carbohydrate transport, has been documented in literature, the results of the histological analysis demonstrated no consistent pattern of callose deposition in the mature fruit pedicel in relation to the drop incidence. Additionally, sugar concentration in juice was not significantly different between dropped and attached fruit, providing evidence that carbohydrate shortage is not the case for dropped fruit and thus not the predominant cause of HLB-associated mature fruit drop. Notably, the midday water potential was significantly lower for severe than mild trees during the preharvest period (2 weeks before harvest of the current crop) in late March, which was also the second week after full bloom of return flowering. This suggests that altered tree water status due to HLB might limit fruit growth during the initial stage of fruit development (immediately after flowering) and/or increase the incidence of mature fruit abscission, leading to elevated preharvest fruit drop. Together, the results suggest that in the presence of HLB, strategies to increase fruit size and minimize additional stresses (especially drought) for the trees may improve mature fruit retention.

Spring phenological adaptation of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) foundation germplasm in a temperate climate

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Gerbrandt ◽  
Robert H. Bors ◽  
Ravindra N. Chibbar ◽  
Thomas E. Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Lonicera Caerulea ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Crop Enhancement ◽  
The University ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
Fraser Valley ◽  
Blue Honeysuckle

Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a novel fruit crop that stands out for its northern climatic adaptation. Understanding spring phenological adaptation to temperate climate is central to development of a broader range of production and greater mainstream crop potential. In 2012 and 2013 across three sites in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, spring phenophases from bud break to fruit harvest were determined across three foundation groups. Genetic variability is characterized for Russian, Japanese, and Kuril blue honeysuckle foundation groups used in breeding at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK. Germplasm group membership is the principal feature of phenological adaptation. Although temperate climate adaptation is limited in the Russian germplasm, the intermediate Japanese and later Kuril spring phenology provide an adequate degree of temperate climate adaptation to facilitate commercial production. These findings demonstrate that blue honeysuckle has phenological adaptation to a temperate climate. Diversity between and within genetic groups presents opportunities for crop enhancement, especially through breeding for later bloom periods.

scholarly journals Effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on qualitative and nutritional aspects of fig-trees (Ficus carica L.)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.B.T. Hernandez ◽  
J.C. Modesto ◽  
M.A. Suzuki ◽  
L.S. Corrêa ◽  
K. Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Nutrient Export ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Fig Trees

In order to evaluate qualitative and nutritional aspects of fig-trees with respect to six irrigation and six nitrogen levels, at Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil, an experiment was carried out in randomized blocks, with subdivided plots, and four replications. Results showed that in four dates during harvest, only the first analysis (January 2, 1991) showed influence of nitrogen fertilization on fruit soluble solids (brix). There was no significant effect of treatments on pulp/peel relation for the four harvestings. In relation to leaf macronutrient concentration at flowering, water supply influenced N, P and Ca concentrations, and nitrogen influenced only Ca concentration. For an average of 10 t.ha-1 of mature fruit and 1.3 t.ha-1 of immature fruit production, there was a nutrient export of about 65 kg.ha-1 of N; 10 kg.ha-1 of P2O5; 44 kg.ha-1 of K2O; 35 kg.ha-1 of Ca and 9 kg.ha-1 of Mg.

Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia (Rosaceae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 726-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. St. Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Immature Fruit

Despite a consistent and massive yearly bloom, the production of a fruit crop by Amelanchier alnifolia is highly variable. The objectives of this study were to characterize the magnitude and timing of fruit loss in A. alnifolia and to determine the causes of this loss, emphasizing factors that cause damage to flowers and immature fruit. Fruit loss was consistently of a large magnitude; for the 6 years that data were available, a mean of 81% of the potential fruit were lost. Mature fruit to flower ratios varied from 0.02 to 0.46 [Formula: see text]. The number of fruit per infructescence decreased within each season consistently and significantly. The period of decrease was initiated shortly after anthesis and was complete by mid-June, varying from 9 to 34 days [Formula: see text] in length. Fruit growth (mg dry weight) was only 16% complete by the end of the period of fruit loss. Of the abscised fruit collected and examined, a mean of 81% were damaged; 2–90% [Formula: see text] were damaged by a sawfly (Hoplocampa montanicola; Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) and 0–68% [Formula: see text] were damaged by frost. From 0 to 21% [Formula: see text] were damaged by other factors including a curculio (Anthonomus spp.) and unidentified insects and fungi. The cause of 19% of the total loss was undetermined.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Two Sucrose Synthase Isozymes during Maturation of Japanese Pear Fruit

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 943-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio Suzuki ◽  
Yoshinori Kanayama ◽  
Shohei Yamaki
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Sucrose Synthesis ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Native Proteins ◽  
Km Value ◽  
Sucrose Cleavage

The properties of sucrose synthase (SS) isozymes partially purified from immature fruit (SS I) of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder var. culta Rehder) were different than those of mature fruit (SS II). A clear difference in elusion pattern during DEAE-cellulose chromatography was observed, although the apparent molecular weight of the native proteins extracted from both stages was 350 kD. The Km value of SS II for UDP was similar to that for UDP-glucose; while with SS I, the Km for UDP was lower than that for UDP-glucose. This suggests that SS II activity favors sucrose synthesis compared with SS I, which favors sucrose cleavage. The optimum pH for activity toward sucrose synthesis was 8.0 for SS II and 8.5 to 9.5 for SS I. SS II from mature fruit may be an isozyme of SS occurring during periods of rapid sucrose accumulation, while SS I from immature fruit is more similar to the typical SS which functions mainly toward sucrose cleavage in many plants.

scholarly journals Late-season `Valencia' Orange Mechanical Harvesting with an Abscission Agent and Low-frequency Harvesting

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 660-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline K. Burns ◽  
Fritz M. Roka ◽  
Kuo-Tan Li ◽  
Luis Pozo ◽  
Richard S. Buker
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Orange Trees

An abscission agent (5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole [CMNP]) at 300 mg·L–1 in a volume of 2810 L·ha–1 was applied to Valencia orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] on 22 May 2004. At this time, immature and mature fruit were present on the tree simultaneously. Three days after application, fruit were mechanically harvested using a trunk-shake-and-catch system. The power to the shaker head was operated at full- or half-throttle (FT or HT, respectively), and the duration of trunk shaking was 2 seconds at FT or 4 seconds at FT and HT. Mature fruit removal percentage and number of immature fruit removed, and fruitlet weight and diameter were determined. Mature fruit removal percentage with 2 seconds at FT or 4 seconds at FT harvesting ±CMNP, or 4 seconds at HT + CMNP was not significantly different and ranged between 89% to 97%. Harvesting at 4 seconds HT without CMNP removed significantly less mature fruit than any treatment. CMNP did not affect immature fruit removal by the trunk shaker. Harvesting at 4 seconds at HT removed significantly less immature fruit than 2 seconds at FT or 4 seconds at FT. No significant difference in fruitlet weight or diameter was measured between any trunk shaker harvest operation and CMNP treatment. Trunk shaking frequency was estimated to be 4.8 and 8.0 Hz at HT and FT, respectively. Yield in 2005 was determined on the same trees used for harvest treatments in 2004. CMNP did not impact yield. No significant difference in yield was seen between the hand-picked control and 4 seconds at HT, whereas yield in the remaining treatments was lower. The results demonstrate that CMNP application combined with low frequency trunk shaker harvesting can achieve high percentage of mature fruit removal with no significant impact on return yield of the following crop.

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