Modification of Carbohydrate Content in Developing Tomato Fruit

The carbohydrate economy of developing tomato fruit is determined by wholeplant source–sink relationships. However, the fate of the imported photoassimilate partitioned to the fruit sink is controlled by the carbohydrate metabolism of the fruit tissue. Within the Lycopersicon spp. there exists a broad range of genetic variability for fruit carbohydrate metabolism, such as sucrose accumulation and modified ratios of fructose to glucose in the mature fruit and increased starch synthesis in the immature fruit. Metabolic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in tomatoes, as well as natural genetic variation in the metabolic pathways, will be described. The impact of sink carbohydrate metabolism on fruit non-structural carbohydrate economy will be discussed.

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CarbMetSim:A discrete-event simulator for carbohydrate metabolism in humans

10.1101/491019 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mukul Goyal ◽

Buket Aydas ◽

Husam Ghazaleh ◽

Sanjay Rajasekharan

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Discrete Event ◽

Human Beings ◽

Average Impact ◽

The Impact

AbstractThis paper describesCarbMetSim, adiscrete-eventsimulator that tracks the blood glucose level of a person in response to a timed sequence of diet and exercise activities.CarbMetSimimplements broader aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in human beings with the objective of capturing the average impact of various diet/exercise activities on the blood glucose level. Key organs (stomach, intestine, portal vein, liver, kidney, muscles, adipose tissue, brain and heart) are implemented to the extent necessary to capture their impact on the production and consumption of glucose. Key metabolic pathways (glucose oxidation, glycolysisandgluconeogenesis) are accounted for in the operation of different organs. The impact of insulin and insulin resistance on the operation of various organs and pathways is captured in accordance with published research.CarbMetSimprovides broad flexibility to configure the insulin production ability, the average flux along various metabolic pathways and the impact of insulin resistance on different aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. The simulator does not yet have a detailed implementation of protein and lipid metabolism.

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Fruit water content as an indication of sugar metabolism improves simulation of carbohydrate accumulation in tomato fruit

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa225 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (16) ◽

pp. 5010-5026 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jinliang Chen ◽

Gilles Vercambre ◽

Shaozhong Kang ◽

Nadia Bertin ◽

Hélène Gautier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Water Status ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Sugar Metabolism ◽

Fleshy Fruit ◽

Early Developmental Stage ◽

Data Sets ◽

The Impact

Abstract Although fleshy fruit is mainly made up of water, little is known about the impact of its water status on sugar metabolism and its composition. In order to verify whether fruit water status is an important driver of carbohydrate composition in tomato fruit, an adaptation of the SUGAR model proposed previously by M. Génard and M. Souty was used. Two versions of the model, with or without integrating the influence of fruit water content on carbohydrate metabolism, were proposed and then assessed with the data sets from two genotypes, Levovil and Cervil, grown under different conditions. The results showed that, for both genotypes, soluble sugars and starch were better fitted by the model when the effects of water content on carbohydrate metabolism were taken into consideration. Water content might play a regulatory role in the carbon metabolism from sugars to compounds other than sugars and starch in Cervil fruit, and from sugars to starch in Levovil fruit. While water content influences tomato fruit carbohydrate concentrations by both metabolism and dilution/dehydration effects in the early developmental stage, it is mainly by dilution/dehydration effects in the late stage. The possible mechanisms underlying the effect of the fruit water content on carbohydrate metabolism are also discussed.

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Increasing Starch Accumulation via Genetic Modification of the ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase

10.32747/2009.7591740.bard ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Arthur Schaffer ◽

Jack Preiss ◽

Marina Petreikov ◽

Ilan Levin

Keyword(s):

Starch Content ◽

Large Subunit ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Regulatory Subunit ◽

Starch Accumulation ◽

Research Project ◽

Immature Fruit

The overall objective of the research project was to utilize biochemical insights together with both classical and molecular genetic strategies to improve tomato starch accumulation. The proposal was based on the observation that the transient starch accumulation in the immature fruit serves as a reservoir for carbohydrate and soluble sugar content in the mature fruit, thereby impacting on fruit quality. The general objectives were to optimize AGPase function and activity in developing fruit in order to increase its transient starch levels. The specific research objectives were to: a) perform directed molecular evolution of the limiting enzyme of starch synthesis, AGPase, focussing on the interaction of its regulatory and catalytic subunits; b) determine the mode of action of the recently identified allelic variant for the regulatory subunit in tomato fruit that leads to increased AGPase activity and hence starch content. During the course of the research project major advances were made in understanding the interaction of the small and large subunits of AGPase, in particular the regulatory roles of the different large subunits, in determining starch synthesis. The research was performed using various experimental systems, including bacteria and Arabidopsis, potato and tomato, allowing for broad and meaningful conclusions to be drawn. A novel discovery was that one of the large subunits of tomato AGPase is functional as a monomer. A dozen publications describing the research were published in leading biochemical and horticultural journals. The research results clearly indicated that increasing AGPase activity temporally in the developing fruit increase the starch reservoir and, subsequently, the fruit sugar content. This was shown by a comparison of the carbohydrate balance in near-isogenic tomato lines differing in a gene encoding for the fruit-specific large subunit (LS1). The research also revealed that the increase in AGPase activity is due to a temporal extension of LS1 gene expression in the developing fruit which in turn stabilizes the limiting heterotetrameric enzyme, leading to sustained starch synthesis. This genetic variation can successfully be utilized in the breeding of high quality tomatoes.

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OP0277-PARE METABERN, THE EUROPEAN REFERENCE NETWORK FOR RARE HEREDITARY DISEASES: STRUCTURE, OBJECTIVES, METABOLIC RMDS AND THE ROLES OF EUROPEAN PATIENT ADVOCACY GROUPS (EPAGS)

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3372 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 168.2-168

Author(s):

L. Wagner ◽

S. Sestini ◽

C. Brown ◽

A. Finglas ◽

R. Francisco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Health Care ◽

Social Science ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Clinical Care ◽

Single Point ◽

Link Type ◽

The Impact

Background:Inborn metabolic disorders (IMDs) currently encompass more than 1,500 diseases with new ones still to be identified1. Each of them is characterised by a genetic defect affecting a metabolic pathway. Only few of them have curative treatments, that target the respective metabolic pathway. Commonly, treatment examples include diet, substrate reduction therapies, enzyme replacement therapies, gene therapy and biologicals, enabling IMD-patient now to survive to adulthood. About 30 % of all IMDs involve the musculoskeletal system and are here referred to as rare metabolic RMDs. Generally, IMDs are very heterogenous with respect to symptoms and severity, often being systemic and affecting more children than adults. Thus, challenges include certified advanced training of adult metabolic experts, standardised transition plans, social support and development of therapies for diseases that do not have any cure yet.Objectives:Introduction of MetabERN, its structure and objectives, highlighting on the unique features and challenges of metabolic RMDs and describing the involvement of patient representation in MetabERN.Methods:MetabERN is stratified in 7 subnetworks (SNW) according to the respective metabolic pathways and 9 work packages (WP), including administration, dissemination, guidelines, virtual counselling framework, research/clinical trials, continuity of care, education and patient involvement. The patient board involves a steering committee and single point of contacts for each subnetwork and work package, respectively2. Projects include identifying the need of implementing social science to assess the psycho-socio-economic burden of IMDs, webinars on IMDs and their transition as well as surveys on the impact of COVID-193 on IMD-patients and health care providers (HCPs), social assistance for IMD-patients and analysing the transition landscape within Europe.Results:The MetabERN structure enables bundling of expertise, capacity building and knowledge transfer for faster diagnosis and better health care. Rare metabolic RMDs are present in all SNWs that require unique treatments according to their metabolic pathways. Implementation of social science to assess the psycho-socio-economic burden of IMDs is still underused. Involvement of patient representatives is essential for a holistic healthcare not only focusing on clinical care, but also on the quality of life for IMD-patients. Surveys identified unmet needs of patient care, patients having little information on national support systems and structural deficits of healthcare systems to ensure HCP can provide adequate clinical care during transition phases. These results are collected by MetabERN and forwarded to the Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE) of the European Commission (EC) to be addressed further.Conclusion:MetabERN offers an infrastructure of virtual healthcare for patients with IMDs. Thus, in collaboration with ERN ReCONNET, MetabERN can assist in identifying rare metabolic disorders of RMDs to shorten the odyssey of diagnosis and advise on their respective therapies. On the other hand, MetabERN can benefit from EULAR’s longstanding experience regarding issues affecting the quality of life, all RMD patients are facing, such as pain, stiffness, fatigue, rehabilitation, maintaining work and disability claims.References:[1]IEMbase - Inborn Errors of Metabolism Knowledgebase http://www.iembase.org/ (accessed Jan 29, 2021).[2]MetabERN: European Refence Network for Hereditary Metabolic Disorders https://metab.ern-net.eu/ (accessed Jan 29, 2021).[3]Lampe, C.; Dionisi-Vici, C.; Bellettato, C. M.; Paneghetti, L.; van Lingen, C.; Bond, S.; Brown, C.; Finglas, A.; Francisco, R.; Sestini, S.; Heard, J. M.; Scarpa, M.; MetabERN collaboration group. The Impact of COVID-19 on Rare Metabolic Patients and Healthcare Providers: Results from Two MetabERN Surveys. Orphanet J. Rare Dis.2020, 15 (1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-020-01619-x.Acknowledgements:The authors thank the MetabERN collaboration group, the single point of contacts (SPOC) of the MetabERN patient board and the Transition Project Working Group (TPWG)Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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SARS-Coronavirus 2, A Metabolic Reprogrammer: A Review in the Context of the Possible Therapeutic Strategies

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450122666210917113842 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Poornima Gopi ◽

TR Anju ◽

Vinod Soman Pillai ◽

Mohanan Veettil

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Host Cell ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Metabolic Reprogramming ◽

Multiple Organs ◽

The Cross ◽

The Impact

: Novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 is advancing at a staggering pace to devastate the health care system and foster the concerns over public health. In contrast to the past outbreaks, coronaviruses aren’t clinging themselves as a strict respiratory virus. Rather, becoming a multifaceted virus, it affects multiple organs by interrupting a number of metabolic pathways leading to significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Following infection they rigorously reprogram multiple metabolic pathways of glucose, lipid, protein, nucleic acid and their metabolites to extract adequate energy and carbon skeletons required for their existence and further molecular constructions inside a host cell. Although the mechanism of these alterations are yet to be known, the impact of these reprogramming is reflected in the hyper inflammatory responses, so called cytokine storm and the hindrance of host immune defence system. The metabolic reprogramming during SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be considered while devising therapeutic strategies to combat the disease and its further complication. The inhibitors of cholesterol and phospholipids synthesis and cell membrane lipid raft of the host cell can, to a great extent, control the viral load and further infection. Depletion of energy source by inhibiting the activation of glycolytic and hexoseamine biosynthetic pathway can also augment the antiviral therapy. The cross talk between these pathways also necessitates the inhibition of amino acid catabolism and tryptophan metabolism. A combinatorial strategy which can address the cross talks between the metabolic pathways might be more effective than a single approach and the infection stage and timing of therapy will also influence the effectiveness of the antiviral approach. We herein focus on the different metabolic alterations during the course of virus infection that help to exploit the cellular machinery and devise a therapeutic strategy which promotes resistance to viral infection and can augment body’s antivirulence mechanisms. This review may cast the light into the possibilities of targeting altered metabolic pathways to defend virus infection in a new perspective.

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Nonlinear mixed convective Williamson nanofluid flow with the suspension of gyrotactic microorganisms

International Journal of Modern Physics B ◽

10.1142/s0217979221501459 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2150145

Author(s):

Shuang-Shuang Zhou ◽

M. Ijaz Khan ◽

Sumaira Qayyum ◽

B. C. Prasannakumara ◽

R. Naveen Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Source ◽

Lewis Number ◽

Solution Procedure ◽

Energy Concentration ◽

Gyrotactic Microorganisms ◽

Dimensionless Parameters ◽

Flow Equations ◽

Fluid Parameter ◽

Source Sink ◽

The Impact

This investigation aims to present the thermally developed bioconvection flow of Williamson nanoliquid over an inclined stretching cylinder in presence of linear mixed convection and nonuniform heat source/sink. The activation energy and suspension of gyrotactic microorganisms are accounted with applications of bioconvection phenomenon. Appropriate nondimensional variables are opted to attain the dimensionless form of flow equations. The resulting momentum, energy, concentration and motile density equations are abridged to highly coupled and nonlinear in nature. The numerical treatment is followed for the solution procedure by employing the shooting method. The influence of some relevant dimensionless parameters is discoursed graphically along with physical justifications. Moreover, the impact of several dimensionless parameters on skin friction and Nusselt number is obtained and listed in tables. It is observed that the velocity of fluid shows a decreasing variation for Williamson fluid parameter. The change in unsteadiness parameter and heat source parameter enhanced the nanofluid temperature. The motile microorganisms profile declines with bioconvection constant and bio-convection Lewis number.

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Carbohydrate Metabolism I: Major Metabolic Pathways and Their Control

Textbook of Biochemistry ◽

10.1002/0471254959.dev014 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert A. Harris ◽

C. N. Angstadt

Keyword(s):

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Metabolic Pathways

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Selecting informative biomarkers for early diagnosis of occupational neurological diseases

Hygiene and Sanitation ◽

10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-9-953-958 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 100 (9) ◽

pp. 953-958

Author(s):

Inna V. Lapko

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

The Body ◽

Working Environment ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Lumbosacral Radiculopathy ◽

Vibration Disease ◽

Neurohumoral Regulation ◽

The Impact

Introduction. At present, the patterns of changes in the levels of biomarkers and the relationship of changes in their values with the pathogenesis of diseases caused by the impact of adverse factors of labour activity are not sufficiently studied. The most unresolved issues are the choice of informative laboratory indicators and diagnostic test systems in investigating the impact of physical factors on the working environment (vibration and physical overload) neurohumoral regulation: pituitary-adrenal pituitary-thyroid, pituitary-gonadal system and hormonal indicators of carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of the study was to determine diagnostic hormonal markers and integral indices to identify early changes in the neurohumoral status in the body of workers under the influence of working environment factors. Materials and methods. 330 workers of mining and machine-building enterprises were examined. Of these, 128 people with vibration disease, 45 people - with lumbosacral radiculopathy, combined pathology (vibration disease and lumbosacral radiculopathy) was detected in 60 persons. The preclinical stage (initial signs of diseases) was noted in 97 workers. Laboratory studies included hormones and integral indices of the pituitary-adrenal, pituitary-thyroid, pituitary-gonadal system, carbohydrate metabolism. To select the diagnostic significance of laboratory biomarkers, diagnostic sensitivity, prenosological value, pathognomonicity, direction, severity, and selectivity of changes in biomarker levels were evaluated. Results. The combined effect of vibration and physical overload on the body of workers was found to have a unidirectional and systemic impact on the levels of hormones of the pituitary-adrenal, pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-gonadal systems, increases insulin resistance. The severity of changes in neurohumoral regulation indicators depends on the nature and severity of the occupational neurological disease. The highest diagnostic sensitivity (Df = 72-74%) in vibration disease and its combination with lumbosacral radiculopathy was obtained for pituitary-gonadal hormones and indicators of insulin resistance. The lowest values of Dh are typical for the hormones of the pituitary-thyroid system (no more than 14%). To identify early changes in neurohumoral regulation in the body under the influence of vibration and physical exertion, it is most informative to determine the concentration of total testosterone, luteinizing hormone and insulin, as well as the integral pituitary-adrenal index, insulin resistance indices. To identify hidden disorders of the pituitary-thyroid system, the definition of the essential thyroid index can be used. Discussion. The results obtained allowed us to assess the nature of changes in the levels of hormones of the pituitary-adrenal, pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-gonadal systems and carbohydrate metabolism and to propose informative laboratory biomarkers reflecting early changes in neurohumoral regulation under the influence of physical factors of the working environment. Conclusions. To identify early changes in neurohumoral regulation in the body of workers under the influence of vibration and physical exertion, the most informative is the determination of the concentration of total testosterone, luteinizing hormone and insulin, the integral pituitary-adrenal index, and insulin resistance indices. To identify hidden disorders of the pituitary-thyroid system, the definition of the integral thyroid index can be used.

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Non-structural carbohydrate metabolism and postharvest conservation of gerbera flowers

Ornamental Horticulture ◽

10.14295/oh.v23i3.1079 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 329

Author(s):

Ana Maria Oliveira Souza Alves ◽

Jaianne Francielle Oliveira Santos Pimentel ◽

Gustavo Ferreira Da Silva ◽

Nilbe Carla Mapeli ◽

Ana Maria Mapeli

Keyword(s):

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Floral Development ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Mass Variation ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Structural Carbohydrate ◽

Postharvest Handling ◽

E6 And E7 ◽

Preservative Solutions

The species Gerbera jamesonii Adlam has great economic importance in the ornamental sector, due to exuberance of floral stems. However, florists face some challenges such as postharvest handling and difficulty of conservation. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the non-structural carbohydrate content in different floral stages of G. jamesonii var. Dawn and evaluate the effect of preservative solutions during the postharvest storage of this species. For this purpose, it was quantified TSS, RS and NRS from the seven stages of gerbera stems ontogeny (E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6 and E7). The preservative solutions used were: T1) distilled water; T2) citric acid (100 mg L-1); T3) glucose (20 g L-1); T4) gibberellic acid (GA3 , 5 mg L-1); T5) calcium chloride (CaCl2 , 20g L-1) and T6) Sodium Thiosulphate (STS, 20 mM). The effect of preservative solutions were assessed daily, considering the longevity of flowers, variation in the absorption of preservative solution, pH of the solution and fresh mass variation. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. There was a difference in carbohydrate metabolism during floral opening and senescence. In the orange bracts there was a lower TSS content, while in the inflorescences it was observed a reduction in the yellowish, greenish-green and greenish stages. The content of RS increased in the bracts, whereas in the inflorescence there was no difference. The NRS content was higher in the orange bracts, showing lower rates in the inflorescences in yellowish and yellowish greenish stages. The preservative solutions had an impact, on the floral stem longevity, varying according to the solutions used, i.e. CaCl2 and STS reduced the durability of gerbera flower in 9.25 and 11.5 days, respectively, compared to stems kept in distilled water. The glucose solution did not promote a significant difference compared to water. Therefore, we conclude that there is variation in the metabolism of non-structural carbohydrates during the floral development of G. jamesonii var. Dawn and the tested solutions were not effective in promoting postharvest conservation of gerbera.

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Consequences of Paternal Nutrition on Offspring Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13082818 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 2818

Author(s):

Pauline Dimofski ◽

David Meyre ◽

Natacha Dreumont ◽

Brigitte Leininger-Muller

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Disease Onset ◽

Adult Life ◽

Intermittent Fasting ◽

Low Protein ◽

Periconceptional Period ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Offspring Health ◽

The Impact

It is well established that the maternal diet during the periconceptional period affects the progeny’s health. A growing body of evidence suggests that the paternal diet also influences disease onset in offspring. For many years, sperm was considered only to contribute half of the progeny’s genome. It now appears that it also plays a crucial role in health and disease in offspring’s adult life. The nutritional status and environmental exposure of fathers during their childhood and/or the periconceptional period have significant transgenerational consequences. This review aims to describe the effects of various human and rodent paternal feeding patterns on progeny’s metabolism and health, including fasting or intermittent fasting, low-protein and folic acid deficient food, and overnutrition in high-fat and high-sugar diets. The impact on pregnancy outcome, metabolic pathways, and chronic disease onset will be described. The biological and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the transmission from fathers to their progeny will be discussed. All these data provide evidence of the impact of paternal nutrition on progeny health which could lead to preventive diet recommendations for future fathers.

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