Notes on Some Interesting Sporocarp-Inhabiting Fungi Isolated from Xylarialean Fungi in Japan

The diversity of sporocarp-inhabiting fungi (SCIF) was examined using six samples of xylarialean fungi from two different forests in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan: a moist forest in the Sakuragawa area and an urban dry forest in the Tsukuba area. These fungi were enumerated using direct observation and dilution plate methods. We obtained 44 isolates, and careful morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of these isolates revealed that approximately 30% of the operating taxonomic units were undescribed or cryptic species related to known fungi. Although typical mycoparasitic fungi, such as helotialean fungi and Trichoderma spp., were not isolated, the genera Acremonium, Acrodontium, and Simplicillium were detected. Comparisons of SCIF communities between the two forests suggested that the number of isolated species in the Sakuragawa area was lower than that in the Tsukuba area. Soil-borne fungi, such as Aspergillus, Beauveria, Penicillium, and Talaromyces, or polypores/corticioid mushrooms, are frequently detected in the Tsukuba area. Factors affecting SCIF communities in the two forests are discussed. Some noteworthy fungi are briefly described with notes on taxonomy, ecology, and molecular phylogeny.

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The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Assam day gecko Cnemaspis cf. assamensis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) demonstrates a novel biogeographic connection between Northeast India and south India-Sri Lanka

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/15685381-bja10062 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Ishan Agarwal ◽

Rachunliu G. Kamei ◽

Stephen Mahony

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

South Asian ◽

South India ◽

Northeast India ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Nd2 Gene ◽

Isolated Species

Abstract Northeast Indian biodiversity has long been considered to have a stronger affinity to Southeast Asian rather than Peninsular Indian fauna, however, few molecular phylogenetic studies have explored this hypothesis. In Asia, the polyphyletic gekkonid genus Cnemaspis sensu lato is comprised of two distantly related groups; one primarily from South Asia with some members in Southeast Asia, and the other exclusively from Southeast Asia. Cnemaspis assamensis is a systematically obscure and geographically isolated species (>1400 km from its nearest congeners) from the Brahmaputra River Valley in Northeast India. We provide the first molecular phylogenetic assessment of this species based on a partial ND2 gene fragment. Cnemaspis assamensis is determined to be a deeply divergent (Oligocene) member of the South Asian radiation and is sister to the podihuna clade which is endemic to Sri Lanka. The biogeographic implications of this find are discussed and this is suspected to represent a rare example of true disjunction between the wet zones of Northeast India and southern India/Sri Lanka. These results further emphasise the importance of Northeast India as a refuge for unique ancient faunal lineages.

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A New Phylogenetic Hypothesis for Cereinae (Cactaceae) Points to a Monophyletic Subtribe

Systematic Botany ◽

10.1600/036364421x16312068417020 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mariana R. Fantinati ◽

Patricia Soffiatti ◽

Alice Calvente

Keyword(s):

Dry Forest ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽

The North ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Neotropical Dry Forest ◽

High Support ◽

Generic Relationships

Cereinae comprises 14 genera distributed in Neotropical dry forest formations such as in the Caatingas of northeastern Brazil or in rocky outcrops in the north of southeastern Brazil. Historically, the taxonomy of the group has been very controversial, especially regarding generic circumscriptions, and phylogenetic relationships within the group are still poorly understood. To investigate the delimitation of thesubtribe and infra-subtribal relationships, we performed a phylogenetic analysis including 50 taxa representing 13 genera using one nuclear (PhyC) and four cpDNA (petL-psbE, trnL-trnT, trnS-trnG, and rpl16) regions. Our results show a monophyletic Cereinae with high support in Bayesian, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses based on combined matrices. Although our results expand the knowledge of generic relationships, we emphasize the need for further molecular phylogenetic studies combined with ecological evidence to clarify relationshipsat the more inclusive nodes of the subtribe.

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Transfer of the Kobresia taxa of the flora of Russia and adjacent countries to the genus Carex (Cyperaceae)

Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Vascularium ◽

10.31111/novitates/2020.51.125 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 125-129

Author(s):

D. G. Melnikov ◽

L. I. Krupkina

Keyword(s):

International Collaboration ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Published Data ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

New Nomenclatural Combinations

Based on the published data of molecular phylogenetic studies of the tribe Cariceae Dumort. genera (Cyperaceae), obtained by an international collaboration (The Global Carex Group, 2016; et al.), and morphological characters of the genera (Kukkonen, 1990; and others), new nomenclatural combinations and replacement names in the genus Carex L. are published for 11 species, one subspecies and two sections previously included in the genus Kobresia Willd.

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Systematics and evolution of Lentibulariaceae: III. Utricularia

10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Richard W. Jobson ◽

Paulo C. Baleeiro ◽

Cástor Guisande

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Population Level ◽

Oceanic Islands ◽

Vulnerable Species ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic

Utricularia is a morphologically and ecologically diverse genus currently comprising more than 230 species divided into three subgenera—Polypompholyx, Utricularia, and Bivalvaria—and 35 sections. The genus is distributed worldwide except on the poles and most oceanic islands. The Neotropics has the highest species diversity, followed by Australia. Compared to its sister genera, Utricularia has undergone greater rates of speciation, which are linked to its extreme morphological flexibility that has resulted in the evolution of habitat-specific forms: terrestrial, rheophytic, aquatic, lithophytic, and epiphytic. Molecular phylogenetic studies have resolved relationships for 44% of the species across 80% of the sections. Scant data are available for phylogeography or population-level processes such as gene flow, hybridization, or pollination. Because nearly 90% of the species are endemics, data are urgently needed to determine how to protect vulnerable species and their habitats.

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Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.abe2741 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. eabe2741

Author(s):

Paschalia Kapli ◽

Paschalis Natsidis ◽

Daniel J. Leite ◽

Maximilian Fursman ◽

Nadia Jeffrie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Error ◽

Tree Reconstruction ◽

Simulation Experiments ◽

Animal Evolution ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Branch Lengths ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Common Ancestors

The bilaterally symmetric animals (Bilateria) are considered to comprise two monophyletic groups, Protostomia (Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa) and Deuterostomia (Chordata and the Xenambulacraria). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have not consistently supported deuterostome monophyly. Here, we compare support for Protostomia and Deuterostomia using multiple, independent phylogenomic datasets. As expected, Protostomia is always strongly supported, especially by longer and higher-quality genes. Support for Deuterostomia, however, is always equivocal and barely higher than support for paraphyletic alternatives. Conditions that cause tree reconstruction errors—inadequate models, short internal branches, faster evolving genes, and unequal branch lengths—coincide with support for monophyletic deuterostomes. Simulation experiments show that support for Deuterostomia could be explained by systematic error. The branch between bilaterian and deuterostome common ancestors is, at best, very short, supporting the idea that the bilaterian ancestor may have been deuterostome-like. Our findings have important implications for the understanding of early animal evolution.

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Paracarphalea, a new genus of the coffee family segregated from the Malagasy endemic genus Carphalea (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae, Knoxieae)

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.263.2.2 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 263 (2) ◽

pp. 98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

JULIA FERM ◽

JESPER KÅREHED ◽

BIRGITTA BREMER ◽

SYLVAIN G. RAZAFIMANDIMBISON

Keyword(s):

Bayesian Methods ◽

Type Species ◽

New Genus ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Endemic Genus ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Nuclear Its ◽

Iucn Criteria

The Malagasy genus Carphalea (Rubiaceae) consists of six species (C. angulata, C. cloiselii, C. kirondron, C. linearifolia, C. madagascariensis, C. pervilleana) of shrubs or small trees and is recognizable by a distinctly lobed calyx, 2(–4)-locular ovaries, each locule with several ovules on a rod-like stalk arising from the base of the locule, and indehiscent fruits. Carphalea linearifolia, rediscovered in 2010, has not previously been included in any Rubiaceae molecular phylogenetic studies. We re-investigated the monophyly of Carphalea using sequence data from chloroplast (rps16 and trnT-F) and nuclear (ITS and ETS) markers analysed with parsimony and Bayesian methods. Carphalea linearifolia forms a clade with C. cloiselii and the type species C. madagascariensis. This clade is sister to a clade consisting of the rest of the Carphalea species plus the genus Triainolepis. According to these results, the new genus Paracarphalea is here described to accommodate Carphalea angulata, C. kirondron, and C. pervilleana. The conservation status of Carphalea linearifolia is assessed as critically endangered according to IUCN criteria.

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Occurrence of potentially toxigenic mould species in fresh salads of different kinds of ready-for-use vegetables

Acta periodica technologica ◽

10.2298/apt1041033k ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 33-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Suncica Kocic-Tanackov ◽

Gordana Dimic ◽

Jelena Levic ◽

Dusanka Pejin ◽

Jelena Pejin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

Isolated Population ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Identification Of Species ◽

Mycotoxin Biosynthesis ◽

Isolated Species

In the mycological survey of fresh salads of different vegetables, the collected samples were tested for total counts of moulds with special attention paid to the presence of potentially toxigenic species. The survey also included the isolation and the identification of species, as well as the evaluation of mycotoxin biosynthesis ability of potential producers of ochratoxin A (OA) and sterigmatocystin (STC). Mould counts ranged from 10.0 to 4.7x102 cfu g-1. The most common moulds found in fresh salads were Cladosporium (42.89%), Penicillium (25.78%), Aspergillus (14.67%) and Alternaria (6.89%). C. cladosporioides (40.44%), followed by A. niger (10.22%), P. aurantiogriseum (7.55%), A. alternata (6.89%) and Fusarium spp. (3.11%) were the most dominating species. Other species were represented with 2.22% (Eurotium spp.), 1.56% (Botrytis spp.), 0.67% (Phoma spp.), 0.44% (Geotrichum spp., Mucor spp., Phialophora spp.) and 0.22% (Emericella spp., Paecilomyces spp., Trichoderma spp., Xeromyces spp.). Twenty-two of 41 identified mould species were potentially toxigenic, which accounted for 46.18% of the total isolated population. The most frequent were the potential producers of ochratoxin A (17.77%). Potential producers of moniliformin were isolated in 3.11% of samples, while producers of fumonisin and STC were found in 2.67% and 2.44% of samples, respectively. The tested isolates of OA producers did not demonstrate the ability to biosynthetise this mycotoxins, but two out of five isolates of A. versicolor were found to biosynthesise STC in doses of 109.2 ng mL-1 and 56.3 ng mL-1. The obtained results indicate that such products may threaten human health, considering that isolated species were potentially toxigenic, while isolates of A. versicolor also biosynthesised STS.

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Fungi of entomopathogenic potential in Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota, and in fungal allies of the Oomycota and Microsporidia

IMA Fungus ◽

10.1186/s43008-021-00074-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Agata Kaczmarek ◽

Mieczysława I. Boguś

Keyword(s):

Biological Control Agent ◽

Sister Group ◽

Control Agent ◽

Scale Insects ◽

Black Flies ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Lady Beetles ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts is a classic example of the co-evolutionary arms race between pathogen and target host. The present review describes the entomopathogenic potential of Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota fungi, and two groups of fungal allies: Oomycota and Microsporidia. The Oomycota (water moulds) are considered as a model biological control agent of mosquito larvae. Due to their shared ecological and morphological similarities, they had long been considered a part of the fungal kingdom; however, phylogenetic studies have since placed this group within the Straminipila. The Microsporidia are parasites of economically-important insects, including grasshoppers, lady beetles, bumblebees, colorado potato beetles and honeybees. They have been found to display some fungal characteristics, and phylogenetic studies suggest that they are related to fungi, either as a basal branch or sister group. The Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota, named the lower fungi, historically were described together; however, molecular phylogenetic and ultrastructural research has classified them in their own phylum. They are considered parasites of ants, and of the larval stages of black flies, mosquitoes and scale insects.

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A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pleurothallis, with emphasis on Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae, using nuclear ITS and chloroplast DNA sequencing

Lankesteriana ◽

10.15517/lank.v11i3.18304 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

Author(s):

M. Wilson ◽

C. Belle ◽

A. Dang ◽

P. Hannan ◽

C. Kenyon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Plastid Dna ◽

Maximum Parsimony Tree ◽

Its Sequencing ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Parsimony Tree ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Nuclear Its ◽

Expanded Concept

Several revisions of the genus Pleurothallis have been proposed. Luer has proposed that Pleurothallis species in subgenus Scopula be segregated into the genera Colombiana and Ancipitia. Szlachetko and Margonska (2001) proposed the genus Zosterophyllanthos for Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae. As an alternative, Luer (2005) proposed the genus Acronia by uniting Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae with subsections Acroniae and Amphygiae. The molecular phylogenetic studies by Pridgeon and Chase (2001), however, suggested that these taxonomic revisions might not be justified. We report here a more detailed phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pleurothallis, with emphasis on subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae, with data primarily from nuclear ITS sequencing, supplemented with preliminary data from plastid DNA (rpoB2, rpoC1, and ycf1) sequencing. Some initial, tentative conclusions can be drawn. In the strict consensus maximum-parsimony tree of ITS data, many of the clades collapse, leaving a polytomy with a single, highly supported node that tentatively could be used to delimit the genus Pleurothallis. Such a tree would argue for an expanded concept of the genus Pleurothallis, in which the groups Ancipitia, Colombiana, and Acronia/Zosterophyllanthos, if shown to be monophyletic, are relegated to subgenera.

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Biotechnology and Environmental applications of Trichoderma spp.

Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ◽

10.52711/0975-4385.2021.00025 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 149-157

Author(s):

Waill A. Elkhateeb ◽

Marwa O. Elnahas ◽

Ghoson M. Daba ◽

Abdel-Nasser A. Zohri

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Trichoderma Species ◽

Plant Growth Promoters ◽

Different Strains ◽

Soil Borne Fungi

The genus Trichoderma is multicultural soil-borne fungi found in different ecosystems. They are highly successful colonizers of their habitats. Genus Trichoderma is capable of dealing with various environments such as compost, agricultural soils, rhizosphere, and waste material. Therefore, different strains of Trichoderma have been applied in agriculture, bioremediation, waste management, and biotechnology. Many Trichoderma species act as biological control agents and plant growth promoters. Additionally, the genus Trichoderma is a new fungal source for the production of cyclosporin A as well as various hydrolytic enzymes with industrial importance.

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