scholarly journals The parallels between COVID-19 and the Spanish flu of 1918

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4687
Author(s):  
Markordor Lyngdoh
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Avian Origin ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history. It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. On the other hand, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus hailed by the world health organization as a “once in a century health crisis” which has led to devastating impacts to health and livelihood the world over. The prevailing situation is reminiscent of the Spanish flu where definitive cure is unavailable and the public health measures like quarantine, social distancing, hand hygiene and isolation are the only alternatives. Both these diseases are transmitted through respiratory droplets, highly contagious and target the respiratory organs. The parallels between these two events cannot be denied. The Spanish flu thrived at a time when the knowledge and availability of antivirals and vaccine development were inadequate. This article strives to highlight a little more on these two separate pandemics and observe their similarities as well as their differences.

scholarly journals Four pandemics: lessons learned, lessons lost

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Health Organization

In the past 100 years, the world has faced four distinctly different pandemics: the Spanish flu of 1918-1919, the SARS pandemic of 2003, the H1N1 or “swine flu” pandemic of 2012, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Each public health crisis exposed specific systemic shortfalls and provided public health lessons for future events. The Spanish flu revealed a nursing shortage and led to a great appreciation of nursing as a profession. SARS showed the importance of having frontline clinicians be able to work with regulators and those producing guidelines. H1N1 raised questions about the nature of a global organization such as the World Health Organization in terms of the benefits and potential disadvantages of leading the fight against a long-term global public health threat. In the era of COVID-19, it seems apparent that we are learning about both the blessing and curse of social media.

scholarly journals Current Status of COVID-19 Diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surabhi Dixit ◽  
Monal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, an unexpected outbreak was caused by novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lung disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was given the name of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020. Since its origin in the Hubei province of Wuhan city in China, now it has spread to 218 countries worldwide. Panic situation created by COVID-19 has compelled researchers and doctors to work collaboratively. To combat with the disease, every control measures are under consideration from drug discovery to vaccine development. In the management of disease, rapid diagnosis is equally important as development of vaccine and drug. At present, various diagnostic kits are available for COVID-19. With the disease progression, global demand for diagnostics is raising. So, this chapter will include the updates on efficient diagnostic assays and future of diagnostic.

The 1918 Influenza Pandemic Versus COVID-19: A Historical Perspective From an Italian Point of View

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e9
Author(s):  
Andrea Cozza ◽  
Giuseppe Maggioni ◽  
Gaetano Thiene ◽  
Maurizio Rippa Bonati
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World Health ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Health Organization

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has a major precedent almost exactly a century ago: the world-famous H1N1 influenza virus pandemic, sometimes known to the general public as the Spanish flu. From a history of medicine perspective, it is possible to underline many potential common traits between the two. In this article, hygiene and prophylaxis strategies are analyzed in a review of the most popular Italian general medical journals at the time of Spanish flu, Il Policlinico being the most representative of them. The analysis included 40 original journal articles as well as important references to the most influential coeval national manuals and international journals. The main issues in the context of public hygiene are prophylaxis with quinine and quinine derivatives, vaccinations, face masks, disinfection, and social distancing. We draw a comparison between these and the most recent international World Health Organization and Italian national guidelines on the topic. Sadly, little has changed since those times in terms of most of the prevention techniques, even with technical improvements, showing how shortsighted doctors and physicians can be when dealing with medical history. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print September 2, 2021: e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306455 )

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the 1918 influenza pandemics: a concise overview and lessons from the past

Open Health ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Madiha Asghar ◽  
Misbahud Din ◽  
Abdul Waris ◽  
Muhammad Talha Yaseen ◽  
Tanzeel Zohra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Second Wave

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in December, 2019, in Wuhan, China. Even the public health sector experts could not anticipate that the virus would spread rapidly to create the worst worldwide crisis in more than a century. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency on January 30, 2020, but it was not until March 11, 2020 that the WHO declared it a global pandemic. The epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 is different from the SARS coronavirus outbreak in 2002 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012; therefore, neither SARS nor MERS could be used as a suitable model for foreseeing the future of the current pandemic. The influenza pandemic of 1918 could be referred to in order to understand and control the COVID-19 pandemic. Although influenza and the SARS-CoV-2 are from different families of viruses, they are similar in that both silently attacked the world and the societal and political responses to both pandemics have been very much alike. Previously, the 1918 influenza pandemic and unpredictability of the second wave caused distress among people as the first wave of that outbreak (so-called Spanish flu) proved to be relatively mild compared to a much worse second wave, followed by smaller waves. As of April, 2021, the second wave of COVID-19 has occurred around the globe, and future waves may also be expected, if the total population of the world is not vaccinated. This article aims to highlight the key similarities and differences in both pandemics. Similarly, lessons from the previous pan-demics and various possibilities for the future course of COVID-19 are also highlighted.

scholarly journals Long SARS-CoV-2 with Hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy, Cardiocirculatory Arrest and Severe Interstitial Pneumonia: The Role of Timely Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Early Diagnosis and Regression of this Dramatic Complication

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Liliana Elena Weimer ◽  
Liliana Elena Weimer ◽  
Cattari G ◽  
Fanales Belasio E ◽  
Binelli A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
New Information ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Cardiocirculatory Arrest

In December 2019, a devastated novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as the causative agent of the acute atypical cluster of pneumonia cases in the city of Wuhan, China [1]. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease COVID-19. Currently, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is of a scale not seen since the 1918 influenza pandemic and has already infected more than 156 million people worldwide and resulted in 3.2 million deaths, and cancer is a major risk factor for death associated with COVID-19. Although the predominant clinical presentation is with respiratory disease, Human coronaviruses exhibit neuroinvasive potential, and the systemic disorders that are the hallmark of COVID-19, such as hypoxia, inflammation, and acquired thrombophilia, may impose a high risk of CNS complications [2]. However, it is not clear which of these complications are consequences of direct neurological injury of SARS-CoV-2 or events secondary to the systemic dysfunctional state. New information about the neurological entities arising in patients with COVID-19 is needed to delineate better the clinical implications of this disease. We report a case of a patient with Hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy after Cardiocirculatory Arrest in patient SARS-CoV-2 and Severe Interstitial Pneumonia.

2019 Novel Coronavirus: A review on Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Clinical Trials in Vaccine Development

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megala Jayaraman ◽  
Sabari Krishna B. B. ◽  
Parijat Dutta ◽  
Jayesh Telang ◽  
Sreshta Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

: Coronavirus disease-2019, a viral disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified by the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), China on January 7, 2020. This mysterious respiratory epidemic occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. A month later its outbreak in China, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) due to its severity and high transmission potential throughout the world, leading many nations to implement multiple lockdown sessions and strict social distancing measures. As of September 21, 2020, 30,675,675 active cases and 954,417 deaths had been reported worldwide. Intensive research is being carried out across the globe to identify precise diagnostic techniques and to develop novel, effective vaccines against the virus. Herein, we elaborate on details of epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and vaccine trials related to this pandemic.

scholarly journals Coronavirus: Hotspot on coronavirus disease 2019 in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rameshwar S. Cheke ◽  
Sachin Shinde ◽  
Jaya Ambhore ◽  
Vaibhav Adhao ◽  
Dnyaneshwar Cheke
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Short Report ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) or also known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized as the cause of respiratory infection in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in late December 2019. As of April 5, 2020, this epidemic had spread to worldwide with 12,03,485 confirmed cases, including 62,000 deaths. The World Health Organization has declared it a Global Public Health Crisis. Coronavirus causes respiratory illness coughing, sneezing, breathlessness, and fever including pneumonia. The disease is transmitted person to person through infected droplets. At present, the research on novel coronavirus is still in the primary stage. Based on the published study, we thoroughly summarize the history and origin, microbiology and taxonomy, mode of transmissions, target receptor, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment about COVID-19. This short report writes in hope for providing platform to community and researcher dealings against with the novel coronavirus and providing a reference for further studies.

Current updates on COVID-19 - A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ghotekar D S ◽  
Vishal N Kushare ◽  
Sagar V Ghotekar
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause illness such as respiratory diseases or gastrointestinal diseases. Respiratory diseases can range from the common cold to more severe diseases. A novel coronavirus outbreak was first documented in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic. A global coordinated effort is needed to stop the further spread of the virus. A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been identified in humans previously. Once scientists determine exactly what coronavirus it is, they give it a name (as in the case of COVID-19, the virus causing it is SARS-CoV-2).

An approach to the understanding of the clinical-etiopathological aspect of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 862-869
Author(s):  
Meena Kumari ◽  
Monika Agrawal ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Parameswarappa S Byadgi
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Therapy Assessment ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
The World ◽  
Polarized Epithelia ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Currently, the world is facing a health and socioeconomic crisis caused by the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this disease as a pandemic. The condition (COVID-19) is an infectious disorder triggered by a newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2. Most of the COVID-19 infected patients will experience mild to moderate respiratory symptoms and recover without any unique therapy. Assessment of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 cases suggests the infected patients will not be contagious until the onset of severe symptoms and affects the other organs. Well-differentiated cells of apical airway epithelia communicating with ACE2 were promptly infected to SARS-CoV-2 virus. But the expression of ACE 2 in poorly differentiated epithelia facilitated SARS spike (S) protein-pseudo typed virus entry and it is replicated in polarized epithelia and especially exited via the apical surface. Limiting the transmission of COVID-19 infection & its prevention can be regarded as a hierarchy of controls. In this article, we briefly discuss the most recent advances in respect to aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical progression of the disease COVID-19.

Treatment Options in COVID-19: The Role of Bioavailable Antiviral Ribonucleoside Analog on NHC in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On December 31, 2019, WHO was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause by Chinese authorities on January 7, 2020 and was provisionally named "2019-nCoV". This new Coronavirus causes a clinical picture which has received now the name COVID-19. The virus has spread subsequently worldwide and was explained on the 11th of March, 2020 by the World Health Organization to the pandemic.

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