Spectrochemical Analytical Characterisation of Particulate Matter Emissions Generated from In-Use Diesel Engine Vehicles

Pollutant emissions from vehicles form major sources of metallic nanoparticles entering the environment and surrounding atmosphere. In this research, we spectrochemically analyse the chemical composition of particle matter emissions from in-use diesel engine passenger vehicles. We extracted diesel particulate matter from the end part of the tail pipes of more than 70 different vehicles. In the laboratory, we used the high-resolution laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectrochemical analytical technique to sensitively analyse chemical elements in different DPM samples. We found that PM is composed of major, minor and trace chemical elements. The major compound in PM is not strictly carbon but also other adsorbed metallic nanoparticles such as iron, chromium, magnesium, zinc and calcium. Besides the major elements in DPM, there are also minor elements: silicon, nickel, titan, potassium, strontium, molybdenum and others. Additionally, in DPM are adsorbed atomic trace elements like barium, boron, cobalt, copper, phosphorus, manganese and platinum. All these chemical elements form the significant atomic composition of real PM from in-use diesel engine vehicles.

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Quantification of Minor Chemical Elements in Particulate Matter Collected from In-Use Diesel Engine Passenger Vehicles by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13226113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 6113

Author(s):

Richard Viskup ◽

Christoph Wolf ◽

Werner Baumgartner

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Diesel Engine ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Minor Elements ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

Internal Calibration ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown

This research qualitatively and quantitatively characterises the minor chemical elements in diesel particulate matter (DPM). DPM was extracted from in-use diesel engine passenger vehicles of diverse types and models from major brand car producers in Europe. We analysed particulate matter extracted from the exhaust manifold part from passenger vehicles that are used in daily life environment. To qualitatively and quantitatively characterise the DPM, we employed the high-resolution Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy analytical technique (LIBS). Qualitative spectrochemical LIBS analyses confirmed the presence of minor chemical elements—silicon, nickel, titan, potassium, strontium, and molybdenum in DPM. For quantification of the LIBS signal, the calibration functions were constructed from internal calibration standards. Different concentrations of detected minor elements Si, Ni, Ti, K, Sr, and Mo were measured with respect to the type of complex particulate matter.

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Qualitative and Quantitative Characterisation of Minor Chemical Elements in Diesel Particulate Matter by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/asec2020-07520 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Richard Viskup ◽

Christoph Wolf ◽

Werner Baumgartner

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Diesel Engine ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Diesel Particulate Matter ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown

In this research, we investigate the minor chemical elements contained in the diesel particulate matter (DPM) exhaust emissions, generated by in-use diesel engine passenger vehicles. For this purpose, we apply a high-resolution optical emission spectroscopy technique, for precise spectrochemical analysis of diesel particulate matter. By means of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analytical method, we qualitatively and quantitatively characterise detected minor chemical elements in DPM. Particulate matter samples were obtained from in-use diesel engine passenger vehicles of diverse types and models from major brand car producers in Europe. We analysed particulate matter, extracted from the exhaust manifold part, from vehicles, which are used in daily life environment. The LIBS technique has revealed the presence of minor chemical elements in DPM -silicon, nickel, titan, potassium, strontium, and molybdenum with diverse concentrations.

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Qualitative Characterisation of Trace Elements in Diesel Particulate Matter from In-Use Diesel Engine Passenger Vehicles by Means of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Environmental Emissions ◽

10.5772/intechopen.93067 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Viskup ◽

Christoph Wolf ◽

Werner Baumgartner

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Diesel Engine ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown

In this research, we applied laser-plasma spectroscopy technique for the measurement of trace chemical elements in the exhaust emissions generated from in-use diesel engine passenger vehicles. We use high resolution laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique for diagnostics of soot and particulate matter (PM). Here we analysed soot and PM, extracted from exhaust manifold part, from different passenger vehicles that are used in daily life environment. The main aim of this study is to reveal the trace chemical elements in different PM matrices. The presence of trace elements in exhaust emissions can originate from different sources: from injected fuel type and fuel additives, engine lubricants, engine combustion process, incomplete catalytic reaction, inefficiency or wear out of PM filtering devices, dysfunctions or failures of engine or vehicle or even information related to polluted intake air.

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Detection and Quantification of Precious Elements in Astrophyllite Mineral by Optical Spectroscopy

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14216277 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (21) ◽

pp. 6277

Author(s):

Altaf Ahmad ◽

Shahab Ahmed Abbasi ◽

Muhammad Hafeez ◽

Taj Muhammad Khan ◽

Muhammad Rafique ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Second Harmonic ◽

Detection System ◽

Economic Value ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Compositional Analysis ◽

Major Elements ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown

With many advantages over well-established methods, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has emerged as a useful analytical technique for the compositional analysis of multi-elemental geological materials. In this study, LIBS was employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of a rare mineral, astrophyllite, bearing precious elements of industrial and technological interest. The experiment was carried out using second harmonic generation of Nd:YAG laser of pulse width 5 ns and repetition rate of 10 Hz. Microplasma was produced by focusing laser beam on an astrophyllite target, and optical emissions from the generated plasma were recorded in the spectral range of 200–720 nm with the help of a LIBS2000+ detection system. On analyzing the optical spectra, existence of 15 elements in astrophyllite target were revealed. These elements include: Ti, W, Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Na, Ni, Si and H. For quantification, calibration-free method was used. Only ten elements, namely Ti, W, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ca, Mg, Ni, Si and Al, were quantified with relative weight concentrations of 55.39%, 18.79%, 18.30%, 4.05%, 2.66, 0.43%, 0.18%, 0.12%, 0.06% and 0.02%, respectively. To benchmark these results, XRF analysis was performed, which confirmed the presence of all the elements detected in the optical spectrum of the sample, except for Na, Li, and H. The concentrations of these ten elements as measured by XRF were in reasonable agreement, especially for the major elements. The presence of a significant amount of Ti and W in an astrophyllite sample, found in Pakistan, highlights the economic value of this mineral. This study may be of further interest in commissioning LIBS technology for exploration of minerals in the region.

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Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and PIXE for Differentiation Between Different Tungsten Alloys

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS ◽

10.24297/jap.v16i1.8326 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 212-220

Author(s):

Ahmed Galmed

Keyword(s):

Major Elements ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Tungsten Alloys ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Minor Elements ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

Trace And Minor Elements

Tungsten is one of the hardest metals that has high melting point and high thermal conductivity. These unique properties make it suitable for many industrial applications. The increasing demand for using tungsten made the need for a fast and reliable analytical technique for tungsten to increase. In this paper we are comparing the ability of LIBS as a multi-elemental analysis technique to PIXE which is a well known established multi-elemental technique in the analysis of tungsten alloys. It was found that LIBS has the advantage over PIXE in the detection of the trace and minor elements. While PIXE is better than LIBS in the detection of major elements in the samples.

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Qualitative and Quantitative Characterisation of Major Elements in Particulate Matter from In-use Diesel Engine Passenger Vehicles by LIBS

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13020368 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 368 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Richard Viskup ◽

Christoph Wolf ◽

Werner Baumgartner

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Diesel Engine ◽

High Resolution ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Major Elements ◽

Spectroscopy Technique ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

Major Chemical

In this research we apply a high-resolution optical emission spectroscopy technique for spectrochemical analysis of collected diesel particulate matter. We use the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique (LIBS) for qualitative and quantitative measurements of major chemical elements present in the particulate matter generated from different diesel engine passenger vehicles in use. The high-resolution LIBS technique can instantly measure major chemical elements within the diverse particulate matter matrices.

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Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Diesel Particulate Matter Exhaust Emissions Generated from on Road Diesel Engine: Light Duty Vehicles

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology ◽

10.5220/0007618203080314 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Viskup ◽

Christoph Wolf ◽

Werner Baumgartner

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Diesel Engine ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Diesel Particulate Matter ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽

Light Duty ◽

Laser Induced Breakdown ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

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Assessment of Environmental Risks of Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport Based on the Emission Inventory

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11136123 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 6123

Author(s):

Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽

Zdzisław Chłopek ◽

Hubert Sar ◽

Krystian Szczepański ◽

Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Legal Status ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

Road Transport ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

European Economic Area ◽

Engine Exhaust ◽

Exhaust Gases ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions

The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental hazards posed by solid particles resulting from road transport. To achieve this, a methodology used to inventory pollutant emissions was used in accordance with the recommendations of the EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Economic Area). This paper classifies particulates derived from road transport with reference to their properties and sources of origin. The legal status of environmental protection against particulate matter is presented. The emissions of particulate matter with different properties from different road transport sources is examined based on the results of Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions in the year 2018. This study was performed using areas with characteristic traffic conditions: inside and outside cities, as well as on highways and expressways. The effects of vehicles were classified according to Euro emissions standards into the categories relating to the emissions of different particulate matter types. The results obtained showed that technological progress in the automobile sector has largely contributed to a reduction in particulate matter emissions associated with engine exhaust gases, and that this has had slight effect on particulate matter emissions associated with the tribological processes of vehicles. The conclusion formed is that it is advisable to undertake work towards the control and reduction of road transport particulate matter emissions associated with the sources other than engine exhaust gases.

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