scholarly journals Elementary Students’ Reasoning in Drawn Explanations Based on a Scientific Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Valeria M. Cabello ◽  
Patricia M. Moreira ◽  
Paulina Griñó Morales
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Students ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Middle Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Learning And Cognition ◽  
Methodological Advance ◽  
Scientific Phenomena

Constructing explanations of scientific phenomena is a high-leverage practice that promotes student understanding. In the context of this study, we acknowledge that children are used to receiving explanations from teachers. However, they are rarely encouraged to construct explanations about the causes and consequences of phenomena. We modified a strategy to elicit and analyze primary students’ reasoning based on scientific theory as a methodological advance in learning and cognition. The participants were fourth-graders of middle socioeconomic status in Chile’s geographical zone with high seismic risk. They drew explanations about the causes and consequences of earthquakes during a learning unit of eighteen hours oriented toward explanation-construction based on the Tectonic Plates Theory. A constant comparative method was applied to analyze drawings and characterize students’ reasoning used in pictorial representations, following the first coding step of the qualitative Grounded Theory approach. The results show the students expressed progressive levels of reasoning. However, several participants expressed explanations based on the phenomena causes even at an early stage of formal learning. More sophisticated reasoning regarding the scientific theory underpinning earthquakes was found at the end of the learning unit. We discuss approaching elementary students’ scientific reasoning in explanations based on theory, connected with context-based science education.

The Arabic Origins of English and Indo-European “Definite Articles”: A Radical Linguistic Theory Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Zaidan Ali Jassem
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
General Level ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definite Articles

This paper traces the Arabic origins or cognates of the “definite articles” in English and Indo-European languages from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises the definite articles in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, Latin, Greek, Macedonian, Russian, Polish, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Persian, and Arabic. The results clearly indicate that five different types of such articles emerged in the data, all of which have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings, whose differences are due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change, especially lexical, semantic, or morphological shift. Therefore, the results support the adequacy of the radical linguistic theory according to which, unlike the Family Tree Model or Comparative Method, Arabic, English, German, French, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit not only belong to the same language family, renamed Eurabian or Urban family, but also are dialects of the same language, with Arabic being their origin all because only it shares the whole cognates with them all and because it has a huge phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and lexical variety. They also manifest fundamental flaws and grave drawbacks which plague English and Indo-European lexicography for ignoring Arabic as an ultimate ancestor and progenitor not only in the treatment of the topic at hand but in all others in general. On a more general level, they also show that there is a radical language from which all human languages stemmed and which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic, thus being the most conservative and productive language

The Experience of Occupational Disruption among Student Musicians

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon McCready ◽  
Denise Reid
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Constant Comparative Method ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Major Occupation

Student musicians frequently need to take breaks from playing their instruments because of physical playing-related injuries, yet little is known about their experiences with these occupational disruptions. We conducted a qualitative study that explored student musicians' lived experiences with unplanned disruptions stemming from engagement in their major occupation of playing an instrument. In-depth interviews with seven student musicians who attended either a special arts high school or a university were conducted. Consistent with a grounded theory approach to qualitative research, the constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis was implemented. A major finding related to the theme of “being and becoming,” where student musicians expressed a strong sense of belonging to a group of other like musicians who they learned from, relied on for support, and created music with. Another theme was motivation to excel, where students expressed a strong desire and motivation to improve and master their instrument. Occupational tensions and pressures emerged as another theme. Students were aware of the need to practice and the need to care for their bodies. A constant negotiation was required in which students struggled to find a good balance between the need to practice and to respect their bodies while maintaining an identity of a musician. These findings are discussed in relation to how health care providers and educators need to understand the demands and stresses associated with playing an instrument so that they can better support these young musicians.

Integrating Scientific Modeling and Socio-Scientific Reasoning to Promote Scientific Literacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-54
Author(s):  
Julie Keane ◽  
Laura A. Zangori ◽  
Troy D. Sadler ◽  
Patricia J. Friedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Students ◽  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Scientific Modeling ◽  
Disciplinary Knowledge ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Modeling Practice ◽  
Based Instruction ◽  
Support Students

Socio-scientific issues (SSI) are widely advocated as a productive context for promoting scientific literacy that aims to prepare responsible citizens who can use science in their daily lives. However, many teachers find it challenging to enact SSI and consider SSI and discipline-based instruction as mutually exclusive approaches to science teaching. In this chapter, the authors present their framework for SSI instruction, socio-scientific issue and model-based learning (SIMBL), that emphasizes both disciplinary knowledge and its social implications. In particular, the authors argue that the integration of scientific modeling and socio-scientific reasoning (SSR) can advance students' competencies in both areas, thus promoting students' scientific literacy. The authors use an illustrative example from their work with elementary students to demonstrate the connection between students' modeling practice and their SSR. The authors conclude the chapter by introducing the epistemic tools developed to support students' modeling practice and SSR as well as implications for classroom enactments.

The importance of dignity and choice for people assessed as having intellectual disabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 174462952090520
Author(s):  
Savra Anne Frounfelker ◽  
Anne Bartone
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Group Settings ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Constant Comparative Method ◽  
Day Habilitation ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach

Individuals assessed as having an intellectual disability often spend a significant amount of time in day treatment/day habilitation programs after they graduate from school. The quality of these programs varies widely and is not federally legislated. The purpose of the current study is both to explore factors that lead to higher satisfaction for participants in these programs and to better understand what participants want in a program. Using a grounded theory approach, researchers interviewed 25 participants, staff, and family members in focus group settings to collect qualitative data. Interviews focused on what worked and what could be improved at a program located in Western New York. Using the constant comparative method, themes emerged from the data that pointed to the importance of dignity and choice in a day program to facilitate empowerment, higher levels of satisfaction and self-confidence.

scholarly journals The experience of family caregivers of patients with cancer in an Asian country: A grounded theory approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Sinta Kristanti ◽  
Christantie Effendy ◽  
Adi Utarini ◽  
Myrra Vernooij-Dassen ◽  
Yvonne Engels
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Asian Country ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
The Core ◽  
Constant Comparative Method ◽  
Will Power ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach

Background: Strong family bonds are part of the Indonesian culture. Family members of patients with cancer are intensively involved in caring, also in hospitals. This is considered “normal”: a societal and religious obligation. The values underpinning this might influence families’ perception of it. Aim: To explore and model experiences of family caregivers of patients with cancer in Indonesia in performing caregiving tasks. Design: A grounded theory approach was applied. The constant comparative method was used for data analysis and a paradigm scheme was employed for developing a theoretical model. Setting/participants: The study was conducted in three hospitals in Indonesia. The participants were family caregivers of patients with cancer. Results: A total of 24 family caregivers participated. “Belief in caregiving” appeared to be the core phenomenon. This reflects the caregivers’ conviction that providing care is an important value, which becomes the will power and source of their strength. It is a combination of spiritual and religious, value and motivation to care, and is influenced by contextual factors. It influences actions: coping mechanisms, sharing tasks, and making sacrifices. Social support influences the process of the core phenomenon and the actions of the caregivers. Both positive and negative experiences were identified. Conclusion: We developed a model of family caregivers’ experiences from a country where caregiving is deeply rooted in religion and culture. The model might also be useful in other cultural contexts. Our model shows that the spiritual domain, not only for the patient but also for the family caregivers, should be structurally addressed by professional caregivers.

A Visual Channel Theory Approach to Pilot Performance and Simulator Imagery

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
David Regan ◽  
Ronald Kruk ◽  
Ken Beverley ◽  
Tom Longridge
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Flight Simulator ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Visual Channel ◽  
Display Design ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Channel Theory

There is a body of experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that an early stage of visual processing consists of analyzing retinal image information into a number of abstract categories or features, called channels. This paper briefly reviews the channel hypothesis and cites potential implications for flight simulator visual display design. The results of a preliminary study designed to investigate the relationships between channel sensitivity and flight simulator landing performance are presented.

scholarly journals 73 Challenges in Developing an Age-friendly County Programme in Ireland: Translating Global WHO Policy into Local Practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii1-iii16
Author(s):  
Bernard McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Irish Context ◽  
Planning Framework

Abstract Background Developing age-friendly communities is a significant global policy issue. The WHO (2007) age-friendly cities and communities initiative has had a significant influence on the development of Ireland’s Age-Friendly Programme. With research on such programmes still at an early stage, this paper critically examines the utilisation of the WHO age-friendly planning framework in an Irish context. It explores older adults’ experience of living in two towns in an ‘age-friendly’ county and, in parallel, examines stakeholders’ perspectives on the development of the county’s age-friendly programme. This multi-perspectival approach facilitates an assessment of how the age-friendly county programme addresses older residents’ needs, and illustrates how the WHO conceptual and planning framework has worked in an Irish context. Methods The paper reports on a study which employed a mixed-method, qualitative case-study research design, using a constructivist grounded theory approach to explore the lived experience of older adults, and a case-study framework for the stakeholder perspective. Results The research identifies salient social and cultural dimensions of the day-to-day lived experience of older people which, although they impact on the age-friendliness of the places in which they live, are neglected in the WHO framework. It also identifies a unique combination of economic, political, cultural, and organisational factors which have impacted on age-friendly programme development in Ireland. Conclusion In critically analysing use of the WHO age-friendly model, the paper suggests ways in which the model can be modified to better accommodate the diverse experience of older adults not only in Ireland, but also in other geographic and cultural contexts.

Older Adults’ Perceptions of Using iPads for Improving Fruit and Vegetable Intake: An Exploratory Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Watkins ◽  
Bo Xie
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Ipad App

Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption can improve older adults’ health outcomes, but conventional interventions can be resource demanding and make it difficult to provide just-in-time intervention content. iPad-based interventions may help overcome these limitations, but little is known about how older adults might perceive and use iPads for FV consumption. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a qualitative study to explore older adults’ perceptions and use of iPads for improving FV consumption between February and August of 2012. Five focus group sessions each lasting 120 min were conducted with 22 older adult participants. During each session, participants received guided exposure and instruction on iPad use and then explored three iPad applications targeting FV consumption (MyFood, FiveADay Lite, and Whole Foods Market Recipes). Detailed notes from focus group interviews were analyzed with a grounded theory approach that applied a constant comparative method to enable themes to emerge from the data. Three themes were identified from the data regarding participants’ baseline perceptions of iPads. These included (a) limited knowledge on iPad’s functions, (b) iPads were intended for younger users, and (c) iPads were too expensive. Themes identified regarding participants’ perceptions of iPads after guided exposure included (a) the touchscreen was easier to use than a computer mouse, (b) tapping the interface required practice, (c) portability was an asset in conjunction with functionality, (d) portability and functionality supported personal interests, (e) the difficulty of learning an iPad’s functions varied, and (f) practice and instruction helped overcome fear of the iPad. Finally, participants recommended iPad app features that could help them overcome barriers to their FV intake. These included (a) locating inexpensive FV from nearby sources, (b) providing tailored food and recipe suggestions, and (c) tracking and communicating FV intake with a doctor. These findings have important implications for future research on mobile app-based eHealth interventions to improve older adults’ FV intake.

Seeking a no-regrets decision: Women's rationale for choosing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM).

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 152-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Bloom ◽  
Stephanie B. Wheeler ◽  
Kandace P McGuire ◽  
Clara Lee ◽  
Kevin Weinfurt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prophylactic Mastectomy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Unilateral Breast Cancer ◽  
Peace Of Mind ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

152 Background: More women with early-stage unilateral breast cancer and low genetic risk are opting for CPM, despite their low risk of developing cancer in their healthy breast and evidence to demonstrate that CPM improves neither survival nor quality of life, while increasing the risk of surgical complications. Little is known about the factors that motivate this irreversible decision. Methods: We conducted comprehensive qualitative interviews with 42 women at low risk for contralateral breast cancer (CBC) who had CPM in the last 10 years. We recorded and transcribed the interviews and analyzed them using a grounded theory approach. Results: Contrary to hypotheses that newly diagnosed women overestimate their CBC risk, study patients knew of the low risk of cancer in their healthy breast, but still chose CPM. Statistics were unpersuasive; given healthy lifestyles and lack of risk factors, they felt unlucky to get breast cancer and feared they would be unlucky again. They believed CPM would give them more peace of mind and the fewest regrets should cancer return. Avoiding mammograms was important, given the potential for callbacks, biopsies, and more bad news. Avoiding radiation and wanting matching breasts were cited less often. Most were mainly focused on reducing their cancer risk and could not recall having critical information about CPM’s potential harms. A few knew of likely harms but misjudged their impact. When told of CPM’s higher risk of complications, most dismissed this as a disclaimer, believing they would get through surgery well. Despite experiencing negative effects of CPM, 38 of 42 stated they would make the same decision again. Conclusions: When choosing CPM, most women felt confident in making their decision, although many had incomplete knowledge of potential long-term impacts. Nevertheless the majority of women who chose CPM did not regret their decision, suggesting that women who elect CPM are selecting a treatment option that is consistent with their long-term personal values and preferences. While important to ensure women know potential long-term harms, our findings suggest they may not necessarily be dissuaded from CPM by more data, though they may be better prepared for it’s aftermath.

What Counts as an Apology? Exploring Stakeholder Perceptions in a Hypothetical Organizational Crisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Bentley
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Crisis Communication ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Organizational Crisis ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Constant Comparative Method ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach

Many scholars have studied the role of organizational apologies in crisis communication, but they have defined and operationalized apologies inconsistently. This study uses a grounded theory approach to explore what constitutes an effective organizational apology from the perspective of organizational stakeholders. One hundred participants were asked to imagine being the victims of a data breach at an online retailer and to write the kind of apology they would like to receive from the organization. One hundred more participants were asked to write suggestion lists for how the organization could make its apology effective. These data were analyzed using a constant comparative method. Fifteen apology elements were identified and organized along two dimensions: (a) whether the element involved primarily words or behavior and (b) whether the element focused on fixing the problem or rebuilding relationships. Based on the data, these elements must be combined to make an apology effective with stakeholders.

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