Smart Grid Virtualisation for Grid-Based Routing

Due to changed power consumption patterns, technological advance and deregulation, the appearance of the power grid in the low and medium voltage segment has changed. The spread of heating and cooling with electrical energy and an increase of electric vehicles as well as the broad rollout of photovoltaic systems has a major impact on the peak power demand of modern households and the volatility smart grids have to face. Thus, besides the load impact of the growing population of electric vehicles, modern households are not only consumers of electrical power, but also power producers, so called prosumers. The rising number of prosumers and the limitations of grid capacities lead to an increasingly distributed system of heterogeneous components, which have to be managed and operated with locality and scalability in mind. Virtualisation technologies, particularly known as state of the art in data centre computing, can lead to a paradigm shift needed to meet the growing demands of this evolution. A key issue here is to forward data to the correct data sinks, where data are required in order to keep the grid balanced. This routing process has to be able to react on grid changes in a timely manner, i.e., it must be based on the instantaneous state of the grid. In this paper, we propose a solution based on virtualising the communication infrastructure in the low and medium voltage grid. We evaluate two different approaches. The first approach is based on SDN; an ONOS SDN controller is used to change the behaviour of the communication infrastructure according to information provided by components of the power grid. The second approach uses Coaty and a Mosquitto MQTT broker to deliver messages to the desired endpoint, again based on information from the power grid.

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A Lightweight Scheme to Authenticate and Secure the Communication in Smart Grids

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8091508 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1508 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Israa Aziz ◽

Hai Jin ◽

Ihsan Abdulqadder ◽

Zaid Hussien ◽

Zaid Abduljabbar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smart Grids ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Power Grids ◽

Control Center ◽

Medium Voltage ◽

Authentication Mechanism ◽

Computational Overhead ◽

Automation Equipment ◽

Lightweight Authentication

Self-reconfiguration in electrical power grids is a significant tool for their planning and operation during both normal and abnormal conditions. The increasing in employment of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), as well as the rapid growth of the new communication technologies have increased the application of Feeder Automation (FA) in Distribution Networks (DNs). In a Smart Grid (SG), automation equipment, such as a Smart Breaker (SB), is used. Using either a wired or a wireless network or even a combination of both, communication between the Control Center (CC) and SBs can be made. Nowadays, wireless technology is widely used in the communication of DNs. This may cause several security vulnerabilities in the power system, such as remote attacks, with the goal of cutting off the electrical power provided to significant consumers. Therefore, to preserve the cybersecurity of the system, there is a need for a secure scheme. The available literature investments proposed a heavyweight level in security schemes, while the overhead was not considered. To overcome this drawback, this paper presents an efficient lightweight authentication mechanism with the necessary steps to ensure real-time automatic reconfiguration during a fault. As a first stage, authentication will be made between CC and SB, SB then sends the information about its status. To ensure the integrity of the authentication exchange, a hash function is used, while the symmetric algorithm is used to ensure privacy. The applicability of the suggested scheme has been proved by conducting security performance and analysis. The proposed scheme will be injected on ABB medium voltage breaker with the REF 542plus controller. Therefore, the probable benefit of the suggested scheme is the contribution to provide more flexibility for electrical utilities in terms of reducing the overall computational overhead and withstanding to various types of attacks, while also opening new prospects in FA of SGs.

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Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids

10.4018/978-1-6684-3666-0.ch054 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1192-1211

Author(s):

Cosmin Darab

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Smart Grids ◽

New Technologies ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Power Grid ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Energy Crisis ◽

Grid Integration ◽

Vehicle To Grid ◽

Smart Grid Technology

Electric vehicles were proposed as a good solution to solving energy crisis and environmental problems caused by the traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. In the last years due to the rapid development of the electric vehicles, the problem of power grid integration was addressed. In order to not put additional pressure onto the power grid several new technologies were developed. This chapter presents the smart grid technology, vehicle-to-grid concept, and electric vehicles grid integration. These technologies made possible the integration of electric vehicles without any major changes in the power grid. Moreover, electric vehicles integration brought new benefits to the power grid like better integration of renewable energy.

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Study of Hybrid PVA/MA/TEOS Pervaporation Membrane and Evaluation of Energy Requirement for Desalination by Pervaporation

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15091913 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1913 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Zongli Xie ◽

Derrick Ng ◽

Manh Hoang ◽

Jianhua Zhang ◽

Stephen Gray

Keyword(s):

Thermal Energy ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Commercial Application ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Pervaporation Membrane ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Multiple Effect Distillation

Desalination by pervaporation is a membrane process that is yet to be realized for commercial application. To investigate the feasibility and viability of scaling up, a process engineering model was developed to evaluate the energy requirement based on the experimental study of a hybrid polyvinyl alcohol/maleic acid/tetraethyl orthosilicate (PVA/MA/TEOS) Pervaporation Membrane. The energy consumption includes the external heating and cooling required for the feed and permeate streams, as well as the electrical power associated with pumps for re-circulating feed and maintaining vacuum. The thermal energy requirement is significant (e.g., up to 2609 MJ/m3 of thermal energy) and is required to maintain the feed stream at 65 °C in recirculation mode. The electrical energy requirement is very small (<0.2 kWh/m3 of required at 65 °C feed temperature at steady state) with the vacuum pump contributing to the majority of the electrical energy. The energy required for the pervaporation process was also compared to other desalination processes such as Reverse Osmosis (RO), Multi-stage Flash (MSF), and Multiple Effect Distillation (MED). The electrical energy requirement for pervaporation is the lowest among these desalination technologies. However, the thermal energy needed for pervaporation is significant. Pervaporation may be attractive when the process is integrated with waste heat and heat recovery option and used in niche applications such as RO brine concentration or salt recovery.

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STRATEGIC MODULATION OF THERMAL TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY RATIO PRODUCED FROM PV/T MODULE

Acta Polytechnica ◽

10.14311/ap.2021.61.0313 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 313-323

Author(s):

Anges A. Aminou Moussavou ◽

Atanda K. Raji ◽

Marco Adonis

Keyword(s):

Cell Model ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Energy Demands ◽

Pv Cell ◽

The Cost ◽

T System

Several strategies have been developed to enhance the performance of a solar photovoltaicthermal (PV/T) system in buildings. However, these systems are limited by the cost, complex structure and power consumed by the pump. This paper proposes an optimisation method conversion strategy that modulates the ratio of thermal to electrical energy from the photovoltaic (PV) cell, to increase the PV/T system’s performance. The design and modelling of a PV cell was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the heat transfer occurring in the PV cell model, which converts the radiation (solar) into heat and electricity. A linear regression equation curve was used to define the ratio of thermal to electrical energy technique, and the behavioural patterns of various types of power (thermal and electrical) as a function of extrinsic cell resistance (Rse). The simulation results show an effective balance of the thermal and electrical power when adjusting the Rse. The strategy to modulate the ratio of thermal to electrical energy from the PV cell may optimise the PV/T system’s performance. A change of Rse might be an effective method of controlling the amount of thermal and electrical energy from the PV cell to support the PV/T system temporally, based on the energy need. The optimisation technique of the PV/T system using the PV cell is particularly useful for households since they require electricity, heating, and cooling. Applying this technique demonstrates the ability of the PV/T system to balance the energy ( thermal and electrical) produced based on the weather conditions and the user’s energy demands.

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Future smart grid communication-deployment of IoT: opportunities and challenges

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ◽

10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp14-22 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Payal Soni ◽

J. Subhashini

Keyword(s):

Smart Grid ◽

Power Grid ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Grid System ◽

Electrical Power System ◽

Communication Infrastructure ◽

Power Load ◽

Technology Applications ◽

Long Time ◽

Smart Grid Communication

India’s electrical power system grid also known as the power grid is serving us from a very long time. In this duration, there were no major developments or changes reported in the power grid system. Electrical power consumer demand is increasing drastically and the present grid system is not able to fulfil these emerging requirements. To fulfil the requirements of future power load, we need a modified system which has to be reliable, secure, intelligent and efficient. By converting the power grid into the smart grid will be a promising solution for adopting the above properties. Communication Infrastructure is a major part of the smart grid. The end-user can reduce their expenditure on electricity demand by using smart home appliance, to keep away from the rush hours and also make use of the renewable energy instead from utility, is a great example of deployment of internet of things (IoT) in grid communication. In this paper, we have provided a survey of different communication technology, applications, benefits and challenges in communication infrastructure, spatially IoT.

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Marginal Uncertainty Cost Functions for Solar Photovoltaic, Wind Energy, Hydro Generators, and Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13236375 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 6375

Author(s):

Elkin D. Reyes ◽

Arturo S. Bretas ◽

Sergio Rivera

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Wind Energy ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Energy Generation ◽

Cost Functions ◽

Solar Photovoltaic ◽

Electrical Power Systems ◽

High Penetration

The high penetration of renewable sources of energy in electrical power systems implies an increase in the uncertainty variables of the economic dispatch (ED). Uncertainty costs are a metric to quantify the variability introduced from renewable energy generation, that is to say: wind energy generation (WEG), run-of-the-river hydro generators (RHG), and solar photovoltaic generation (PVG). On other side, there are associated uncertainties to the charge/uncharge of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). Thus, in this paper, the uncertainty cost functions (UCF) and their marginal expressions as a way of modeling and assessment of stochasticity in power systems with high penetration of smart grids elements is presented. In this work, a mathematical analysis is presented using the first and second derivatives of the UCF, where the marginal uncertainty cost functions (MUCF) and the UCF’s minimums for PVG, WEG, PEV, and RHG are derived. Further, a model validation is presented, considering comparative test results from the state of the art of the UCF minimum, developed in a previous study, to the minimum reached with the presented (MUCF) solution.

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Comparison of Control Strategies to Realize Synthetic Inertia in Converters

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13133491 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 3491 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jürgen Marchgraber ◽

Christian Alács ◽

Yi Guo ◽

Wolfgang Gawlik ◽

Adolfo Anta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Power Grid ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Energy System ◽

Frequency Stability ◽

Synchronous Generators ◽

Scope Of Application

The increasing amount of renewable energy sources in the electrical energy system leads to an increasing number of converter-based generators connected to the electrical power grid. Other than conventional power plants that are often connected to the grid via synchronous generators, converter-based generators do not provide mechanical inertia intrinsically. Therefore, ensuring frequency stability in the electrical power grid might become even more difficult in the future. With the concept of synthetic inertia, the converter-based generators partially imitate the behavior of conventional generators. By implementing such a concept in converters, they are capable of contributing to frequency stability as well. This paper compares two strategies to realize synthetic inertia by modeling converter-based generators in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulating their behavior in a small Microgrid. The results prove that any kind of realization of synthetic inertia helps to improve frequency stability. Each of the two investigated strategies may have their scope of application in a future electrical energy system.

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Application of the matrix converter to power flow control

Archives of Electrical Engineering ◽

10.2478/aee-2014-0030 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 409-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. Szcześniak ◽

Z. Fedyczak

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Power Flow ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Matrix Converter ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Control Analysis ◽

Electrical Grids ◽

Bidirectional Power Flow

Abstract Advanced power electronic converters can provide the means to control power flow and ensure proper and secure operation of the future power grid. The small electrical energy sources dispersed in electrical power systems referred to as distributed generation are one of the most significant parts of future grids - Smart Grids. The threephase, direct matrix converter is an alternative solution to the conventional AC-DC-AC converter for interfacing two AC systems in distributed power generation with different voltage and/or frequency parameters. This paper presents a control analysis of a threephase matrix converter employed as a power interface of future electrical grids. The proposed system has been successfully tested for bidirectional power flow operation with different grid operating conditions, such as, frequency and voltage variation

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Design and Data Analysis of Smart Grid Using Prediction Modelling Technique

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.f86870.88619 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 2361-2364

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Electrical Power ◽

Essential Element ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Tool Support ◽

Systematic Mapping Study ◽

Information Evaluation ◽

Power System Monitoring

Information analytics and also information scientific research plays a substantial duty in nowadays culture. In the context of Smart Grids (SG), the collection of substantial quantities of information has actually seen the introduction of a myriad of information evaluation strategies. In this paper, we carry out a Systematic Mapping Study focused on obtaining understandings regarding various aspects of SG information evaluation: application sub-domains (e.g., power tons control), elements covered (e.g., projecting), made use of methods (e.g., clustering), tool-support, study approaches (e.g., experiments/simulations), reliability/reproducibility of study. The last objective is to supply a sight of the present standing of study. Projecting of electrical energy need has actually turned into one of one of the most vital locations of study in the electrical power market, as it is an essential element of cost-effective power system monitoring and also preparation. In this context, precise as well as durable tons projecting are meant to play an essential duty in decreasing generation prices, as well as manage the integrity of the power system. Nevertheless, as a result of require heights in the power system, projections are incorrect and also susceptible to high varieties of mistakes. In this paper, our payments consist of a recommended data-mining plan for need modeling with optimal discovery, along with making use of these details to feed the projecting system. For this objective, we have actually taken a various strategy from that of time collection projecting, representing it as a two-stage pattern acknowledgment issue.

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