scholarly journals Comparison of Technologies for CO2 Capture from Cement Production—Part 1: Technical Evaluation

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Voldsund ◽  
Stefania Gardarsdottir ◽  
Edoardo De Lena ◽  
José-Francisco Pérez-Calvo ◽  
Armin Jamali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Emission Abatement ◽  
Calcium Looping ◽  
Electricity Mix ◽  
Technical Evaluation ◽  
The Individual

A technical evaluation of CO2 capture technologies when retrofitted to a cement plant is performed. The investigated technologies are the oxyfuel process, the chilled ammonia process, membrane-assisted CO2 liquefaction, and the calcium looping process with tail-end and integrated configurations. For comparison, absorption with monoethanolamine (MEA) is used as reference technology. The focus of the evaluation is on emission abatement, energy performance, and retrofitability. All the investigated technologies perform better than the reference both in terms of emission abatement and energy consumption. The equivalent CO2 avoided are 73–90%, while it is 64% for MEA, considering the average EU-28 electricity mix. The specific primary energy consumption for CO2 avoided is 1.63–4.07 MJ/kg CO2, compared to 7.08 MJ/kg CO2 for MEA. The calcium looping technologies have the highest emission abatement potential, while the oxyfuel process has the best energy performance. When it comes to retrofitability, the post-combustion technologies show significant advantages compared to the oxyfuel and to the integrated calcium looping technologies. Furthermore, the performance of the individual technologies shows strong dependencies on site-specific and plant-specific factors. Therefore, rather than identifying one single best technology, it is emphasized that CO2 capture in the cement industry should be performed with a portfolio of capture technologies, where the preferred choice for each specific plant depends on local factors.

scholarly journals Assessment Methodology for Efficiency, CO2-Emissions and Primary Energy Consumption for Refrigeration Technologies in the Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 882 ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Matthias Koppmann ◽  
Raphael Lechner ◽  
Tom Goßner ◽  
Markus Brautsch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Assessment Methodology ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Chp System ◽  
The Individual

Process cooling and air conditioning are becoming increasingly important in the industry. Refrigeration is still mostly accomplished with compression chillers, although alternative technologies are available on the market that can be more efficient for specific applications. Within the scope of the project “EffiCool” a technology toolbox is currently being developed, which is intended to assist industrials users in selecting energy efficient and eco-friendly cooling solutions. In order to assess different refrigeration options a consistent methodology was developed. The refrigeration technologies are assessed regarding their efficiency, CO2-emissions and primary energy consumption. For CCHP systems an exergetic allocation method was implemented. Two scenarios with A) a compression chiller and B) an absorption chiller coupled to a natural gas CHP system were calculated exemplarily, showing a greater overall efficiency for the CCHP system, although the individual COP of the chiller is considerably lower.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Primary Energy Factor Values of Wind Turbines

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokas Tamašauskas ◽  
Jolanta Šadauskienė ◽  
Patrikas Bruzgevičius ◽  
Dorota Anna Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Factor ◽  
Eu Member States

In order to fulfil the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirements regarding the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, much attention has been paid to primary energy consumption. Wind energy is one type of primary energy. The analysis of the literature has revealed that wind energy is evaluated by different methods. Therefore, the aim of this article was to calculate the effect of the parameters of wind sources on the primary energy factor of wind turbines. In order to achieve this aim, the primary energy factor of 100 investigated wind turbines and 11 wind farms operating in Lithuania was calculated. Investigation results showed that the difference of the non-renewable primary energy factor between wind turbines due to capacity is 35%. This paper provides a recommendation with regard to EU energy efficiency and renewable energy directives and regulations: All EU member states should use the same or very similar methodology for the calculation of the primary energy factor of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals Energy Performance Optimization in a Condensing Boiler

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Diego Fernández-Cheliz ◽  
Eloy Velasco-Gómez ◽  
Juan Peral-Andrés ◽  
Ana Tejero-González
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Lower Heating Value

In Europe, primary energy consumption in buildings accounts for up to 25–40%, depending on the climate conditions. Space heating and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) contribute significantly to this energy consumption. Among the most common sources for heat generation in these appliances is natural gas. Condensing boilers can surpass the 100% energy performance over the lower heating value, if the operating conditions enable the water vapor in the exhaust gases to condensate. Consequently, optimizing the operating parameters of condensing boilers is necessary to decrease fuel consumption without hindering water heating needs. The present work presents an experimental approach to the operating parameters of a condensing boiler that works with natural gas. The aim is to develop a theoretical model that relates the energy performance to the water temperature set by the final user and the excess air set by the maintenance staff.

The Analysis of the Influence of Boundary Conditions on the Energy Performance of Houses

2014 ◽  
Vol 1020 ◽  
pp. 513-517
Author(s):  
Kateřina Kubenková ◽  
Barbora Hrubá ◽  
Michal Kraus ◽  
Darja Kubečková
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
The Individual

The analysis focuses on the influence of boundary conditions on the final energy intensity of selected groups of houses. The individual energy intensity will be set for the selected buildings. For these buildings, the standard boundary conditions will change (indoor air temperature). The deviation values of resulting energy consumption will be defined by statistical evaluation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Technologies for CO2 Capture from Cement Production—Part 2: Cost Analysis

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Gardarsdottir ◽  
Edoardo De Lena ◽  
Matteo Romano ◽  
Simon Roussanaly ◽  
Mari Voldsund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Cement Plant ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
Capture Process ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Calcium Looping ◽  
Electricity Mix ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Basis

This paper presents an assessment of the cost performance of CO2 capture technologies when retrofitted to a cement plant: MEA-based absorption, oxyfuel, chilled ammonia-based absorption (Chilled Ammonia Process), membrane-assisted CO2 liquefaction, and calcium looping. While the technical basis for this study is presented in Part 1 of this paper series, this work presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of these CO2 capture technologies based on a capital and operating costs evaluation for retrofit in a cement plant. The cost of the cement plant product, clinker, is shown to increase with 49 to 92% compared to the cost of clinker without capture. The cost of CO2 avoided is between 42 €/tCO2 (for the oxyfuel-based capture process) and 84 €/tCO2 (for the membrane-based assisted liquefaction capture process), while the reference MEA-based absorption capture technology has a cost of 80 €/tCO2. Notably, the cost figures depend strongly on factors such as steam source, electricity mix, electricity price, fuel price and plant-specific characteristics. Hence, this confirms the conclusion of the technical evaluation in Part 1 that for final selection of CO2 capture technology at a specific plant, a plant-specific techno-economic evaluation should be performed, also considering more practical considerations.

Effect of the Power Generation Unit Size on the Energy Performance of Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Fumo ◽  
P. J. Mago ◽  
L. M. Chamra
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Power Generation Unit ◽  
Chp System ◽  
Generation Unit

Cooling, Heating, and Power (CHP) systems are a form of distributed generation that can provide electricity while recovering waste heat to be used for space and water heating, and for space cooling by means of an absorption chiller. CHP systems improve the overall thermal energy efficiency of a building, while reducing energy consumption. Since energy conservation has implications on energy resources and environment, CHP systems energy performance should be evaluated based on building primary energy consumption. Primary energy consumption includes the energy consumed at the building itself (site energy) plus the energy used to generate, transmit, and distribute the site energy. The objective of this investigation is to determine the effect of the power generation unit (PGU) size on the energy performance of CHP systems. Since CHP systems energy performance varies with the building energy profiles, in this study the same building is evaluated for three different cities with different climate conditions. This paper includes simulation results for the cases when a CHP system operates with and without a primary energy strategy. Results show that for any PGU size energy savings are guaranteed only when the primary energy strategy is applied. Since CHP system energy performance depends on the building energy use profiles, which depend on climate conditions and other factors such as building characteristic and operation, each case requires a particular analysis in order to define the optimum size of the power generation unit.

scholarly journals Toward Energy Savings in Campus Buildings under a Life Cycle Thinking Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7123
Author(s):  
Ricardo Abejón ◽  
Jara Laso ◽  
Marta Rodrigo ◽  
Israel Ruiz-Salmón ◽  
Mario Mañana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Life Cycle Thinking ◽  
Building Industry

Recent studies have identified that buildings all over the world are great contributors to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The relationship between the building industry and environmental pollution is continuously discussed. The building industry includes many phases: extraction of raw materials, manufacturing, construction, use, and demolition. Each phase consumes a large amount of energy, and subsequent emissions are released. The life cycle energy assessment (LCEA) is a simplified version of the life cycle assessment (LCA) that focuses only on the evaluation of energy inputs for different phases of the life cycle. Operational energy is the energy required for day-to-day operation processes of buildings, such as heating, cooling and ventilation systems, lighting, as well as appliances. This use phase accounts for the largest portion of energy consumption of the life cycle of conventional buildings. In addition, energy performance certification of buildings is an obligation under current European legislation, which promotes efficient energy use, so it is necessary to ensure that the energy performance of the building is upgraded to meet minimum requirements. For this purpose, this work proposes the consideration of the energy impacts and material resources used in the operation phase of a building to calculate the contribution of these energy impacts as new variables for the energy performance certification. The application of this new approach to the evaluation of university buildings has been selected as a case study. From a methodological point of view, the approach relied on the energy consumption records obtained from energy and materials audit exercises with the aid of LCA databases. Taking into practice the proposed methodology, the primary energy impact and the related emissions were assessed to simplify the decision-making process for the energy certification of buildings. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the consumption of water and other consumable items (paper) are important from energy and environmental perspectives.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effects of Strengthening Building Energy Policy on Multifamily Residential Buildings in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Byung Chang Kwag ◽  
Sanghee Han ◽  
Gil Tae Kim ◽  
Beobjeon Kim ◽  
Jong Yeob Kim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption

The purposes of this study were to overview the building-energy policy and regulations in South Korea to achieve energy-efficient multifamily residential buildings and analyze the effects of strengthening the building design requirements on their energy performances. The building energy demand intensity showed a linear relationship with the area-weighted average U-values of the building envelope. However, improving the thermal properties of the building envelope was limited to reducing the building-energy demand intensity. In this study, the effects of various energy conservation measures (ECMs) on the building-energy performance were compared. Among the various ECMs, improving the boiler efficiency was found to be the most efficient measure for reducing the building-energy consumption in comparison to other ECMs, whereas the building envelope showed the least impact, because the current U-values are low. However, in terms of the primary energy consumption, the most efficient ECM was the lighting power density because of the different energy sources used by various ECMs and the different conversion factors used to calculate the primary energy consumption based on the source type. This study showed a direction for updating the building-energy policy and regulations, as well as the potential of implementing ECMs, to improve the energy performances of Korean multifamily residential buildings.

scholarly journals Energy, Economic, and Environmental Performance of a Single-Family House in Chile Built to Passivhaus Standard

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1199
Author(s):  
Camilo Bravo-Orlandini ◽  
José M. Gómez-Soberón ◽  
Claudia Valderrama-Ulloa ◽  
Francisco Sanhueza-Durán
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Passive Strategies ◽  
Heating Energy Demand

The energy consumption of buildings accounts for 22% of total global energy use and 13% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the energy, economic, and environmental performance of housing in Chile built according to the Passivhaus (PH) standard. The standard was applied to housing in eight representative climate zones with a single-family residence as reference. The analysis incorporated passive strategies, which are considered as pillars of the PH. The energy performance was analyzed using the Passive House Planning Package software (PHPP), version 9.6a. The results showed that when every passive strategy is implemented, the heating energy demand decreases by 93%, while the refrigeration demand is nonexistent. These results were achieved through a 37% increase in the overall initial budget investment, which will be amortized over an 11-year period. In this way, the primary energy consumption is reduced by 32% and, correspondingly, CO2 emissions are reduced by 39%. In modern Chile, it is difficult (but not impossible) to incorporate PH. However, governmental programs and aids could represent an initial step. Therefore, this research will help to identify strategies for incorporating PH in Chile, with the aim of improving the energy performance of housing.

scholarly journals Determination of the Energy Performance of a Solar Low Energy House with Regard to Aspects of Energy Efficiency and Smartness of the House

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3232
Author(s):  
Dorota Chwieduk ◽  
Michał Chwieduk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption

The paper shows how difficult it is to prove technically that a building really is both low energy and smart, and that all aspects of energy efficiency have been treated equally. Regulations connected to the determination of the energy performance of residential buildings take into account only space and hot water heating energy consumption and define the indices of maximal primary energy consumption, but not energy needs based on the architecture of the building. A single family house designed and constructed as a low energy solar house in Warsaw’s suburbs is considered. Availability of solar energy and its influence on the architecture of the house is analyzed. A specific solar passive architectural concept with solar southern and cold northern buffer spaces incorporated into the interior of the house is presented. Parameters of the building’s structure, construction materials, as well as operation parameters of equipment and heating systems based on active use of solar energy, ground energy (via a heat pump) and waste heat from a ventilation system are described. Results of calculations give values of final and primary energy consumption index levels of 11.58 kWh/m2 and 25.77 kWh/m2, respectively. However, the official methodology for determination of energy performance does not allow for presenting how energy efficient and smart the building really is.

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