Fault Analysis and Design of a Protection System for a Mesh Power System with a Co-Axial HTS Power Cable

The uses of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables pose a challenge of power system protection since the impedance of the HTS cable is varied during fault conditions. The protection systems should be designed properly to ensure the reliability and stability of the whole system. This paper presents a fault analysis of the co-axial HTS cable in the mesh system and proposes a coordinated protection system. In the proposed protection system, the main protection is the differential current relay whereas the backup protections are the overcurrent and directional overcurrent relays. The normal and abnormal relay operations are considered to analyze the transient fault current in the HTS cable and evaluate the performance of the proposed coordinated protection system. Characteristics of cable impedances and temperatures under various fault conditions are presented. The proposed protection scheme is validated by the simulation in the PSCAD/EMTDC program. Simulation results show that the coordinated protection scheme could successfully protect the HTS cables in both normal and abnormal relay operations.

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Modelling and Simulation of SCADA and PLC System for Power System Protection Laboratory

Electrical Control and Communication Engineering ◽

10.2478/ecce-2021-0003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 19-25

Author(s):

Ayesha Faryal ◽

Farhana Umer ◽

Muhammad Amjad ◽

Zeeshan Rashid ◽

Aoun Muhammad

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Power System ◽

High Speed ◽

Power System Protection ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

Intelligent Decision Making ◽

System Protection ◽

Scada System ◽

Ground Fault ◽

Intelligent Decision

Abstract The protection of power system is an essential trait in a huge network to efficiently detect and isolate the sections undergoing faults or abnormal behaviour. The key components of a protection scheme include circuit breakers, relays, switchgears and fuses which employ communication from one station to another to achieve high-speed tripping. The automation of these components at the laboratory level using programmable logic controller (PLC) along with supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system owns paramount importance for intelligent decision making, sensing, actuating, monitoring and maintaining the record in the host server. This paper discusses such a technique for conventional power system protection laboratory at a new level of development to promote a control system through PLC and SCADA. The control system has indication of over and under values of voltage, load and frequency, which can trigger malfunctioning of equipment and must be rectified. Furthermore, ground fault and inverse current indication are added to the system for monitoring and controlling purposes. The proposed system enhances the efficiency and safety of the expensive equipment and the personnel to the next level and also introduces new standards of automated protection schemes for modern technical institutes.

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Renewable energy integrated multi-terminal transmission system using wavelet based protection scheme

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) ◽

10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp995-1002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 995

Author(s):

Savarapu Chandra Sekhar ◽

G. Ravi Kumar ◽

S.V.N.L Lalitha

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Satellite Communication ◽

Research Work ◽

Fast Response ◽

Transmission System ◽

Protection System ◽

Mother Wavelet ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

Distributed Generators ◽

Protection Systems

The power plants behavior is crucial under faulted conditions and responses on protection systems. Major microgrid (MG) protection problem is the problem between the fault current in utilitygrid mode and microgrid mode. As conventional protection system doesn’t offer solution for all MG protection challenge, but it needs advanced protection strategy. Protection system must response to both the utilitygrid and MG faults. Fast response of protection is necessary as early as possible if the fault is occurs on utilitygrid and if the fault is occurs on MG, the protection scheme must seperate the small possible portion of MG to remove the fault. This work presents a typical MG protection scheme using digital relaying and satellite communication with wavelet detailed D<sub>1</sub>-coefficients of mother wavelet Bior 1.5. This research work is done for the detection, discrimination and locality of faults at distributed generators (DG’s) integration in multi-terminal transmission system. The algorithm tested under various faults with fault inception angles (FIA), fault impedances and fault distance of feeder line.

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Implementation of Optimal Protection Coordination for Microgrids with Distributed Generations Using Quaternary Protection Scheme

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/2568652 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Panida Thararak ◽

Peerapol Jirapong

Keyword(s):

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Test System ◽

Distributed Generations ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Overcurrent Relays ◽

Operation Test ◽

Multiple Relay ◽

Flexible Operation

The flexible operation of microgrids, along with the availability of distributed generation (DG) units, causes a variety of changes in short-circuit current levels, magnitudes, and directions, which has undesirable effects on the operation of protection systems. Conventional protection schemes use typical directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) with limited operating capability, unable to respond to microgrid operations in the manner of short-circuit current changes. In this paper, a quaternary protection scheme implemented with dual-directional overcurrent relays (dual-DOCR) and a protection control strategy is developed for protecting against faults in microgrids, taking into account the existence of DGs and connection and disconnection of DG units. The optimal dual-DOCRs setting and coordination are formulated as an optimization problem solved by evolutionary programming to minimize the relay operating times. The proposed protection scheme is implemented with a centralized protection control system based on the smart grid concept to increase the adaptability of the dual-DOCRs, which have multiple relay setting groups in accordance with system state changes. The simulation case studies are performed using the IEEE 14-bus test system, which is modified as a meshed microgrid operation. Test scenarios, including possible operations of microgrids, DGs availabilities, and different fault events, are analyzed and discussed. The comparative studies and simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides efficient coordination between the primary and backup relays and increases the responsibility of the protection system, which can be observed from the significant reduction in the relay operating times, resulting in the enhancement of selectivity, sensitivity, and speed of microgrid protection systems.

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Up-Gradation of Power System Protection Scheme through TCP/IP Using GUI in MATLAB/Simulink

Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Engineering Sciences ◽

10.4197/eng.23-2.2 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 21-36

Author(s):

Mohammad Ali Mohammad Ali

Keyword(s):

User Interface ◽

Power System ◽

Power System Protection ◽

Design Requirement ◽

Direct Communication ◽

Matlab Simulink ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

System Protection ◽

Control Signals ◽

Protection Devices

The paper is concerned with the Power System Protection schemes and the resulting design requirement that enhances stability as well as control with the implementation of TCP/IP. It discusses the architecture that upgrades the existing scheme by controlling all the control signals traffic between generating units, transmission system, connected loads and protection devices that are sensitive to control signals using TCP/IP and results are compared using Graphics User Interface (GUI) in MATLAB/Simulink. Protection system describes latest breakers circuit using indirect tripping command from generating units that protects load side through load breakers that receives action signal from local controllers that have a direct communication linkage with main server having strong data base, directly monitors everything through TCP/IP platform using GUI.

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Investigating Phase Over-Current (OC) Protection in Medium-Voltage networks

European Journal of Engineering Research and Science ◽

10.24018/ejers.2019.4.6.1307 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 41-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aniagboso John Onah

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Electric Power ◽

Electric Power System ◽

Normal Operation ◽

Electrical Network ◽

Power Circuit ◽

Medium Voltage ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

Overcurrent Protection ◽

Overcurrent Relays

Overcurrent protection is protection against excessive currents or current beyond the acceptable current rating of equipment. It generally operates instantly. Short circuit is a type of overcurrent. Magnetic circuit breakers, fuses and overcurrent relays are commonly used to provide overcurrent protection. There is always a need to protect expensive power equipment. Protective relaying is a very important part of any electric power system that comes into play during trouble, fault or abnormal condition. The purpose is to isolate unhealthy part of electrical power system while the rest continue their normal operation. The entire electric power system from source to load centers is exposed and subject to natural hazards. The effects of these hazards are capable of interrupting normal operations of the system. Since these hazards cannot be prevented, precautions are taken to minimize or eliminate their effect on the system. The relay is a basic component of any protection scheme. The information (or signals) received from the power system actuates the relay, when necessary, to perform one or more switching actions. The signals are proportional to the magnitudes and phase angles of power system voltages and currents. When the relay receives these signals, it decides to close (or open) one or more sets of normally open (or closed) contacts, and consequently, the trip coil of a circuit breaker will be energized to open the power circuit. This paper investigates over-current relay protection scheme applied to medium-voltage electrical network. Methods of current and time grading have been applied in the coordination of the overcurrent relays in a radial network. Different time/current characteristics of relays such as the normal inverse (NI), very inverse (VI), and extreme inverse (EI) have been examined in order to obtain optimum discrimination.

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Smart Protection Scheme For Radial Distribution System

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.f9360.088619 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 3621-3624

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Differential Evolution ◽

Distribution System ◽

Coordination Problem ◽

Radial Distribution System ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

Relay Coordination ◽

Overcurrent Relays ◽

Optimal Coordination ◽

Real Time Simulations

In this paper,the study of optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays along with relay communication in HV substations is proposed. The relay coordination problem is non linear.It typically consist of two groups of control variables(Time Dial Settings:TDS and Plug Settings:PS). The purpose of relay coordination is to propose the suitable settings for all releases and ensure the coordination. The differential evolution is employed to solve for solutions of optimal relay coordination. The relay coordination is mainly done to improve selectivity of the relay to particular fault. ETAP is so popular for its capability for modelling of power system networks and analyzing various studies and Real Time simulations.

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Modelling and Design of a Low-Level Turn-to-Turn Fault Protection Scheme for Extra-High Voltage Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12244628 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 4628

Author(s):

M. Asghar Khan ◽

Tao Zheng

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

High Voltage ◽

Main Idea ◽

Magnitude Comparison ◽

Shunt Reactor ◽

Low Level ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

System Protection ◽

Controlled Shunt Reactor ◽

Extra High Voltage

The objective of this paper is to model and design a low-level turn-to-turn fault (T2TF) protection scheme for a magnetically controlled shunt reactor (MCSR), during incipient stage under 10% to 100% operating capacity. Due to the structural and functional differences of all the three windings in extra-high voltage (EHV) MCSR, a separate mechanism of detecting a T2TF in each winding is necessary. For this purpose, a detailed mathematical and structural analysis of the model is performed, and a comprehensive protection scheme based on the internal changes in magnetic and electric parameters of the windings is formulated to detect 3% T2TF in power windings (PWs), control windings (CtrWs), compensation windings (CpWs), and to differentiate it from other abnormalities. The main idea of the scheme is to perform the currents magnitude comparison of respective winding with the predefined settings values and decide necessary action. The proposed scheme is also capable of identifying the faulty winding along with faulty phase. The scheme is tested under different operating capacities (10%, 50%, 100%), and other types of unusual conditions, i.e., direct energization, pre-excited energization, power regulation, internal and external faults. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The work of this paper is applicable in the areas of power system transmission and power system protection. The simulations are carried out on MATLAB/Simulink-based models.

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An intelligent protection scheme to mitigate the impact of integrating large share wind energy resources in a weak distribution network

Wind Engineering ◽

10.1177/0309524x17721995 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 383-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Naser El Naily ◽

Saad M Saad ◽

Zakariya Rajab ◽

Faisal Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Distributed Generation ◽

Distribution Network ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Protection System ◽

System Stability ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

System Protection ◽

Renewable Distributed Generation ◽

Medium Level ◽

The Impact

Although integration of wind distributed generation directly into the distribution level has considerable advantages, increased penetration of wind distributed generation (renewable distributed generation) alters the network configuration and jeopardizes the protection system operation and system stability; for this reason, necessary changes in power system protection philosophy must be achieved. Modern numerical relays offer extraordinary features and fast and accurate methods for spotting and detecting different unbalanced operating conditions and can be used to mitigate the influence of integrating wind distributed generation into distribution network. In this study, an adaptive directional negative protective scheme was implemented in the medium-level distribution network to investigate and evaluate the performance of protection system and introduce new adaptive protective scheme based on negative overcurrent protection to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the protection system in case of unbalanced faulty conditions. The medium-level distribution network of Libya Eastern electric network had been implemented in ETAP software to address and evaluate the efficiency of the proposed approach.

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Special Protection Schemes: A Survey and Vision for the Future

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.839.49 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 839 ◽

pp. 49-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

K. Shafeeque Ahmed ◽

Shanmugam Prabhakar Karthikeyan ◽

Sarat Kumar Sahoo

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Power Grid ◽

General Structure ◽

Power Grids ◽

Human Beings ◽

Protection Scheme ◽

System Protection ◽

System Integrity ◽

Integrity Protection ◽

Special Protection

Any power system network is subjected to disturbances at any time and place. It is considered as one of the most stochastic system ever seen by the human beings. To enhance the power system reliability, System Protection Scheme (SPS) is an effective tool for utilizing the power grid during rare contingencies. This method is often employed as secondary protection schemes. SPS is also termed as Special Protection Scheme. SPS is referred with different names by different users such as IEEE as System Integrity Protection Scheme (SIPS), Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) as Remedial Action Scheme (RAS) and WECC and others as SPS. In India, only in late 90s, the concept of SPS was introduced to solve the above problem. In Indian power grid different SPS has been designed and implemented successfully. This paper presents a complete knowledge, need , general structure, characteristics and a brief description of the major SPS employed in various Indian Power grids. Post - commissioning performance of these SPS has also been analyzed briefly. Finally, highlights of major issues involved with the employment of SPS in the Indian scenario.

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