scholarly journals A Comprehensive Guide to Different Fracturing Technologies: A Review

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3326
Author(s):  
M. S. Liew ◽  
Kamaluddeen Usman Danyaro ◽  
Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Unconventional Resources ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Good Production ◽  
Cryogenic Fracturing ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Pulsed Arc

Hydraulic fracturing has made the production of gas more economical. Shale gas possesses the potential to arise as a main natural gas source worldwide. It has been assessed that the top 42 countries, including the U.S., are predicted to own 7299 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of technically recoverable shale gas resources. The main goal of this paper is to serve as a guide of different shale gas extraction methods. The significance of these methods and possible pros and cons are determined. Each technique was explained with the support of literature review. Specifically, this paper revealed that some fracking methods such as pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharges (PAED), plasma stimulation and fracturing technology (PSF), thermal (cryogenic) fracturing, enhanced bacterial methanogenesis, and heating of rock mass are at the concept stage for conventional and other unconventional resources. Thus, these found to be significant for stimulating natural gas wells, which provides very good production results. This paper also discovered that fracking remains the recommended technique used by the oil and gas industries.

Hydrodynamic Analysis Techniques for Coupled Seakeeping–Sloshing in Zero Speed Vessels: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane-Frances Igbadumhe ◽  
Mirjam Fürth
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Hydrodynamic Analysis ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Motion Responses ◽  
Pros And Cons

Abstract With more recent discoveries of oil and gas reserves in the deep ocean locations like Guyana and Ghana, floating vessels such as floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) and floating liquified natural gas (FLNG) are in high demand. Good seakeeping characteristics of floating vessels are relevant because they are expected to be in operation all year round regardless of the weather conditions they may encounter. One phenomenon that affects the motion responses of floating vessels in severe weather conditions is sloshing in the cargo tanks. Vessel wave responses and sloshing may, individually and combined, cause damaging and dangerous motions. The availability of fast and accurate techniques for predicting and analyzing the motions and tank behavior in extreme weather conditions plays a significant role in the design and operations of floating vessels. Over the years, investigations have been carried out on the hydrodynamics of vessel motions, sloshing as a separate phenomenon as well as coupled vessel motions with sloshing analysis. This study reviews the existing techniques that are applicable for analyzing coupled vessel motions and sloshing in the tanks of floating vessels moored offshore. The pros and cons of each technique have been discussed, with the aim to help future researchers and engineers select the most appropriate method for design and analysis. This paper also identifies methods that are yet to be fully applied for coupled seakeeping—sloshing analysis.

scholarly journals Shale-Oil Development Prospects: The Role of Shale-Gas in Developing Shale-Oil

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 3331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Reynolds ◽  
Maduabuchi Pascal Umekwe
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Search Process ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil Development ◽  
The World

Currently, most of the world’s shale-oil is coming from the United States, but more may be needed from non-U.S. sources in order to keep the world price of oil from increasing, and yet a number of petroleum producing countries have yet to develop shale-oil resources. This article investigates why that may be. One reason for this may be the role that shale-gas development plays in the search for shale-oil. In the oil and natural gas industry over much of the 20th century, finding oil has usually been more valuable than finding natural gas because the gas has less energy density than oil, making each BTU (or Joule) of oil energy easier to store, transport and use for consumers. However, since shale source-rock often has both natural gas and oil, then it behooves a shale search process to start by looking for natural gas first rather than oil to enhance the profitability of the search process. The problem, then, is that a shale-oil only search strategy has the same problem that first plagued the oil and gas industry: What do you do with the natural gas? In this paper, we will examine how this “chicken and egg” exploration scenario has played out in the U.S. in order to draw lessons on how difficult shale-oil development will be for the rest of the world.

scholarly journals Brexit and UK Energy Security: Perspectives from Unconventional Gas Investment and the Effects of Shale Gas on UK Energy Prices

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elijah Acquah-Andoh ◽  
Augustine Ifelebuegu ◽  
Stephen Theophilus
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk

Many aspects of the present and future effects on the UK economy, industry, and households, of Brexit have been researched. One thing which appears certain about Brexit is the shadow of uncertainty it casts on the future of business in the UK and its telling effects on the UK economy. It is believed that Brexit has negatively affected the level of investments in the UK, including investments in energy and crucially the upstream oil and gas, with the UK North Sea being starved of investments since 2014, leading already to increased energy bills. The UK is a net importer of natural gas—a major source of its energy, with some dependence on supplies from interconnectors from Europe. At the same time, UK energy companies participate in the common energy market which enables them to undertake arbitrage trading under the common market rules. However, both of these benefits could be lost under a Brexit scenario where the UK and EU come to a no-deal or hard border arrangement. Meanwhile, domestic production of energy in the UK has declined for nearly two decades now and import bills for natural gas are growing—they were £14.2 billion in 2017; £11.7 billion in 2016 and £13.4 billion in 2015—with Government projections indicating an upward trajectory for natural gas imports. It is however believed that the UK has great potential to exploit shale gas to her advantage in order to reduce her reliance on foreign energy which is: (1) less predictable in terms of supply and price affordability and (2) dependent on exchange rates—a primary means through which energy prices increased in 2016/17 post-Brexit referendum vote. The current study extends discussions on shale gas to cover a review of the potential of natural gas from shale formations to cushion UK households against further erratic gas prices due to Brexit and also assesses the potential effects Brexit may have had on the level of investments in shale gas, in order to suggest policy options for government consideration. Contrary to popular studies, we find evidence to suggest that shale gas has the potential to reduce energy prices for UK businesses and households at commercial extractions, under both hard and soft Brexit scenarios, but with more benefits under hard Brexit. Importantly, we find that from 2008 to 2017, average UK net export of natural gas was 5,191 GWh per year to the EU. We also find and argue that Brexit may have starved the nascent fracking industry of investments in a similar way it did to investments in conventional oil and gas and could have increased investor risk premium for shale gas development, the ultimate effect of which was a categorisation of fracking (company stock) as riskier asset for investors on the London Stock Exchange. We recommend that shale gas development be expedited to maximise its benefits to UK energy consumers post-Brexit or economic benefits from the resource could be diminished by rising operator costs due to delays and effects of the public’s perceived negative opinion of the method of extraction.

scholarly journals Oil, gas industry of Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Sh aalan Mohamed Abdo Hamud ◽  
◽  
Raisa A. Ak hmedyanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
The World ◽  
Saudi Aramco ◽  
Oil Company

The review of the oil and gas industry in Saudi Arabia is Conducted. Data on oil and gas reserves, consumption, and exports are provided. Saudi Arabia is one of the largest non-FTI producers in the Russian Federation among the non-FTI exporters (OPEC). BL agodarya mirovym za pasam not FTI, one of the most important ones in the world, but the one with the most inquisitive in the field of energy from rasli, Saudi Arabia, is the largest exporter of oil. The data on oil reserves of the largest fields, including the largest in the world of the terikovoye non-oil field of Gavar are presented. Saudi Arabia occupies the fifth place in the world in the field of natural gas passes, with a volume of 294 trillion cubic feet, and the third place in the field of natural gas passes in the Far East. Saudi Arabia they EET de nine EXT morning not preparatively for waste water treatment, of which four PR andlegal Saudi Aramco and the OS the rest of the floor joint PR Adbrite with to foreign companies. The largest oil and gas companies represented in SaudiI Arawia are named, in particular: Saudi Aramco, Saudi Shell, Saudi Exxon Mobil, Saudi Chevron, Total, Eni, Sinopec, Sumitomo. It is shown that Saudi Ar amco is a non-state oil company of Saudi Arabia, the largest in the world in terms of oil production and oil reserves. The company also controls natural gas production in the country. Saudi Aramco is a national non-oil company Of the Saudi Aravia, which is responsible for non-oil and gas operations throughout the Kingdom. Recently, the main goal is to use unconventional gas sources, namely shale gas production. Currently, the company Saudi Aramco has more than 16 drilling rigs for the extraction of shale gas. By the end of 2020, the company is expected to extract 3 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day.

Shale Energy Shapes Global Energy Markets

2013 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. F40-F45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Chojna ◽  
Miklós Losoncz ◽  
Paavo Suni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
Price Differences

Unconventional resources of crude oil and natural gas – shale energy – increased significantly in the US in the early 2000s, triggered by the strong rise in the price of crude oil and technical advances in production. The US is a clear forerunner in the production of shale energy, due to its existing knowledge and infrastructure. The rest of the world is following, although negative environmental effects and other factors have obstructed the diffusion of new extraction methods. In Europe, Polish production is expected to start in the next few years, although environmental concerns are delaying the onset. The rise in the importance of shale energy will increase global oil and gas production markedly. The rising global supplies will improve global energy security in the long run and help to stabilise the large international price differences for natural gas.

Shale, Quakes, and High Stakes: Regulating Fracking-Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma, USA and Lancashire, UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Miriam R. Aczel ◽  
Karen E. Makuch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The United States ◽  
Horizontal Drilling ◽  
Induced Seismic Activity

High-volume hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling has “revolutionized” the United States’ oil and gas industry by allowing extraction of previously inaccessible oil and gas trapped in shale rock [1]. Although the United States has extracted shale gas in different states for several decades, the United Kingdom is in the early stages of developing its domestic shale gas resources, in the hopes of replicating the United States’ commercial success with the technologies [2, 3]. However, the extraction of shale gas using hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling poses potential risks to the environment and natural resources, human health, and communities and local livelihoods. Risks include contamination of water resources, air pollution, and induced seismic activity near shale gas operation sites. This paper examines the regulation of potential induced seismic activity in Oklahoma, USA, and Lancashire, UK, and concludes with recommendations for strengthening these protections.

THE PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE CONTENT OF KEROGEN IN THE OIL AND GAS SOURCE ROCKS

2019 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
N.I. Samokhvalov ◽  
◽  
K.V. Kovalenko ◽  
N.A. Skibitskaya ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Source Rocks ◽  
Gas Source
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