scholarly journals Impacts of Investment Cost, Energy Prices and Carbon Tax on Promoting the Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) System of an Amusement Park Resort in Shanghai

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4252
Author(s):  
Liting Zhang ◽  
Weijun Gao ◽  
Yongwen Yang ◽  
Fanyue Qian
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Amusement Park ◽  
Energy Supply System ◽  
Market Competitiveness ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Combined Cooling ◽  
Investment Subsidy

Poor economic performance has limited the diffusion of the combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system. Various factors influence the economic performance of the CCHP system. To analyze the impacts of these different factors and promote the CCHP system, this study evaluated its comprehensive performance through a multi-criteria method, using an amusement park resort in Shanghai as a research case. First, three CCHP systems with different penetration rates were presented and simulated in a transient simulation model for comparison. The economic and environmental performance of these different penetration CCHP systems were evaluated based on the dynamic payback period and carbon dioxide emissions. The impacts of investment cost, energy prices, investment subsidy and a carbon tax on the economic performance of the three systems were discussed, and a sensitivity analysis was used to compare these factors. The results show that the current subsidy can reduce the economic gap between the CCHP system and the conventional system, but it still needs to be increased by 1.71 times to achieve market competitiveness of the CCHP system with 100% penetration under the current investment cost and energy prices. In addition, the introduction of a carbon tax could accelerate the promotion of the CCHP system. When the carbon tax reaches 25 $/ton, the CCHP system becomes the best choice of energy supply system.

scholarly journals Sustainability Assessment of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems under Carbon Emission Regulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu ◽  
Yang ◽  
Li
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Supply System ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Combined Cooling

The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, which is a sustainable distributed energy system, has attracted increasing attention due to the associated economic, environmental, and energy benefits. Currently, the enforcement of carbon emission regulations has become an increasingly concerning issue globally. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization model is established to evaluate the CCHP system under two different carbon emission regulation policies in terms of economic benefit, environmental sustainability, and energy advantage. A nonlinear programming optimization model is formulated and solved by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The results from the case studies demonstrate that when considering carbon tax regulation, the cost savings of the optimal CCHP system strategy were on average 10.0%, 9.1%, 17.0%, 22.1%, and 20.9% for the office, supermarket, hotel, school, and hospital in China, respectively, compared with the conventional energy supply system. On the other hand, when considering carbon trading regulation, the optimal CCHP system strategy can lead to a 10.0%, 8.9%, 16.8%, 21.6%, and 20.5% cost-saving for the five different building categories, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal CCHP system strategy for the five buildings, i.e., an average of 39.6% carbon dioxide emission (CDE) reduction and 26.5% primary energy consumption (PEC) saving, can be achieved under carbon emission regulations.

Policy Instruments for Abating Industrial Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the UK

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-370
Author(s):  
Jim Skea
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Industrial Carbon ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Uk

This paper assesses the merits and effectiveness of various policy instruments in securing carbon dioxide abatement from the industrial sector. The analysis refers to the UK situation. Particular attention is paid to the potential use of market-based regulatory instruments such as a carbon tax or tradeable emission permits. The background against which the different policy instruments might be implemented is assessed. Taking into account energy decision-making structures in industry and recent trends in energy prices, it is concluded that both fiscal measures and more traditional policy instruments have a role to play in developing future policies.

So You Want a Carbon Tax: How Do You Design It?

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Gilbert E. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The Government

This chapter reviews the nuts and bolts of implementing a carbon tax. Invoking principles of administrative simplicity, ease of compliance, and avoidance of design features that dilute the price signal, it gives practical advice on who should be responsible for collecting the tax and remitting it to the government. It explains how the tax should handle the possibility that we can capture and permanently store carbon dioxide emissions and how we should tax emissions related to internationally traded goods so the United States is not disadvantaged in global trade. Finally, it identifies, and warns policymakers away from, various pitfalls in carbon tax design.

scholarly journals Climate Policy and Innovation: A Quantitative Macroeconomic Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephie Fried
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Oil Shocks ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Dynamic General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Macroeconomic Analysis ◽  
Energy Innovation ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Quantitative Impact ◽  
Percent Decrease

A carbon tax can induce innovation in green technologies. I evaluate the quantitative impact of this channel in a dynamic, general equilibrium model with endogenous innovation in fossil, green, and nonenergy inputs. I discipline the parameters using evidence from historical oil shocks, after which both energy prices and energy innovation increased substantially. I find that a carbon tax induces large changes in innovation. This innovation response increases the effectiveness of the policy at reducing emissions, resulting in a 19.2 percent decrease in the size of the carbon tax required to reduce emissions by 30 percent in 20 years. (JEL H23, O31, Q41, Q48, Q54, Q55, Q58)

scholarly journals CO2 and Air Pollutants Emissions under Different Scenarios Predicted by a Regional Energy Consumption Modeling System for Shanghai, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Libo Wu ◽  
Weichun Ma ◽  
Limin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Supply System ◽  
Regional Energy

About 75% energy demand and emissions all concentrate in urban areas, especially in the metropolises, placing a heavy burden on both the energy supply system and the environment system. To explore low emission pathways and provide policy recommendations for the Shanghai energy system and the environmental system to reach the carbon dioxide (CO2) peak by 2030 and attain emission reduction targets for local air pollutants (LAPs), a regional energy–environment optimization model was developed in this study, considering system costs, socio-economic development and technology. To verify the reliability of the model simulation and evaluate the model risk, a historical scenario was defined to calculate the emissions for 2004–2014, and the data were compared with the bottom-up emission inventory results. By considering four scenarios, we simulated the energy consumption and emissions in the period of 2020–2030 from the perspective of energy policies, economic measures and technology updates. We found that CO2 emissions might exceed the amount of 250 million tons by the end of 2020 under the current policy, and carbon tax with a price of 40 CNY per ton of carbon dioxide is an imperative measure to lower carbon emissions. Under the constraints, the emissions amount of SO2, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5 will be reduced by 95.3–180.8, 207.8–357.1, 149.4–274.5, and 59.5–119.8 Kt in 2030, respectively.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Techno-Economic and Environmental Aspects of Process Heat Source Change in a Refinery

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Variny ◽  
Dominika Jediná ◽  
Ján Kizek ◽  
Peter Illés ◽  
Ladislav Lukáč ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
External Power ◽  
Process Heat

This study of process heat source change in industrial conditions has been developed to aid engineers and energy managers with working towards sustainable production. It allows for an objective assessment from energetic, environmental, and economic points of view, thereby filling the gap in the systematic approach to this problem. This novel site-wide approach substantially broadens the traditional approach, which is based mostly on “cheaper” and “cleaner” process heat sources’ application and only takes into account local changes, while neglecting the synergic effect on the whole facility’s operations. The mathematical model employed assesses the performance change of all the affected refinery parts. The four proposed aromatic splitting process layouts, serving as a case study, indicate feasible heat and condensate conservation possibilities. Although the estimated investment needed for the most viable layout is over €4.5 million, its implementation could generate benefits of €0.5–1.5 million/year, depending on the fuel and energy prices as well as on the carbon dioxide emissions cost. Its economics is most sensitive to the steam to refinery fuel gas cost ratio, as a 10% change alters the resulting benefit by more than €0.5 million. The pollutant emissions generated in the external power production process contribute significantly to the total emissions balance.

scholarly journals Dynamic Optimization of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems with Energy Storage Units

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyuan Kuang ◽  
Chenghui Zhang ◽  
Fan Li ◽  
Bo Sun
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Energy Supply System ◽  
Constant Cost ◽  
Cost Calculations ◽  
Operation Schedule ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Combined Cooling

In this paper, a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system with thermal storage tanks is introduced. Considering the plants’ off-design performance, an efficient methodology is introduced to determine the most economical operation schedule. The complex CCHP system’s state transition equation is extracted by selecting the stored cooling and heating energy as the discretized state variables. Referring to the concept of variable cost and constant cost, repeated computations are saved in phase operating cost calculations. Therefore, the most economical operation schedule is obtained by employing a dynamic solving framework in an extremely short time. The simulation results indicated that the optimized operating cost is reduced by 40.8% compared to the traditional energy supply system.

Thermo-Economic Performance of a Cogeneration Medium–Small Modular Nuclear Reactor Plant in Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoming Ge ◽  
Tomohiko Ikegawa ◽  
Koji Nishida ◽  
Carey J. Simonson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Reactor Plant ◽  
High Co2

Hitachi-GE developed a 300 MWel class modular simplified and medium small reactor (DMS) concept, and the DMS was originally designed for generating electricity only. In this study, the feasibility of a cogeneration DMS plant which supplies both electricity and heat is under investigation. The thermal performance of the DMS plant without or with low-, medium-, or high-temperature thermal utilization (TU) applications is evaluated by numerical simulations. The results show that the electricity generated reduces as the heating requirement of TU application becomes higher. Furthermore, the economic performance of the cogeneration DMS plant is compared with another two integrated systems: (i) DMS plus electric boilers and (ii) DMS plus natural gas boilers, for those three TU applications in Canada. The results illustrate that the DMS plus natural gas boilers system are most economic if there is no carbon tax, but with high-CO2 emissions (up to 180 kton per year). The cogeneration plant performs best as the carbon tax increases up to $40/ton. The cogeneration DMS plant is a promising scheme to supply both electricity and heat simultaneously in the economic-environmental point of view.

Design on Carbon Tax Model and its Simulation Results Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 1727-1730
Author(s):  
Wei Lv
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Right ◽  
Energy Companies

The carbon tax is levied on carbon dioxide emissions, its main role is to inhibit the use of fossil energy companies are. In this thesis, a carbon tax model, and the model of the simulation study, the researchers showed that a carbon tax can give companies the right to choose freely choose the way to cut emissions of carbon tax system. Such a system would encourage enterprises to adopt minimum cost level of output to produce.

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