scholarly journals Transformation of Sulfur during Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization of Coal Waste and Food Waste

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2271
Author(s):  
Pretom Saha ◽  
Nepu Saha ◽  
Shanta Mazumder ◽  
M. Toufiq Reza
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Organic Sulfur ◽  
Coal Waste ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
Wet Chemical ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sulfur Transformation

Co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) is an emerging technology for processing multiple waste streams together to improve their fuel properties in the solid product, known as hydrochar, compared to the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of those individual streams. Sulfur is considered one of the most toxic contaminants in solid fuel and the combustion of this sulfur results in the emission of SOx. It was reported in the literature that, besides the fuel properties, Co-HTC reduced the total sulfur content in the hydrochar phase significantly. However, the transformation of different forms of sulfur has not yet been studied. Therefore, this study investigated the transformation of different forms of sulfur under the Co-HTC treatment. In the study, the Co-HTC of food waste (FW) and two types of coal wastes (middle bottom (CW1) and 4 top (CW2)) were conducted at 180 °C, 230 °C and 280 °C for 30 min. Different forms of sulfur were measured by using elemental analysis (total sulfur), and a wet chemical method (sulfate sulfur and pyritic sulfur). The organic sulfur was measured by the difference method. The results showed that a maximum of 49% and 65% decrease in total sulfur was achieved for CW1FW and CW2FW, respectively, at 230 °C. Similar to the total sulfur, the organic sulfur was also decreased about 85% and 75% for CW1FW and CW2FW, respectively. Based on these results, a sulfur transformation mechanism under Co-HTC treatment was proposed.

Investigation of Sulfur Transformation during Coking Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Hui Sun ◽  
Hong Bo Xia ◽  
Qun Yang ◽  
Shuai Du ◽  
Dan Dan Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Organic Sulfur ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Sulfide Sulfur ◽  
Wet Chemical Method ◽  
Wet Chemical ◽  
Sulfur Transformation

Twenty-four kinds of coking coals which have different ranks are selected to investigate the sulfur transformation during coking process. The form sulfur in coals and cokes are determined by wet chemical method. The results show that the conversion of total sulfur during coal coking process is influenced by volatile content of coal and the content of the inertinite. The conversion of total sulfur is high for the large volatile content in coal. There is some linear correlation between the average conversion of total sulfur and the average inertinite content, this paper presents that the average conversion of total sulfur is high for the low average inertinite content. We also foud that coke sulfur depends primarily on the amount of coal sulfur, and the transformed capability of sulfide sulfur is stronger than that of the organic sulfur conversion for coal during coking process.

scholarly journals Lead Removal by Hydrochar from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Food Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 801 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
Thi Hoang Tuyen Do ◽  
Thai-Hoang Le ◽  
Thi Phuong Thuy Pham
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Lead Removal

Comparison of the Bromine and Nitric Acid Methods of Estimating Sulfur in Acetone Extracts

1947 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Morley ◽  
J. R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Elementary Sulfur ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Total Sulfur Content ◽  
Acid Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Acetone Extracts ◽  
Free Sulfur

Abstract From the experiments described, it appears that neither the bromine method nor the nitric acid method is perfectly satisfactory, for the following reasons. (1) Neither method gives the true free sulfur in rubbers containing sulfur-bearing accelerators, as these cause positive errors of anything up to 0.2–0.3 per cent. (2) The nitric acid method does not give the true free sulfur in rubbers, without sulfur-bearing accelerators, because the result includes some of the sulfur combined with the rubber “resins” the tests do not show definitely whether this applies also to the bromine method. (3) Neither method gives the total sulfur in the acetone extract, since some of the sulfur combined with the “resins” is not included in the result; the presence of certain sulfur-bearing accelerators increases the error. The statement previously referred to (loc. cit.), that the bromine method approximates more nearly to the elementary sulfur content and the nitric acid method more nearly to the total sulfur content of the extract, appears to be a correct generalization. In most cases, however, the difference between the results obtained by the two methods would be less than 0.1 per cent. In respect of simplicity and rapidity of working, the bromine method has the advantage over the nitric acid method, and therefore in all ordinary circumstances is the one to be recommended.

scholarly journals Analisis zat gizi dan biaya sisa makanan pada pasien dengan makanan biasa

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Mihir Djamaluddin ◽  
Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono ◽  
Ira Paramastri
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Regular Diet ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Background: The quality of food service in a hospital can be assessed from the inpatients’ nutritional status. Food waste is an indicator of food service among inpatients. Besides its therapeutic value, food has a significant economic value. The wasting cost in term of food waste affects the total availability of food costs.Objective: This study analyzes the nutrient quantity and the cost of food waste among inpatients with regular diet at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta.Method: This was a cross sectional study. The subjects were inpatients aged 17 to 60 years old who got regular diet with length of stay was at least three days, and were willing to take part in this study (n=100). The amount of food waste was measured using the Comstock visual estimation. The cost of food waste was calculated as the proportion of food waste from cost per serving. The quantity of nutrients in food waste was calculated using the Food Processor 2 software. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test.Results: There was a difference of food waste according to gender. Rice waste was found more frequent among female (p<0,005). There was a difference of food waste according to ward class. There were more waste of meat and vegetables among inpatients in class II and the difference was significant (p<0,05). There were more waste of meat and vegetables among patients with length stay of 7 – 14 days and > 15 days (p<0,05). The vegetables and rice waste were more frequent among surgery and cancer inpatients (p<0,05). In average the nutritional value of food waste was 19,85% - 9,33% of a patient’s RDA, while the wasting cost per day was Rp 1265,08 or 10,79% of all food cost per day. The annual wasting cost of food waste was Rp 45.543.120 or 4,4% of the available budget of Rp 1.038.605.333,00.Conclusion: There were differences of food waste according to gender, ward class, length of stay, and kind of disease, especially rice, meat, and vegetables.

Transformations and nitrate sources in an agricultural watershed(Quanshui River, China): An investigation using hydrogeochemistry, isotopes, and a Bayesian model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingda Cao
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
The Difference

&lt;p&gt;The spatiotemporal changes of nitrate in agricultural watersheds are of global concern. Although numerous studies have explained the source and transformation mechanism of nitrate in groundwater and surface water, the transformation mechanism in groundwater remains poorly understood because of different hydrogeological and climatic conditions. Based on a field investigation and sampling, this study revealed the sources and transformation mechanism of nitrogen in surface water and groundwater in a karst agricultural watershed by comprehensively using water chemistry data, isotope components, and a Bayesian model (simmr). The results indicated that:1)Local agricultural activities have controlled the changes of &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N-NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O-NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N-NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; in groundwater. The difference is that the concentration of NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; is significantly affected by rainfall. However, the contribution of rainfall to groundwater NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; is relatively small (&lt;9%), indicating that there is a dual influence mechanism of leaching in the watershed that controls the concentration of groundwater NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, while agricultural activities control its isotope changes;2)The study observed that after fertilization, due to the influence of ammonia volatilization and nitrification, &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N-NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O-NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; in groundwater showed a simultaneous decrease, while &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N-NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; showed an increasing trend, which may be due to the result of incomplete nitration of NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; in the vadose zone;3)According to the calculation results of the simmr model, in the two main fertilization periods in October 2018 and April 2019, the contribution of chemical fertilizers to groundwater NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;reached the peak value(65% and 69%), which is in line with the seasonal variations of &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N-NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;, &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O-NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N-NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;;4)The surface water in the watershed is mainly supplied by groundwater, and the contribution of chemical fertilizers to surface water NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; is generally higher than that of groundwater. This may be caused by the drainage of rice fields containing chemical fertilizers into the river.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals HTC of Wet Residues of the Brewing Process: Comprehensive Characterization of Produced Beer, Spent Grain and Valorized Residues

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Jackowski ◽  
Lukasz Niedzwiecki ◽  
Magdalena Lech ◽  
Mateusz Wnukowski ◽  
Amit Arora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Main Product ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Brewing Process ◽  
Spent Grain ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization

Steady consumption of beer results in a steady output of residues, i.e., brewer’s spent grain (BSG). Its valorization, using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) seems sensible. However, a significant knowledge gap regarding the variability of this residue and its influence on the valorization process and its potential use in biorefineries exists. This study attempted to fill this gap by characterization of BSG in conjunction with the main product (beer), taking into accounts details of the brewing process. Moreover, different methods to assess the performance of HTC were investigated. Overall, the differences in terms of the fuel properties of both types of spent grain were much less stark, in comparison to the differences between the respective beers. The use of HTC as a pretreatment of BSG for subsequent use as a biorefinery feedstock can be considered beneficial. HTC was helpful in uniformization and improvement of the fuel properties. A significant decrease in the oxygen content and O/C ratio and improved grindability was achieved. The Weber method proved to be feasible for HTC productivity assessment for commercial installations, giving satisfactory results for most of the cases, contrary to traditional ash tracer method, which resulted in significant overestimations of the mass yield.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Microbial Dissolved Organic Sulfur Transformations in Coastal Waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Joanna L Dixon ◽  
Frances E Hopkins ◽  
John A Stephens ◽  
Hendrik Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Organic Sulfur ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Atmospheric Sulfur ◽  
Sulfur Transformation ◽  
Microbial Consumption ◽  
Biogenic Source

The marine trace gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) is the single most important biogenic source of atmospheric sulfur, accounting for up to 80% of global biogenic sulfur emissions. Approximately 300 million tons of DMS are produced annually, but the majority is degraded by microbes in seawater. The DMS precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and oxidation product dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) are also important organic sulfur reservoirs. However, the marine sinks of dissolved DMSO remain unknown. We used a novel combination of stable and radiotracers to determine seasonal changes in multiple dissolved organic sulfur transformation rates to ascertain whether microbial uptake of dissolved DMSO was a significant loss pathway. Surface concentrations of DMS ranged from 0.5 to 17.0 nM with biological consumption rates between 2.4 and 40.8 nM·d−1. DMS produced from the reduction of DMSO was not a significant process. Surface concentrations of total DMSO ranged from 2.3 to 102 nM with biological consumption of dissolved DMSO between 2.9 and 111 nM·d−1. Comparisons between 14C2-DMSO assimilation and dissimilation rates suggest that the majority of dissolved DMSO was respired (>94%). Radiotracer microbial consumption rates suggest that dissimilation of dissolved DMSO to CO2 can be a significant loss pathway in coastal waters, illustrating the significance of bacteria in controlling organic sulfur seawater concentrations.

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