scholarly journals Implementation of QR Code Recognition Technology Using Smartphone Camera for Indoor Positioning

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2759
Author(s):  
Ji-In Kim ◽  
Hui-Seon Gang ◽  
Jae-Young Pyun ◽  
Goo-Rak Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Vision Sensor ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Positioning Method ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Direction Distance

Numerous studies on positioning technology are ongoing for recognizing the positions of objects accurately. Vision-, sensor-, and signal-based technologies are combined for recognizing the positions of objects outdoors and indoors. While positioning technologies involving wireless communication based on sensors and signals are commonly used in outdoor environments, the performance becomes degraded in indoor environments. Therefore, a vision-based indoor positioning method using a QR code is proposed in this study. A user’s position is measured by determining the current position of a smartphone device accurately based on the QR code recognized with a smartphone camera. The direction, distance, and position are acquired using the relationship between the three-dimensional spatial coordinate information of the camera and the center point coordinates of a two-dimensional planar QR code obtained through camera calibration.

scholarly journals A Smartphone Indoor Positioning System Using Hybrid Localization Technology

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Seon Gang ◽  
Jae-Young Pyun
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Location Services ◽  
Positioning Method

As smartphone built-in sensors, wireless technologies, and processor computing power become more advanced and global positioning system (GPS)-based positioning technologies are improving, location-based services (LBS) have become a part of our daily lives. At the same time, demand has grown for LBS applications in indoor environments, such as indoor path finding and navigation, marketing, entertainment, and location-based information retrieval. In this paper, we demonstrate the design and implementation of a smartphone-based indoor LBS system for location services consisting of smartphone applications and a server. The proposed indoor LBS system uses hybrid indoor positioning methods based on Bluetooth beacons, Geomagnetic field, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors, and smartphone cameras and can be used for three types of indoor LBS applications. The performance of each positioning method demonstrates that our system retains the desired accuracy under experimental conditions. As these results illustrate that our system can maintain positioning accuracy to within 2 m 80% of the time, we believe our system can be a real solution for various indoor positioning service needs.

scholarly journals Accurate and Robust Floor Positioning in Complex Indoor Environments

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2698
Author(s):  
Jingyu Huang ◽  
Haiyong Luo ◽  
Wenhua Shao ◽  
Fang Zhao ◽  
Shuo Yan
Keyword(s):  
Motion Detection ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Positioning Method ◽  
Application Requirements

With the widespread development of location-based services, the demand for accurate indoor positioning is getting more and more urgent. Floor positioning, as a prerequisite for indoor positioning in multi-story buildings, is particularly important. Though lots of work has been done on floor positioning, the existing studies on floor positioning in complex multi-story buildings with large hollow areas through multiple floors still cannot meet the application requirements because of low accuracy and robustness. To obtain accurate and robust floor estimation in complex multi-story buildings, we propose a novel floor positioning method, which combines the Wi-Fi based floor positioning (BWFP), the barometric pressure-based floor positioning (BPFP) with HMM and the XGBoost based user motion detection. Extensive experiments show that using our proposed method can achieve 99.2% accuracy, which outperforms other state-of-the-art floor estimation methods.

A New Indoor Positioning System Using Artificial Encoded Magnetic Fields

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falin Wu ◽  
Yuan Liang ◽  
Yong Fu ◽  
Chenghao Geng
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Multipath Effects ◽  
Indoor Positioning System

The demand for accurate indoor positioning continues to grow but the predominant positioning technologies such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are not suitable for indoor environments due to multipath effects and Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) conditions. This paper presents a new indoor positioning system using artificial encoded magnetic fields, which has good properties for NLOS conditions and fewer multipath effects. The encoded magnetic fields are generated by multiple beacons; each beacon periodically generates unique magnetic field sequences, which consist of a gold code sequence and a beacon location sequence. The position of an object can be determined with measurements from a tri-axial magnetometer using a three-step method: performing time synchronisation between sensor and beacons, identifying the beacon field and the beacon location, and estimating the position of the object. The results of the simulation and experiment show that the proposed system is capable of achieving Two-Dimensional (2D) and Three-Dimensional (3D) accuracy at sub-decimetre and decimetre levels, respectively.

scholarly journals C-GCN: A Flexible CSI Phase Feature Extraction Network for Error Suppression in Indoor Positioning

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Wen Liu ◽  
Qianqian Cheng ◽  
Zhongliang Deng ◽  
Mingjie Jia
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Positioning Error ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Error Suppression

Channel state information (CSI) provides a fine-grained description of the signal propagation process, which has attracted extensive attention in the field of indoor positioning. However, considering the influence of environment and hardware, the phase of CSI is distorted in most cases. It is difficult to extract effective location features in multiple scenes only through the determined artificial experience model. Graph neural network has performed well in many fields in recent years, but there is still a lot of room to explore in the field of indoor positioning. In this paper, a phase feature extraction network based on multi-dimensional correlation is proposed, named Cooperation-Graph Convolution Network (C-GCN). The purpose of C-GCN is to extract new features of multiple correlation and to mine the relationship between antenna and subcarrier as much as possible. C-GCN is composed of convolution layer and graph convolution layer. In the graph convolution layer, C-GCN regards each subcarrier of each antenna as a node in the graph network, constructs the connection by the correlation between the antenna and the subcarrier, and aggregates the node vectors by graph convolution. In the convolution layer, there is a natural corresponding structure between data packets, C-GCN extracts the fluctuation with convolution in Euclidean space. C-GCN combines these two layers, and applies end-to-end supervised training to obtain effective features. Extensive experiments are conducted in typical indoor environments to verify the superior performance of C-GCN in restraining error tailing. The average positioning error of C-GCN is 1.29 m in comprehensive office and 1.71 m in garage. Combined with the amplitude feature, the average positioning error is 0.99 m in comprehensive office and 1.14 m in garage.

scholarly journals CLIMATOLOGY OF THE HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT ON SÃO PAULO METROPOLITAN AREA, BRAZIL: INDOORS AND OUTDOORS

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson Spohr Nedel ◽  
Fábio Luiz Teixeira Gonçalves ◽  
Celso Macedo Junior ◽  
Maria Regina Alves Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study is to carry out a climatological analysis of human thermal comfort in the São Paulo city, Brazil, for outdoor and indoor environments, applying different indexes of thermal comfort in order to assess which of them represent best the weather characteristics of the São Paulo city. The relationship between these indexes and the seasons (fall, winter, spring, summer) was investigated in the period from 1980 to 2005, for outdoor environments, and during 2005, for the indoor environments. The results showed that the most appropriate index for São Paulo, both for internal and external conditions was the Effective Temperature Index (ET) as it has a broad classification and can provide appropriate representations of the region’s comfort. According to this index, the mornings during summer in the outdoor environments showed mild discomfort by cold, and the afternoons were comfortable. In winter, there was thermal stress by cold during the mornings and a slight discomfort by cold during the afternoons. For indoor environments in the summer, most of the houses presented comfortable mornings, and afternoons with discomfort in relation to the heat, while in the winter, period proved to be uncomfortable and stressful due to cold and the afternoonscharacterized themselves as comfortable.Keywords: thermal sensation, biometeorology, biometeorological indexes.RESUMO. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma análise climatológica do conforto térmico humano na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, para ambientes externos e internos, aplicando diferentes índices de conforto térmico, a fim de avaliar qual deles melhor representa as características climáticas da cidade de São Paulo. A relação entre esses índices e as estações do ano (outono, inverno, primavera, verão) foi investigada no período compreendido entre 1980 e 2005 para os ambientes externos, como também durante o ano de 2005 para os ambientes internos. Os resultados mostraram que o índice de Temperatura Efetiva (TE) é o mais apropriado para São Paulo, tanto para condições internas quanto externas, pois este possui uma classificação ampla e pode fornecer representações adequadas do conforto da região. Segundo esse índice, as manhãs, durante o verão nos ambientes externos, apresentaram leve desconforto por frio, e as tardes estiveram confortáveis. Já no inverno, observou-se estresse térmico por frio durante as manhãs e um ligeiro desconforto por frio no período das tardes. Para os ambientes internos, a maioria das casas apresentou no verão manhãs confortáveis e tardes com desconforto em relação ao calor; já no inverno, o período das manhã mostrou-se desconfortável e estressante devido ao frio e as tardes caracterizaram-se como confortáveis.Palavras-chave: sensação térmica, biometeorologia, índices biometeorológicos.

scholarly journals An Efficient Indoor Positioning Method Based on Wi-Fi RSS Fingerprint and Classification Algorithm

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3418
Author(s):  
Balaji Ezhumalai ◽  
Moonbae Song ◽  
Kwangjin Park
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
Signal Distribution ◽  
Positioning Method ◽  
Handling Method

Wi-Fi received signal strength (RSS) fingerprint-based indoor positioning has been widely used because of its low cost and universality advantages. However, the Wi-Fi RSS is greatly affected by multipath interference in indoor environments, which can cause significant errors in RSS observations. Many methods have been proposed to overcome this issue, including the average method and the error handling method, but these existing methods do not consider the ever-changing dynamics of RSS in indoor environments. In addition, traditional RSS-based clustering algorithms have been proposed in the literature, but they make clusters without considering the nonlinear similarity between reference points (RPs) and the signal distribution in ever-changing indoor environments. Therefore, to improve the positioning accuracy, this paper presents an improved RSS measurement technique (IRSSMT) to minimize the error of RSS observation by using the number of selected RSS and its median values, and the strongest access point (SAP) information-based clustering technique, which groups the RPs using their SAP similarity. The performance of this proposed method is tested by experiments conducted in two different experimental environments. The results reveal that our proposed method can greatly outperform the existing algorithms and improve the positioning accuracy by 89.06% and 67.48%, respectively.

scholarly journals Mutual Positioning Method in Unknown Indoor Environment Based on Visual Image Semantics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Lin Ma ◽  
He Dong ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Radio Signal ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Positioning Method ◽  
Three Dimensional Coordinate ◽  
Intelligent Positioning

In our society, realizing intelligent positioning in indoor environments is important to build a smart city. Currently, mutual positioning requirements in the unknown indoor environment are growing fast. However, in such environment, we can obtain neither outdoor radio signal nor the indoor images in advance for online positioning. Therefore, how to achieve mutual positioning becomes an interesting problem. In this paper, we propose a vision-based mutual positioning method in an unknown indoor environment. First, two users take images of the unknown indoor environment, use semantic segmentation network to identify the semantic targets contained in the images, and upload the generated semantic sequence to the user shared database in real time. Then, every time two users reupload a semantic sequence due to a change of location, it is necessary to retrieve whether another user has uploaded the same semantic sequence in the shared database. If the retrieval is successful, it means that two users have seen the same scene. Finally, two users select a target from the two user images taken based on the same scene to establish a three-dimensional coordinate system, respectively, calculate their own position coordinates in this coordinate system, and realize mutual positioning through position coordinate sharing. Experiment results show that our proposed method can successfully realize mutual positioning between two users in an unknown indoor environment, while ensuring high positioning accuracy.

scholarly journals LOCATION BASED SERVICE IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT USING QUICK RESPONSE CODE TECHNOLOGY

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-2/W3 ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hakimpour ◽  
A. Zare Zardiny
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Quick Response

Today by extensive use of intelligent mobile phones, increased size of screens and enriching the mobile phones by Global Positioning System (GPS) technology use of location based services have been considered by public users more than ever.. Based on the position of users, they can receive the desired information from different LBS providers. Any LBS system generally includes five main parts: mobile devices, communication network, positioning system, service provider and data provider. By now many advances have been gained in relation to any of these parts; however the users positioning especially in indoor environments is propounded as an essential and critical issue in LBS. It is well known that GPS performs too poorly inside buildings to provide usable indoor positioning. On the other hand, current indoor positioning technologies such as using RFID or WiFi network need different hardware and software infrastructures. In this paper, we propose a new method to overcome these challenges. This method is using the Quick Response (QR) Code Technology. QR Code is a 2D encrypted barcode with a matrix structure which consists of black modules arranged in a square grid. Scanning and data retrieving process from QR Code is possible by use of different camera-enabled mobile phones only by installing the barcode reader software. This paper reviews the capabilities of QR Code technology and then discusses the advantages of using QR Code in Indoor LBS (ILBS) system in comparison to other technologies. Finally, some prospects of using QR Code are illustrated through implementation of a scenario. The most important advantages of using this new technology in ILBS are easy implementation, spending less expenses, quick data retrieval, possibility of printing the QR Code on different products and no need for complicated hardware and software infrastructures.

scholarly journals A Review on Indoor Positioning Technologies and its Principles

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 494-501
Author(s):  
Pradyumna C
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Localization ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Location Detection ◽  
Pass Through

This paper aims to provide the reader with a review of the main technologies present in the literature to solve the indoor localization problem that is indoor positioning without GPS. Location detection has been implemented very successfully in outdoor environments using GPS technology. GPS has had a great impact on our daily lives by supporting a large number of applications. However, in indoor environments, the availability of GPS or equivalent satellite-based positioning systems is limited due to the lack of line of sight and attenuation of the GPS signal when they pass through walls. The goal of this paper is to provide a technical perspective on indoor positioning systems, including a wide range of technologies and methods.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document