scholarly journals Scaling Up Renewable Energy Assets: Issuing Green Bond via Structured Public-Private Collaboration for Managing Risk in an Emerging Economy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3076
Author(s):  
Jingyan Fu ◽  
Artie W. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Credit Rating ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
Energy Assets

Green bonds have increasingly been utilized around the world as a source of financing for renewable energy development, designed with compliance requirements and measurable economic returns to investors, while mitigating climate change. However, the efficacy of green bond arranged in the emerging economies for financing renewable energy assets and how the underlying risks are managed have remained to be explored. The paper aims to examine the evolving green financial system sponsored by both public and private institutions in managing such risks within China’s emerging economy. A case study of green financing for a bundle of wind power assets led by a state-owned enterprise (SOE) reveals an alternative approach by structuring public–private collaboration while stipulating market-based financial incentives to institutional stakeholders under a political economy. This institutional consortium is composed of a state development bank, a commercial bank, credit rating agencies, institutional and private investors, regional power purchasers, and carbon trading entities. Financial stakeholders’ risk in such emerging sustainable investment is moderated by these participating institutions and structured “upsides” from carbon trading aligned with the framework of green finance and standards for green bond development. The results reveal the potentials of scaling up the development of renewable energy by adequately managing and sharing key risks, while allocating substantial funding into renewable energy projects under such a green financial system that is to be complementary with a scalable post COVID-19 economic recovery.

Sustainable Finance and the Move to a Circular Economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 249-294
Author(s):  
Janis Sarra
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Conservation Finance ◽  
Sustainable Finance

Ultimately, our goal is to move beyond ideas, beyond action to net zero and then to ‘climate positive’; to create a circular economy that relies on renewable energy, designs waste out of the system as much as possible, conserves and enhances biodiversity, and frames economic activity so that it is fair and equitable, and is good for the planet and society. This chapter is a forward-looking vision for sustainable finance to support these goals. It discusses scaling-up of resources to decarbonize and links sustainable finance with sustainable development. It explores the European Commission’s vision for a sustainable and climate neutral economy. It looks at Indigenous partnerships in green finance and green energy and the potential contributions of conservation finance. The chapter then turns to examples of sustainable finance in a number of sectors.

The Opportunities and Challenges of Chinese Renewable Energy Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 2094-2101
Author(s):  
Long Xi Han ◽  
Jia Jia Zhai ◽  
Lin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Trading Market ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The opportunities and challenges in the field of Chinese renewable energy were analyzed through the impact of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction trade, especially CDM on Chinese renewable energy, combined with the enhancement of awareness of voluntary emission reduction, relationship between emission reduction trade and renewable energy, changes in the international trade environment and the rise of the domestic trading system. It is suggested that the renewable energy industry integrates with GHG emission reduction trading system in China and explores the huge double benefit of emission reduction and income increase with market means, providing a reference for the smooth implementation of nationwide CN ETS including varies industries in the carbon trading market in the future, and striving for the speaking right for China to set the marketing price of international GHG emission reduction trading in the future.

scholarly journals Citizen workshops in public libraries to disseminate and discuss primary care research results: a scaling-up study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Massougbodji ◽  
Hervé Tchala Vignon Zomahoun ◽  
Evehouenou Lionel Adisso ◽  
Jasmine Sawadogo ◽  
Valérie Borde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Translation ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
General Public ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Knowledge Gain ◽  
Research Results

Abstract Background Little is known about engaging patients and stakeholders in the process of scaling up effective knowledge translation interventions targeting the general public. Using an integrated knowledge translation approach, we aimed to scale up and evaluate an effective pilot program of disseminating research results in public libraries. Methods We conducted a scaling-up study targeting the general public. Based on our successful pilot project, we co-developed and implemented a larger-scale program of free citizen workshops in public libraries, this time in close research partnership with stakeholders and patient representatives. Citizen workshops, each facilitated by one participating physician and one science communicator, consisted of a 45-min computer-assisted presentation and a 45-min open exchange. Additional scale-up costs included offering financial incentives to stakeholders involved and the purchase of audio-visual equipment. The intervention outcome was knowledge gained. Scale-up outcomes were satisfaction, appropriateness, coverage, time and costs. An evaluation questionnaire was used to collect data of interest. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. Results The workshop theme chosen by patient and stakeholder representatives was the high prevalence of medication overuse among people over 65 years of age. From April to May 2019, 26 workshops were given in 25 public libraries reaching 362 people. Eighteen participating physicians and six science communicators facilitated the workshops. Participants reported significant knowledge gain (mean difference 2.1, 95% CI 2.0–2.2, P < .001). Median score for overall public satisfaction was 9/10 (IQR 8–10). A high level of appropriateness of the workshops was globally rated by the public participants Coverage was 92.6% of the total number of public libraries targeted. Costs were $6,051.84 CAD for workshop design and $22,935.41 CAD for scaling them up. Conclusion This project successfully established a large-scale and successful KT bridge between researchers, clinicians, and citizens via public libraries. This study provides a model for a dissemination practice that benefits the general public by both engaging them in the dissemination process and by targeting them directly.

scholarly journals Scaling up: Renewable energy on Aboriginal lands in north west Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Riley
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aboriginal Lands

This paper examines renewable energy developments on Aboriginal lands in North-West Western Australia at three scales. It first examines the literature developing in relation to large scale renewable energy projects and the Native Title Act (1993)Cwlth. It then looks to the history of small community scale standalone systems. Finally, it examines locally adapted approaches to benefit sharing in remote utility owned networks. In doing so this paper foregrounds the importance of Aboriginal agency. It identifies Aboriginal decision making and economic inclusion as being key to policy and project development in the 'scaling up' of a transition to renewable energy resources in the North-West.

Application of green financing of green economy in Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
S. Nikonorov ◽  
S. Tyaglov ◽  
K. Sitkina
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
National Project ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
Practical Standpoint

In our study, from a theoretical and practical standpoint, the directions of green financing in various elements of the green economy were analyzed. In Russia, by the beginning of 2015, the portfolio of investment projects in the field of renewable energy sources amounted to more than 100 billion rubles. Until 2025, the Ministry of Natural Resources intends to attract about 3.5 trillion rubles in the development of renewable energy sources. In January 2019, the national project «Ecology» was approved in Russia, where 19.9% is government funding, the rest is a great potential for the development of green financing for all 11 Federal Projects, especially BAT. The article presents successful green finance projects in Russia and abroad.

Climate Change and Renewable Energy from the Ocean and Tides: Calming the Sea of Regulatory Uncertainty

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Leary ◽  
Miguel Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
International Law ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Ocean Energy ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
United Nations Convention

AbstractWe examine the state of ocean energy in 2009 and consider its potential as a source of renewable energy. We provide a background on the current state of technology and commercial development, and examine the implications for law and policy of the re-emergence of ocean energy as a source of renewable energy in 2009. In the 1970s much of the academic and policy literature highlighted jurisdictional uncertainty surrounding ocean energy under international law. This is not the case today. Although some questions remain with respect to navigation rights, most questions surrounding the nature and extent of coastal State jurisdiction in relation to ocean energy have been resolved by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Instead we argue that one of the biggest challenges faced by ocean energy today is the uncertain state of regulation under domestic legal systems. We highlight issues requiring attention by policy-makers and legislators, including managing hazards to navigation, providing further financial incentives for wide-scale commercialisation of this technology (such as increased research and development funding and feed-in tariffs) and managing ocean energy's relatively benign environmental impacts.

scholarly journals Operational Simulation Environment for SCADA Integration of Renewable Resources

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Francisco Larios ◽  
Enrique Personal ◽  
Antonio Parejo ◽  
Sebastián García ◽  
Antonio García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Operator Tasks ◽  
Energy Assets ◽  
Renewable Energy Generation

The complexity of power systems is rising mainly due to the expansion of renewable energy generation. Due to the enormous variability and uncertainty associated with these types of resources, they require sophisticated planning tools so that they can be used appropriately. In this sense, several tools for the simulation of renewable energy assets have been proposed. However, they are traditionally focused on the simulation of the generation process, leaving the operation of these systems in the background. Conversely, more expert SCADA operators for the management of renewable power plants are required, but their training is not an easy task. SCADA operation is usually complex, due to the wide set of information available. In this sense, simulation or co-simulation tools can clearly help to reduce the learning curve and improve their skills. Therefore, this paper proposes a useful simulator based on a JavaScript engine that can be easily connected to any renewable SCADAs, making it possible to perform different simulated scenarios for novel operator training, as if it were a real facility. Using this tool, the administrators can easily program those scenarios allowing them to sort out the lack of support found in setting up facilities and training of novel operator tasks. Additionally, different renewable energy generation models that can be implemented in the proposed simulator are described. Later, as a use example of this tool, a study case is also performed. It proposes three different wind farm generation facility models, based on different turbine models: one with the essential generation turbine function obtained from the manufacturer curve, another with an empirical model using monotonic splines, and the last one adding the most important operational states, making it possible to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed simulation tool.

scholarly journals Carbon Emission Reduction Strategy for Energy Users in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuquan Zhao ◽  
Feiqi Liu ◽  
Han Hao ◽  
Zongwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
The Cost

The Chinese government has made a commitment to control carbon emissions, and the deployment of renewable energy power generation is considered as an effective solution. In recent years, great effort has been exerted to support the development of renewable energy in China. While, due to fiscal pressures and changes in management policies, related subsidies are diminishing now and energy users are asked to pay for the cost. Regulations about carbon cap and renewable energy consumptions are issued to transfer the responsibility of consuming renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions to energy consumers. A national carbon trading system is set up in China and is under its growth stage. Therefore, this study lists the factors that should be considered by the energy users, analyzes the levelized cost of electricity generated by renewable energy in four cities in China, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, and compares the results with current carbon prices. Based on the research, under the current status, it is still more cost-efficient for enterprises to buy carbon credits than introduce renewable energies, and great differences among cities are shown due to different natural conditions. Besides, with diminishing subsidies and development of the carbon trading market, the carbon price will gradually reflect the actual value and carbon emission reduction costs will become an important part of enterprise expenditure. In the long term, enterprises should link more factors to carbon emissions, like social responsibility and brand image, instead of only the cost.

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