scholarly journals Embodied Energy and Embodied GWP of Windows: A Critical Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3788
Author(s):  
Francesco Asdrubali ◽  
Marta Roncone ◽  
Gianluca Grazieschi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Operational Phase ◽  
Operational Impact

The construction sector is one of the most energy-intensive in the industrialized countries. In order to limit climate change emissions throughout the entire life cycle of a building, in addition to reducing energy consumption in the operational phase, attention should also be paid to the embodied energy and CO2 emissions of the building itself. The purpose of this work is to review data on embodied energy and GWP derived from EPDs of different types of windows, to identify the LCA phases, the most impacting materials and processes from an environmental point of view and to perform a critical analysis of the outcomes. The results show a strong dependence on the typology of the frame, with wooden windows having competitive performances: lower average primary energy non-renewable (1123 MJ/FU), higher average primary energy renewable (respectively 817 MJ/FU) and lower global warming potential (54 kgCO2eq/FU). More transparency and standardization in the information conveyed by the program operators is, however, desirable for a better comparability of windows performances. In particular, the inclusion of the operational impact in the EPD is sporadic, but strongly important, since it can be the most impactful phase.

scholarly journals Resistance in Postcolonial Literature with Reference to Sahar Khalifeh’s Wild Thorns

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Said Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Postcolonial Literature ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Resistance Literature ◽  
Postcolonial Criticism ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Points Of View

This study presents a theoretical and practical framework of resistance as a concept of postcolonial criticism. It describes different types of resistance as presented in Sahar Khalifeh’s novel Wild Thorns. A historical approach is adapted to trace ‘resistance Literature’ throughout the postcolonial criticism. The main aim here is to highlight the theme of resistance against the colonial structure from the point of view of a Palestinian novelist. The application of the analytic descriptive approach intends to analyze the theme of resistance at this colonial period from different points of view. The theme of resistance is tackled from a sociological and cultural point of view. The ideology of both the colonized and the colonizer is revealed throughout this critical analysis.

scholarly journals Reliability Comparative Evaluation of Active Redundancy vs. Standby Redundancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Li
Keyword(s):  
System Reliability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Critical Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Safety Critical Systems ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Model Technique ◽  
Operational Impact

Redundancy is a commonly applied reliability improvement technique to enhance the system reliability and availability of safety critical systems, or operational impact systems in the railroad and mass transit industry. In this paper, two very basic but different types of parallel redundancy, namely active redundancy and standby redundancy are introduced and studied according to the mechanism structure built in a system. The pros and cons of the active redundancy and standby redundancy are also discussed. The Markov model technique is utilized to illustrate the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) calculation for the active and standby redundancy for the purpose of reliability evaluation. The comparison is also undertaken for the active redundancy versus standby redundancy from a reliability point of view.

Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bulajić ◽  
Miomir Despotović ◽  
Thomas Lachmann
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Functional Illiteracy ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. The article discusses the emergence of a functional literacy construct and the rediscovery of illiteracy in industrialized countries during the second half of the 20th century. It offers a short explanation of how the construct evolved over time. In addition, it explores how functional (il)literacy is conceived differently by research discourses of cognitive and neural studies, on the one hand, and by prescriptive and normative international policy documents and adult education, on the other hand. Furthermore, it analyses how literacy skills surveys such as the Level One Study (leo.) or the PIAAC may help to bridge the gap between cognitive and more practical and educational approaches to literacy, the goal being to place the functional illiteracy (FI) construct within its existing scale levels. It also sheds more light on the way in which FI can be perceived in terms of different cognitive processes and underlying components of reading. By building on the previous work of other authors and previous definitions, the article brings together different views of FI and offers a perspective for a needed operational definition of the concept, which would be an appropriate reference point for future educational, political, and scientific utilization.

Decorative motifs on oil lamps from Grimm's 1973 excavations in Alexandria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Abdel Wahed Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Decorative Motifs ◽  
Egyptian Culture ◽  
Late Roman

A collection of 30 clay oil lamps from Gunther Grimm's excavations in 1973 in the Western necropolis of Alexandria has been classified by Safaa Samir Abu Al Yazid from Tanta University and found to represent 12 different types ranging in time from the Hellenistic to the late Roman periods in Egypt's ancient history. The present paper looks at this collection from the point of view of the symbolic significance of the decorative motifs used in their decoration. These motifs— figural, floral and geometric—had obvious symbolic meaning to their users and signified more than a simple belief in certain deities. They also reflected Roman Egyptian culture.

The combination of different open innovations: a longitudinal case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-362
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Yuan ◽  
Xiaotao Li
Keyword(s):  
New Product Development ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Innovation Capacity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how an organization can combine different types of open innovations and what are the key factors that may influence the combination of different open innovations. Design/methodology/approach The basic methodology of this paper is the longitudinal inductive analysis within the conceptual framework of the open innovation proposed by Dahlander and Gann (2010). In this case study of Xiaomi Tech Inc., the open innovation combination is investigated through examining 25 new products created between August 2010 and December 2016 in terms of four general types: acquiring, sourcing, selling and revealing open innovation. Findings In practice, the combination of different types of open innovations can be realized. A firm may combine different open innovations at three levels: a single product level, a related product cluster level and a company level. In addition, different open innovations can be combined in diverse modes. The purpose of combining different types of open innovations is to overcome the disadvantages of each type and to exploit the advantages of all different types. Many factors may affect a firm’s option of how to combine open innovations. At different development stages, a firm may make and implement corresponding strategic direction based on its innovation capacity and internal resource. For a given strategy, the firm needs to create profits and manage intellectual property in the implementation of open innovations. These factors are interacted each other, rather than isolated. Originality/value The findings of this paper are helpful for better understanding how and why an organization can combine different types of open innovations. From a managerial point of view, an organization may combine different types of open innovations to leverage advantages and avoid disadvantages of each certain type of open innovation. An appropriate combination of different open innovations can effectively improve new product development.

scholarly journals Cell Bioprinting: The 3D-Bioplotter™ Case

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelats Lobo ◽  
Ginestra
Keyword(s):  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Available Information ◽  
User Friendly

The classic cell culture involves the use of support in two dimensions, such as a well plate or a Petri dish, that allows the culture of different types of cells. However, this technique does not mimic the natural microenvironment where the cells are exposed to. To solve that, three-dimensional bioprinting techniques were implemented, which involves the use of biopolymers and/or synthetic materials and cells. Because of a lack of information between data sources, the objective of this review paper is, to sum up, all the available information on the topic of bioprinting and to help researchers with the problematics with 3D bioprinters, such as the 3D-Bioplotter™. The 3D-Bioplotter™ has been used in the pre-clinical field since 2000 and could allow the printing of more than one material at the same time, and therefore to increase the complexity of the 3D structure manufactured. It is also very precise with maximum flexibility and a user-friendly and stable software that allows the optimization of the bioprinting process on the technological point of view. Different applications have resulted from the research on this field, mainly focused on regenerative medicine, but the lack of information and/or the possible misunderstandings between papers makes the reproducibility of the tests difficult. Nowadays, the 3D Bioprinting is evolving into another technology called 4D Bioprinting, which promises to be the next step in the bioprinting field and might promote great applications in the future.

A VARIED PATTERN OF CHANGE OF THE SEX DIFFERENTIAL IN SURVIVAL IN THE G7 COUNTRIES

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK TROVATO ◽  
NILS B. HEYEN
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Circulatory Disease ◽  
G7 Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Difference

Over the course of the 20th century the sex differential in life expectancy at birth in the industrialized countries has widened considerably in favour of women. Starting in the early 1970s, the beginning of a reversal in the long-term pattern of this differential has been noted in some high-income countries. This study documents a sustained pattern of narrowing of this measure into the later part of the 1990s for six of the populations that comprise the G7 countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, England and Wales (as representative of the United Kingdom) and USA. For Japan, a persistence of widening sex differences in survival is noted. The sex differences in life expectancy are decomposed over roughly three decades (early 1970s to late 1990s) from the point of view of four major cause-of-death categories: circulatory diseases, cancers, accidents/violence/suicide, and ‘other’ (residual) causes. In the six countries where the sex gap has narrowed, this has resulted primarily from reduced sex differences in circulatory disease mortality, and secondarily from reduced differences in male and female death rates due to accidents, violence and suicide combined. In some of the countries sex differentials in cancer mortality have been converging lately, and this has also contributed to a narrowing of the difference in life expectancy. In Japan, males have been less successful in reducing their survival disadvantage in relation to Japanese women with regard to circulatory disease and cancer; and in the case of accidents/violence/suicide, male death rates increased during the 1990s. These trends explain the divergent pattern of the sex difference in life expectation in Japan as compared with the other G7 nations.

scholarly journals Angolan vegetable crops have unique genotypes of potential value for future breeding programmes

2016 ◽  
Vol Volume 112 (Number 3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
José P. Domingos ◽  
Ana M. Fita ◽  
María B. Picó ◽  
Alicia Sifres ◽  
Isabel H. Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Dependence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Breeding Programmes

Abstract A survey was carried out in Angola with the aim of collecting vegetable crops. Collecting expeditions were conducted in Kwanza-Sul, Benguela, Huíla and Namibe Provinces and a total of 80 accessions belonging to 22 species was collected from farmers and local markets. Species belonging to the Solanaceae (37 accessions) and Cucurbitaceae (36 accessions) families were the most frequently found with pepper and eggplant being the predominant solanaceous crops collected. Peppers were sold in local markets as a mixture of different types, even different species: Capsicum chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens and C. pubescens. Most of the eggplant accessions collected belonged to Solanum aethiopicum L. Gilo Group, the so-called ‘scarlet eggplant’. Cucurbita genus was better represented than the other cucurbit crops. A high morphological variation was present in the Cucurbita maxima and C. moschata accessions. A set of 22 Cucurbita accessions from Angola, along with 32 Cucurbita controls from a wide range of origins, was cultivated in Valencia, Spain and characterised based on morphology and molecularity using a set of 15 microsatellite markers. A strong dependence on latitude was found in most of the accessions and as a result, many accessions did not set fruit. The molecular analysis showed high molecular variability and uniqueness in the collected accessions, as shown by their segregation from the set of global controls. In summary, the material collected is quite valuable because of its uniqueness and the potential of the breeding characteristics it possesses.

XXVIII.—The Arrangement of Fibre Follicles in some Mammals, with special reference tothe Ovidæ

1939 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Duerden
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Association ◽  
General Development ◽  
Initial Form ◽  
Genetic Unit ◽  
Different Types

At the time of his death Dr Duerden was contemplating the preparation of a paper of this nature, and it is felt by Mrs Duerden that had he been able to express his wishes in this connection he would appreciate a record of the conclusions made by him. No one realised more than Dr Duerden himself the gaps which are still present in our knowledge and interpretation of the grouping of follicles and fibres in the mammalia, and this work is certainly not meant to be taken as representing Dr Duerden's final view or those of his colleagues at the Wool Industries Research Association. In view of the unique value of much of the material the present notes are intended, therefore, to form a basis and reference, firstly, for workers engaged in the general development of any mammalian coat from a morphogenic and phylogenetic point of view, and secondly, for those interested particularly in factors concerned in the formation of different types of fleeces in sheep. The conception of the follicle bundle as a discrete and basic genetic unit largely determining the initial form of the wool staple is of the highest importance in studies on the inheritance and developmentof fleece characters.

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