scholarly journals Induction Heating of Gear Wheels in Consecutive Contour Hardening Process

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3885
Author(s):  
Jerzy Barglik ◽  
Adrian Smagór ◽  
Albert Smalcerz ◽  
Debela Geneti Desisa
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Induction Heating ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Conventional Heat Treatment ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Gear Wheels

Induction contour hardening of gear wheels belongs to effective heat treatment technologies especially recommended for high-tech applications in machinery, automotive and aerospace industries. In comparison with long term, energy consuming conventional heat treatment (carburizing and consequent quenching), its main positive features are characterized by high total efficiency, short duration and relatively low energy consumption. However, modeling of the process is relatively complicated. The numerical model should contain both multi-physic and non-linear formulation of the problem. The paper concentrates on the modeling of rapid induction heating being the first stage of the contour induction hardening process which is the time consuming part of the computations. It is taken into consideration that critical temperatures and consequently the hardening temperature are dependent on the velocity of the induction heating. Numerical modeling of coupled non-linear electromagnetic and temperature fields are shortly presented. Investigations are provided for gear wheels made of a special quality steel AISI 300M. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed approach, exemplary computations of the full induction contour hardening process are provided. The exemplary results are compared with the measurements and a satisfactory accordance between them is achieved.

scholarly journals Pearlitic Lamellae Spheroidisation During Austenitization and Subsequent Temperature Hold

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
D. Hauserova ◽  
J. Dlouhy ◽  
M. Kover
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Induction Heating ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Austenitization Temperature ◽  
Annealing Stage ◽  
Deep Etching ◽  
Bearing Steels ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Carbide Morphology ◽  
Small Parts

Abstract Typical processing routes for bearing steels include a soft annealing stage. The purpose of this procedure is to obtain a microstructure containing globular carbides in ferritic matrix. A newly developed process called ASR (Accelerated Spheroidisation and Refinement) cuts the carbide spheroidisation times several fold, producing considerably finer globular carbides than conventional soft annealing. Finer microstructure also leads to more homogeneous and finer structure after final hardening process. The present paper explores process of the accelerated spheroidisation (ASR) in steel 100CrMnSi6-4 with initial pearlitic structure. Cementite lamellae morphology was observed in different stages of austenitization. The heat treatment was performed using induction heating in quenching dilatometer. There was analysed influence of austenitization temperature and austenitization time on spheroidisation. Hardness and carbide morphology was observed. Deep etching was used to reveal evolution of cementitic lamellae fragmentation. It is favourable process especially in induction treatment of small parts.

Advantages of Induction Heat Treatment in the Application of Self-Fluxing Alloy to Boiler Tubes

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tomiguchi ◽  
Y. Sochi ◽  
Y. Matsubara
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Induction Heating ◽  
Corrosion And Wear ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Induction Heat ◽  
Induction Heat Treatment ◽  
Boiler Tubes ◽  
Bent Pipe

Abstract This study focuses on two major advantages of induction heating over flame heating in the treatment of coated boiler tubes. In both cases the induction heating process is simple, fast and effective. Firstly, we will show how the the use of induction heating results in exceptionally thick and hard coatings with low porosity. Having high corrosion and wear resistant properties, the products can satisfy industry's needs for reliable coatings with a long service life. Next, the study will detail how a pipe with the coating already applied can be simultaneously bent by induction heating while the coating is melted and fused to the pipe. The result is a thicker, more even and reliable coating than that accomplished by the flame sprayed method on a bent pipe. The process is not only less cumbersome, but again provides a superior product for the market.

scholarly journals No Major Differences Found between the Effects of Microwave-Based and Conventional Heat Treatment Methods on Two Different Liquid Foods

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e53720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Géczi ◽  
Márk Horváth ◽  
Tímea Kaszab ◽  
Gonzalo Garnacho Alemany
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Conventional Heat Treatment ◽  
Liquid Foods

Bucking the Trend: A Look at Zyme Solutions' Non-linear Business Model for IT Services from India

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 37-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V.R. Seshadri
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Data Service ◽  
It Services ◽  
Software Companies ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Vertical Market

The case describes XGen Technologies (name disguised), an India-based IT Enabled Services (ITES) company having to grapple with the issues of linear growth. The company's headcount had touched a whopping 40,000 and managing such a large setup was becoming a severe challenge, putting immense pressure on Partha Sen, the CEO, to adopt an innovative business model to sustain historical growth rates of revenue and profitability. This situation was similar to what most Indian ITES companies faced: they had been clocking impressive growth, yet there were concerns about the future. The case then describes some of the strategies that software companies have been adopting in order to achieve greater non-linearity in their business. In particular, the case concentrates on Zyme Solutions, Inc., a fully outsourced hosted data service provider to the high-tech vertical market, which has built as a non-linear business from the ground up, without the legacy of the linear business models to contend with. Students are put in the place of Partha Sen, having to decide on an approach that established companies like XGen could adopt to transit to a non-linear model.

Influence of the magnetic permeability on modeling of induction surface hardening

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Barglik ◽  
Albert Smalcerz
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Permeability ◽  
Surface Hardening ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Hardness Distribution ◽  
Current Frequency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Magnetic Strength ◽  
Gear Wheels ◽  
Induction Surface Hardening

Purpose Modeling of induction surface hardening strongly depends on accuracy of material properties data and their temperature characteristics. However, it is especially complicated in case of the magnetic permeability dependent not only on temperature but also on the magnetic strength. This paper aims to estimate the influence of the magnetic permeability on modeling of coupled physical fields describing the process. Investigations are provided for the gear wheels made of the steel C45E. Design/methodology/approach Computation of coupled electromagnetic temperature and hardness fields is based on FEM methods. The Flux 3D software is applied for the numerical simulation of coupled electromagnetic and temperature fields. The QT Steel software is applied for a determination of the hardness and microstructure distributions. Findings Obtained results may be used as a kind of background for the design of induction surface hardening systems. Research limitations/implications The presented calculation model provided quite a good accuracy of hardness distribution validated by the experiments. Next work in the field should be aimed at taking into account a dependence of the magnetic permeability on the field current frequency. Originality/value Mathematical model of induction surface hardening with taking into account time dependence on the magnetic permeability on temperature and magnetic strength is elaborated. Experimental validation of hardness distribution is provided. A quite reasonable convergence between simulations and measurements was achieved.

Uphill Quenching of Aluminum Alloys

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wellington da Silva Mattos ◽  
George Edward Totten ◽  
Lauralice de Campos Franceschini Canale
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Steam Chamber ◽  
Conventional Heat Treatment ◽  
Quenching Process ◽  
Uphill Quenching

This article describes the concept of uphill quenching process applied in the heat treatment of aluminum alloys. Uphill quenching is interesting since residual stress reductions of up to 80% has been reported. In addition, substantial improvements in dimensional stability have been achieved for several types of aluminum parts. Often, uphill quenching is applied after quenching and before aging during the heat treatment of aluminum alloys. The uphill quenching process consists of the immersion of the part in a cryogenic environment, and after homogenization of the temperature, the part is transferred to the hot steam chamber to obtain a temperature gradient that will maintain the mechanical properties gained with this process. The results obtained are lower residual stress and better dimensional stability. The aim of this article is to provide a review of this process and to compare it with conventional heat treatment.

scholarly journals Physical and Numerical Simulations of Closed Die Hot Forging and Heat Treatment of Forged Parts

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Łukasz Poloczek ◽  
Łukasz Rauch ◽  
Marek Wilkus ◽  
Daniel Bachniak ◽  
Władysław Zalecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Transformation Model ◽  
Controlled Cooling ◽  
Austenite Grain Size ◽  
Austenite Grain ◽  
Conventional Heat Treatment

The paper describes physical and numerical simulations of a manufacturing process composed of hot forging and controlled cooling, which replace the conventional heat treatment technology. The objective was to investigate possibilities and limitations of the heat treatment with the use of the heat of forging. Three steels used to manufacture automotive parts were investigated. Experiments were composed of two sets of tests. The first were isothermal (TTT) and constant cooling rate (CCT) dilatometric tests, which supplied data for the identification of the numerical phase transformation model. The second was a physical simulation of the sequence forging-cooling on Gleeble 3800, which supplied data for the validation of the models. In the numerical part, a finite element (FE) thermal-mechanical code was combined with metallurgical models describing recrystallization and grain growth during forging and phase transformations during cooling. The FE model predicted distributions of the temperature and the austenite grain size in the forging, which were input data for further simulations of phase transformations during cooling. A modified JMAK equation was used to calculate the kinetics of transformation and volume fraction of microstructural constituents after cooling. Since the dilatometric tests were performed for various austenitization temperatures before cooling, it was possible to include austenite grain size as a variable in the model. An inverse algorithm developed by the authors was applied in the identification procedure. The model with optimal material parameters was used for simulations of hot forging and controlled cooling in one of the forging shops in Poland. Distributions of microstructural constituents in the forging after cooling were calculated. As a consequence, various cooling sequences during heat treatment could be analyzed and compared.

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