scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effective Material Use from the View of EU Environmental Policy Goals

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4759
Author(s):  
Marcela Taušová ◽  
Katarína Čulková ◽  
Peter Tauš ◽  
Lucia Domaracká ◽  
Andrea Seňová
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Environmental Goals

Humanity is dependent on natural resources. Use and productivity of these resources plays an important role in energy savings and circular economy. The goal of this contribution is to evaluate productivity of resources in the frame of EU countries. Single analysis deals with data from the publicly available portal database and collected data were processed in the statistical software JMP. The trend of development and analysis of variability and linear dependence helped to create cluster analysis and comparison of the EU countries. The results from the view of average value of the indicator registered the growth, and from the view of variability the statistically important differences were verified for EU member states. Some pairs of indicators recorded positive, while some pairs recorded negative linear dependence. Cluster analysis shows two groups of countries—the first one with positive results, having the lowest tax burden in the case of energy taxes and environment, and the second one with negative results, having the highest tax burden of environmental and energy policy. The results are useful for a proper setting of energy and environmental goals that can increase the effectiveness of resource productivity in the countries studied.

scholarly journals Categorization of the EU Member States in the Context of Selected Multicriteria International Indices Using Cluster Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-401
Author(s):  
Erika Onuferová ◽  
Veronika Čabinová ◽  
Mária Matijová
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe main aim of the paper was to analyse the economic and social development of the European Union (EU) member states (28 countries) on the basis of selected five multicriteria indices (the Global Competitiveness Index, the Economic Freedom Index, the Global Innovation Index, the Corruption Perceptions Index, the Human Development Index). To perform settled aim, a multidimensional classification of EU countries for years 2011 and 2018 using cluster analysis was realized. The purpose of the analysis was to categorize the individual EU countries into clusters and to find out to what extent the position of EU member states has changed in terms of selected international indices over the analysed period. Based on the findings, it is arguable that a major part of the EU member states cluster into the same groups based on the selected indices assessment, regardless of the time period. However, six countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, and United Kingdom) improved their position during the period under review and ranked into the cluster of more prosperous countries in 2018. The rate of change (improvement) was quantified at the level of 21.43%. Based on the results, Latvia and Lithuania were the most similar countries in terms of economic prosperity (Euclidean distance reached the level of 3.08), while the least similar countries were Greece and Sweden (Euclidean distance reached the level of 70.8). Declining Euclidean distances indicate that economic disparities of the individual EU countries have decreased in the period under review. This paper aims at developing the research to find out how, besides hierarchy, we can analyse the EU member states from the perspective of various multicriteria indices. The four proposed clusters could be used as a starting point for future policy reforms, pointing to the weaknesses of various countries.

scholarly journals Crowdfunding as a way of the monetary and financial ecologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Erika Loucanova ◽  
Miriam Olsiakova
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

This paper deals with crowdfunding as a new innovative form of financing projects that implement innovations focusing on a modern, up-to-date phenomenon in the field of innovation projects. Literary sources and approaches systematization for solving crowdfunding issues indicates that crowdfunding could be understood as a new, popular and innovative way of financing innovative projects around the world. It spread in developed countries in 2008 in response to the financial crisis. Besides, the rapid expansion of the Internet and mobile Internet access provoked its expansion in developing countries. The authors described crowdfunding as a current way of financing representing an individual form of innovative projects financing. Investigation of crowdfunding is based on cluster analysis of variables such as the funds' amount collected by crowdfunding, the number of crowdfunding contributors and the average amount of contributions of individual contributors to crowdfunding. The research objects are EU-28 countries. The output of the process of object distances clustering was displayed in the form of a dendrogram. It demonstrated the graphical grouping of related objects into clusters. The interpretation of the whole analysis and its further application depends on choosing the right number level of resulting clusters. The cluster analysis findings identified four clusters of objects set on several relatively homogeneous subsets of clusters. Objects belonging to the same cluster were similar, while objects originating from different clusters - dissimilar. The authors noted that despite the innovativeness and trendiness of crowdfunding, the analysis results point to its diverse position in the EU countries. Besides, it was confirmed by the results of the applied analysis. Presented clusters point to the different number of contributors and the average value of funds spent on innovation through crowdfunding at various average contributions from one contributor. Therefore, the countries successfully applying this innovative way of innovative projects financing were the United Kingdom, France and Germany, and EU countries that realized this way of financing to a lesser extent.

scholarly journals THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN VENTURE INVESTING AND INNOVATION COMPETITIVENESS OF EU MEMBER-STATES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (54) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr V. Tokar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Member States ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of the article is to reveal the interplay between venture investing and innovation development of selected EU member-states based on global innovation index, the World Bank’s data on population, as well as OECD’s information on venture investing in 2013–2019. The paper sheds light on general tendencies of venture investing and innovation competitiveness in the EU. The average value of venture investing per capita among selected EU member states appreciated from $10 to 19.5 in 2013–2019, therefore, most investigated countries showed the increase in venture investing per capita with the average value change of $9.6, while Lithuania was the only exception experiencing the decrease equaling $2.5. The detected leaders in venture investing in 2019 were Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Belgium, France and Netherlands with venture investing per capita values within $33.4–58.8 range, while outsiders were Bulgaria, Romania, and Lithuania with venture investing per capita below $2. Meanwhile, the average score of innovation indices among selected EU member states decreased from 49.7 to 49.3 in 2013–2019. There were thirteen countries with negative results, namely Ireland, Luxembourg, Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Latvia, Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, and Romania, while Sweden and Netherlands were leaders with the score exceeding 60 points in 2019. We have applied the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to determine the strength and direction of connection between venture investing per capita and national innovation competitiveness of abovementioned countries. We have calculated the critical point of the two-sided critical region with the significance level α equaling 0.05 and compared it with the table value to determine that the rank correlation coefficient of venture investing per capita and innovation indices of EU member-states is statistically significant and the rank correlation between the scores for two tests is significant.

Trends in the European Monetary Union. An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 097215092110161
Author(s):  
Papageorgiou Christos ◽  
Anastasiou Athanasios ◽  
Liargovas Panagiotis
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Union ◽  
European Monetary Union ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Average Value ◽  
General Government ◽  
Government Deficit ◽  
The Mean

Four indicators corresponding to the four targets of the European Monetary Union were calculated. The study showed that: (a) concerning the deviation of state’s general government deficit/surplus from 3% of gross domestic product (GDP), all member states had reached their target, with the exception of Cyprus, which was slightly under the target, (b) concerning the deviation of state’s general government debt from 60% of GDP, half of all European Union (EU) member states did not reach their targets, and there was a lot to be done, especially from the EU15 member states, (c) concerning the deviation of state’s inflation rate from the mean of the three states with best results of +1.5%, it was observed that the average value of EU28 member states had reached the final target, mainly due to the performances of the EU15 member states, (d) and concerning the deviation of state’s interest rate from the mean of the three states with the best results of +2%, it was observed that the average value of EU28 member states had reached the final target.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity of government social spending in European Union countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Magdalena Korzeniowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
More Care

AbstractSocial expenditure plays an important role in European Union (EU) countries. It improves the lives of citizens whose welfare is endangered due to poverty or illness. However, social expenditure represents a considerable share of the budgets of EU member states. Despite evident similarities in their levels of development, EU countries show apparent differences in social expenditure levels. Therefore, this work aims to determine the similarities and differences between EU countries in this regard. The analysis uses clustering methods, such as hierarchical cluster analysis and the k-means, to divide countries into homogeneous groups. The research demonstrates significant differences between EU countries in the years 2008–2018, which resulted in a low number of objects (countries) in the identified groups. In the case of 6 out of 28 countries, it was not possible to assign them to any group. The research proves that EU countries should take more care when organising their social policy, taking into consideration cultural and social factors.

Features of relativistic charged particles produced in catastrophic destruction of heavy emulsion nuclei at 4.5 A GeV

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Singh ◽  
M S Khan ◽  
H Khushnood
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Average Multiplicity ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Multiplicity Distributions ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Fireball Model

Total disintegration events produced in 4.5 A GeV/c 12C--AgBr reactions are analysed to investigate the characteristics of secondary charged particles produced in such collisions. The results reveal that multiplicity distributions of grey, black, and relativistic charged particles agree with the Poisson distribution. The average multiplicity of grey particles is found to increase with the increasing mass of projectile, while the average value of black particles is found to decrease with the increasing mass of projectile. This result is in good agreement with the prediction of fireball model. Finally, the linear dependence of grey and compound multiplicities on black, heavy, and relativistic charged particles is also observed. PACS No.: 25.70

scholarly journals The Attitudes of the European Union and China Towards Foreign Direct Investment: Implications for Bilateral Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Janina Witkowska
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Member States ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
New Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this paper is to discuss new trends that have occurred in the policies of the EU and China towards foreign direct investment (FDI), to examine some implications of the EU‑China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) – which is currently being negotiated – for their bilateral relations, and to assess the role which China’s “One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative might play in its relations with the new EU Member States. The EU established freedom of capital movement with third countries; however, the introduction of the common investment policy has encountered some obstacles. These are related to investor protection and ISDS issues. In turn, China is carrying out an independent state policy towards foreign investment with limited liberalization of FDI flows. The negotiated EU‑China CAI is expected to create conditions conducive to bilateral foreign investment flows, and it might bring positive effects for their economies in the future. However, the progress made thus far in the negotiations is still limited. The relations between China and the new EU Member states (CEE countries) are characterized by common interests in the field of FDI flows. The new EU countries are interested in attracting Chinese FDI and seem not to show the fears that have arisen in the old EU countries.

scholarly journals Socio-economic Disparity problems and Convergence Policy in the EU States

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Elena Dubra
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Convergence Theory ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of this paper is to investigate socio-economic development condition and convergence evaluation in the EU-28 states in the context of the EU policy goals. The arm of this research is to estimate socioeconomic disparities and convergence problems in the European states by applying real valuations of well-being situations and economic development challenges in the EU member states. The research methodology is based on the European Commission legitimate documents application and socio-economic strategies, on the convergence theory and convergence scenario calculations and the socioeconomic forecasts analysis in the EU states. This research presents information about different socioeconomic indicators, indexes, and scheme of information`s flows for convergence level estimation. This study contains objectives and general outlines of period 2014-2020 in the framework of Europe as a whole, as well its impact on the EU member states economies and living conditions. Changes in the main socioeconomic concepts impact on EU convergence policy and rapidity of convergence depends on the initial discrepancy of the development level in the EU states. The efficiency of European convergence policy can also be improved by significant economic growth and by a clever choice of the country-specific social activities. This research investigates above information for social situations estimations in EU states as well as GDP growth, unemployment, population’s income level and different welfare indicators. The main results reflect the overall economic situation valuation in the EU countries and present European convergence policy’s impact on social development in the European states. The conclusions contain socio-economic situations appreciation in the context of European strategy goals and social inequality problems clarification in the EU states.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity Corylus avellana L. in Lesser Caucasus of Azerbaijan

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Z. Ibragimov ◽  
R. Alizade
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sheet Material ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Issr Primer ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Lesser Caucasus ◽  
Corylus Avellana L

The article is devoted to the results of a study of the genetic polymorphism of hazel (Corylus avellana (L.) H. Karst.), growing in the Lesser Caucasus within Azerbaijan. For the analyzes used nuclear DNA extracted from sheet material. DNA extraction, PCR and ISSR analyzes were carried out according to standard methods (CTAB, PCR, ISSR protocols). According to the results of analyzes using 4 ISSR primers, the number of identified fragments was 42, which corresponds to 9–12 loci per primer (~10.8). Of the 42 fragments identified, 34 (80.95%) are polymorphic, and 8 (19.05%) are monomorphic. The number of polymorphic loci varies in the range of 7–10. With the smallest number of amplified loci in the UBC811 primer, the largest number of them occurs in the UBC827 primer. Depending on the primer, the number of amplified polymorphic loci varies within 63–90%. The level of ISSR primer polymorphism is on average 86% (75–96%). The average value of the actual heterozygosis (H0) is 0.359, and the expected heterozygosis (HE) is 0.414. According to the results of the cluster analysis, 70 hazel genotypes are combined in 9 clusters. Despite the fact that the populations are remotely and orographically sufficiently isolated, which excludes the flow of genetic information between them, the results of the cluster analysis show that genotypes from different populations are combined into a common sub-cluster in terms of genetic similarity. This is due to the common origin of hazel in populations. In the distant past, this species was represented by an extensive common range, which was fragmented as a result of geological processes. The homogeneous disjunction of the continuous range occurred.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Yurii ◽  
Viktoriia Yuziuk
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Procurement Reform ◽  
The Law ◽  
Procurement Procedure ◽  
The Eu

The article examines the features of public procurement in Ukraine and their compliance with EU standards, the factors that affect their effectiveness. The problems of tender purchases that exist in Ukraine during the process are considered. The changes that took place in the implementation of procurement after the introduction in 2020 of a new version of the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement" are assessed. A detailed description of Poland's experience in public procurement is provided. The number and types of contracts concluded during procurement are analyzed. The main existing shortcomings in the field of public procurement, ways to solve and improve them are considered. The key EU rules on public procurement to be used in Ukraine have been identified. It was established that it is important to bring the mechanism of public procurement in Ukraine closer to the EU requirements, which will allow our country to raise the issue of joining this organization in the future. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features and problems of public procurement in Ukraine and find ways to overcome them. The main task of reforming the sphere of public finances in our country is to introduce an effective mechanism for the use of public procurement in accordance with the principles and approaches applied by EU countries, which should ensure financial efficiency and transparency of the procurement procedure. Public procurement is one of the tools to regulate supply and demand for specific publications. To increase the transparency and efficiency of use in our country, it is necessary to study the experience of EU member states, especially Poland. Analysis of the experience of public procurement in the EU will be able to identify effective approaches to their implementation in Ukraine, thanks to the main tasks of public procurement reform in our country will introduce an effective system in accordance with the principles and approaches used by EU countries. It is necessary to investigate the change that has taken place in public procurement after the introduction in 2020 of a new version of the Law of Ukraine "On Public Procurement", there are both positive and negative aspects that are due to the existence of corruption schemes in tenders.

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