scholarly journals THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN VENTURE INVESTING AND INNOVATION COMPETITIVENESS OF EU MEMBER-STATES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (54) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr V. Tokar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Member States ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of the article is to reveal the interplay between venture investing and innovation development of selected EU member-states based on global innovation index, the World Bank’s data on population, as well as OECD’s information on venture investing in 2013–2019. The paper sheds light on general tendencies of venture investing and innovation competitiveness in the EU. The average value of venture investing per capita among selected EU member states appreciated from $10 to 19.5 in 2013–2019, therefore, most investigated countries showed the increase in venture investing per capita with the average value change of $9.6, while Lithuania was the only exception experiencing the decrease equaling $2.5. The detected leaders in venture investing in 2019 were Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Belgium, France and Netherlands with venture investing per capita values within $33.4–58.8 range, while outsiders were Bulgaria, Romania, and Lithuania with venture investing per capita below $2. Meanwhile, the average score of innovation indices among selected EU member states decreased from 49.7 to 49.3 in 2013–2019. There were thirteen countries with negative results, namely Ireland, Luxembourg, Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Latvia, Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, and Romania, while Sweden and Netherlands were leaders with the score exceeding 60 points in 2019. We have applied the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to determine the strength and direction of connection between venture investing per capita and national innovation competitiveness of abovementioned countries. We have calculated the critical point of the two-sided critical region with the significance level α equaling 0.05 and compared it with the table value to determine that the rank correlation coefficient of venture investing per capita and innovation indices of EU member-states is statistically significant and the rank correlation between the scores for two tests is significant.

scholarly journals European Regional Inequalities: The Other Face of Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Celeste Perrucchini ◽  
Hiroshi Ito
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita

Empirical evidence suggests an overall convergence in terms of GDP and per capita income occurring among the European Union (EU) Member States. Nevertheless, economic inequalities have been increasing at the regional level within European Union countries. Through the review of relevant literature, this study analyzes the increasing inequalities from an economical point of view, focusing on Italy and the UK as examples. First, a general overlook of the empirical evidence of the GDP and per capita income at national and sub-national levels will be presented. Second, an explanation of the possible causes of the results will be proposed through the use of economical and sociological theories. The findings of this research might uncover the relative inefficacy of EU Cohesion policies and point towards the necessity for deeper and more thoughtful measures to continue the convergence of Member States while preserving internal equilibria. This paper ends with discussions for the future directions of the EU.

scholarly journals Inequalities in the European Union—A Partial Order Analysis of the Main Indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6278
Author(s):  
Lars Carlsen ◽  
Rainer Bruggemann
Keyword(s):  
Indicator System ◽  
Partial Ordering ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Educational Aspect ◽  
The Eu

The inequality within the 27 European member states has been studied. Six indicators proclaimed by Eurostat to be the main indicators charactere the countries: (i) the relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap, (ii) the income distribution, (iii) the income share of the bottom 40% of the population, (iv) the purchasing power adjusted GDP per capita, (v) the adjusted gross disposable income of households per capita and (vi) the asylum applications by state of procedure. The resulting multi-indicator system was analyzed applying partial ordering methodology, i.e., including all indicators simultaneously without any pretreatment. The degree of inequality was studied for the years 2010, 2015 and 2019. The EU member states were partially ordered and ranked. For all three years Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Austria, and Finland are found to be highly ranked, i.e., having rather low inequality. Bulgaria and Romania are, on the other hand, for all three years ranked low, with the highest degree of inequality. Excluding the asylum indicator, the risk-poverty-gap and the adjusted gross disposable income were found as the most important indicators. If, however, the asylum application is included, this indicator turns out as the most important for the mutual ranking of the countries. A set of additional indicators was studied disclosing the educational aspect as of major importance to achieve equality. Special partial ordering tools were applied to study the role of the single indicators, e.g., in relation to elucidate the incomparability of some countries to all other countries within the union.

Trends in the European Monetary Union. An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 097215092110161
Author(s):  
Papageorgiou Christos ◽  
Anastasiou Athanasios ◽  
Liargovas Panagiotis
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Union ◽  
European Monetary Union ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Average Value ◽  
General Government ◽  
Government Deficit ◽  
The Mean

Four indicators corresponding to the four targets of the European Monetary Union were calculated. The study showed that: (a) concerning the deviation of state’s general government deficit/surplus from 3% of gross domestic product (GDP), all member states had reached their target, with the exception of Cyprus, which was slightly under the target, (b) concerning the deviation of state’s general government debt from 60% of GDP, half of all European Union (EU) member states did not reach their targets, and there was a lot to be done, especially from the EU15 member states, (c) concerning the deviation of state’s inflation rate from the mean of the three states with best results of +1.5%, it was observed that the average value of EU28 member states had reached the final target, mainly due to the performances of the EU15 member states, (d) and concerning the deviation of state’s interest rate from the mean of the three states with the best results of +2%, it was observed that the average value of EU28 member states had reached the final target.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effective Material Use from the View of EU Environmental Policy Goals

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4759
Author(s):  
Marcela Taušová ◽  
Katarína Čulková ◽  
Peter Tauš ◽  
Lucia Domaracká ◽  
Andrea Seňová
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Environmental Goals

Humanity is dependent on natural resources. Use and productivity of these resources plays an important role in energy savings and circular economy. The goal of this contribution is to evaluate productivity of resources in the frame of EU countries. Single analysis deals with data from the publicly available portal database and collected data were processed in the statistical software JMP. The trend of development and analysis of variability and linear dependence helped to create cluster analysis and comparison of the EU countries. The results from the view of average value of the indicator registered the growth, and from the view of variability the statistically important differences were verified for EU member states. Some pairs of indicators recorded positive, while some pairs recorded negative linear dependence. Cluster analysis shows two groups of countries—the first one with positive results, having the lowest tax burden in the case of energy taxes and environment, and the second one with negative results, having the highest tax burden of environmental and energy policy. The results are useful for a proper setting of energy and environmental goals that can increase the effectiveness of resource productivity in the countries studied.

PENGARUH KELAS IBU HAMIL TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU TENTANG PEMERIKSAAN DAN PERAWATAN KEHAMILAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BATAM TAHUN 2016

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
R.Oktaviance Simorangkir ◽  
Lilis Sumardiani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Community Health Center ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Class Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Total Range

In the Working Area of Pancur Batu Puskesmas class, pregnant women begin to be implemented in 2016, but still found the low knowledge of pregnant women about the ideal pregnancy examination and there are pregnant women who show unimportant attitude checking pregnancy to health workers. Goals : The purpose of this research is to know the influence of maternal class on pregnant mother's knowledge and attitude about pregnancy examination and treatment. Methods : The study used a quantitative method with cross sectional design. The population of 151 pregnant women in Pancur Batu Community Health Center and 132 of them (63 pregnant women who had attended pregnant mother class and 69 pregnant women who never attended maternal class) were used as samples. Data analysis using independent t test at significance level α = 0,05. Result : The results showed the total range of knowledge scores of mothers who had followed the class of pregnant women is 7-13 with an average value of 10.08 ± 1.82, while the total range of scores of mothers who never follow the pregnant women's class is 1-9 with an average value 4,97,1,94. There is a maternal class effect on maternal knowledge of examination and treatment of pregnancy (p <3,82. There is a maternal class effect on maternal attitudes about examination and treatment of pregnancy (p3.13, while the total range of maternal scores that never follow the class of pregnant women is 27-47 with an average value of 35 , 410.001). The total score of attitudes of mothers who have attended the class of pregnant women is 41-56 with an average score of 48.24 <0.001). Conclution : It is expected that the Health Office to schedule Pancur Batu Puskesmas to carry out pregnant women's classes regularly and carried out 2 periods a year. Pancur Batu Puskesmas is expected to maintain the quality of pregnant women's classes and counseling invites all pregnant women to follow the class of pregnant women.

scholarly journals MANAGERIAL EVALUATION OF THE LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE AND ITS DEPENDENCIES ON ECONOMIES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Alexandra Filova ◽  
Veronika Hrda
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Logistics Performance Index ◽  
The Individual

The objective of the paper is managerial evaluation of the level of logistics on individual continents and to find out dependence between the level of logistic systems and the level of GDP in the selected countries of the world. To evaluate logistics, we used the Logistics Performance Index and its six categories (customs clearance, infrastructure, international shipment, logistic competencies, monitoring shipment, and satisfaction). The index of gross domestic product was shown per capita and in constant U.S. dollars for 2010. The analyzed period was the years 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018. Together, we analyzed 134 countries from five of the world’s continents. Results are provided separately for the European countries and the Slovak Republic. To find out mutual linear dependence, we used the correlation coefficient. From the results of the research, it is clear that there is a connection between the variables LPI and GDP and thus that there exists a direct linear dependence. Only in one case, that of the African continent in 2018, was the coefficient of correlation close to zero and we had to state that the variables were not linearly dependent. For most resulting values of the correlation coefficient, we found only slight linear dependence. The exception was the countries of Australia and Oceania, where a strong dependence was found for all the years in question. This kind of analysis has significance primarily on the macroeconomic level. The individual countries can investigate, evaluate, and consequently improve their respective logistic systems and services. Understanding and decomposing the components of trade and logistics performance can help countries improve freight transport efficiency and identify where international cooperation could help overcome barriers.

P–731 Correlation between fertility rate, utilisation of ART and gross domestic product across Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lass ◽  
G Lass
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Utilisation Rate ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Study question Are there any correlations between a country’s wealth determined by GDP per capita and its total fertility rate (TFR) and utilisation of ART in Europe? Summary answer There is strong correlation across Europe between GDP and utilisation of ART. This correlation does not exist when only investigating the European Economic Area (EEA) What is known already The number of documented ART cycles has increased significantly from 203,893 cycles in 1997 (first European report) to 918,159 in 2016. During the same period, growth was observed in European GDP and, to a lesser extent, TFR following a significant and prolonged decline. Global data suggest that utilisation rate is higher in developed countries, speculated to be due to either generous reimbursement systems or higher affordability for patients paying out of pocket. This study analysed for the first time the relationships between national GDP, TFR and utilisation in Europe both as a whole, and specifically the more affluent EEA Study design, size, duration This study was an analysis of publicly available primary international reports: total cycles in the European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM) and TFR, GDP and population size from the World Bank indicators (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator). The period studied ranged from the first EIM report for 1997 (published in 1999) to the 20th report for 2016 (published in 2020). Participants/materials, setting, methods TFR was described as births per women (BPW) and country wealth was presented as GDP per capita in US Dollars. Utilisation rate was defined as the total national number of cycles (fresh IVF and ICSI, and frozen embryo transfer) divided per population, and presented as cycles per million (CPM). When utilisation was not reported, total cycles were projected by proportional calculation. Pearson Correlations were calculated using Sigmaplot for utilisation, GDP and TFR in 2016 Main results and the role of chance Forty countries were included in the EIM report for 2016, of which 18 reported in full. The median utilisation rate was 1280 CPM (range 162 - 3,156) and median TFR was 1.6 BPW (range 1.26 - 2.73); only one country, Kazakhstan, had a TFR above the natural fertility replacement level of 2.1 BPW. Mean GDP was $31604 per capita (range $10,610 - $110,650). There was no correlation between TFR and utilisation or between TFR and GDP, however there was a significant positive correlation between GDP and CPM (correlation coefficient = 0.428; P = 0.00661). Compared to Europe as a whole, analysis of only the EEA countries – EU member states plus Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland – revealed a similar median TFR (1.59), but a 27% increase in the utilisation rate to 1629 CPM (range: 317 – 3157) and 24% rise in GDP per capita to $39,300 (range: $19,885- $110,650). For the EEA, no significant correlations were observed, including between GDP and utilisation (correlation coefficient = 0.131; P = 0.507). Additionally, there was no significant correlation between TFR and GDP in the EU for the period of 1997 – 2016. Limitations, reasons for caution The data is a snapshot of a single year, but we observed similar outcomes in previous years. Projection calculation of utilisation in partially reporting countries may cause bias, however, with a reporting level of 92% (1347 of 1467 clinics), this bias is probably very limited. Wider implications of the findings: Findings of this study confirm that there are strong disparities in the availability of ART even in Europe. This difference does not exist in the more affluent countries in Europe suggesting that the reason for lower utilisation in lower-income countries being reduced affordability. Trial registration number NA

scholarly journals Pomoc publiczna na szkolenia pracowników a konkurencyjność gospodarki Unii Europejskiej

2017 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Piotr Podsiadło
Keyword(s):  
State Aid ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The paper discusses guidelines for implementation of art. 107-109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, from the point of view of state aid for training. Training usually generates positive externalities for society as a whole, since it increases the pool of skilled workers from which other firms may draw, improves the competitiveness of the EU industry and plays an important role in the EU employment strategy. Statistical analysis was carried out on state aid granted by the EU Member States in the period 2001-2014 - from the perspective of its impact on competitiveness of these countries. This should lead to verification of thesis that the amount of state aid granted by the EU Member States for training, should positively correlate with the size of the GDP per capita of these countries

scholarly journals The Nexus Between Convergence of Conventional and Renewable Energy Consumption in the Present European Union States. Explorative Study on Parametric and Semi-Parametric Methods

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5272
Author(s):  
Gina Ionela Butnaru ◽  
Alina-Petronela Haller ◽  
Raluca Irina Clipa ◽  
Mirela Ștefănică ◽  
Mihaela Ifrim
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Parametric Methods ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Convergence Model ◽  
The Eu

Economic and social progress is directly and closely related to energy consumption. In the latest decades, there is a higher need to reduce energy consumption from conventional sources, replacing it with energy obtained from unconventional sources. The environmental concern is one of the objectives of the European economic policy, with a particular focus on renewable energy consumption and energy efficiency in order to lower the environmental impact. In this context, we analyzed energy consumption per capita and renewable energy consumption per capita in the EU with the help of parametric methods, using the β-convergence model, and semiparametric methods, using the σ-convergence model. In this research we proposed to study six analysis models of the period 1960–2015, based on the availability of data. We concluded that the EU states went through a convergence process in a slow pace of energy consumption per capita and renewable energy per capita, showing a convergence pattern. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between the convergence of conventional energy consumption and the convergence of renewable (unconventional) energy consumption. The study covers a long period of time in which EU member states had different economic and social systems, implicitly different degrees and rates of development. In addition, the interest in renewable energy is relatively recent in the whole world. There is a possibility that future research will provide more optimistic results, in terms of accelerating the convergence rate, as appropriate measures and technologies are applied to renewable energy production in all EU member states.

scholarly journals The allocation of financial resources of the EU Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund during the period 2007–2013

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
W. Heijman ◽  
T. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Financial Resources ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Real ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Cohesion Fund ◽  
Eu Structural Funds ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The article describes a model to predict the allocation of the EU Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund over the EU member states. By comparing the predicted allocation with the real allocation, it is possible to indicate which member states receive more and which countries receive less than the predicted share. The variables determining the predicted allocation are the GDP per capita and the size of the population.

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