scholarly journals Functional Scalability and Replicability Analysis for Smart Grid Functions: The InteGrid Project Approach

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5685
Author(s):  
Sergio Potenciano Menci ◽  
Ricardo J. Bessa ◽  
Barbara Herndler ◽  
Clemens Korner ◽  
Bharath-Varsh Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Pilot Phase ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Project Approach ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

The evolution of the electrical power sector due to the advances in digitalization, decarbonization and decentralization has led to the increase in challenges within the current distribution network. Therefore, there is an increased need to analyze the impact of the smart grid and its implemented solutions in order to address these challenges at the earliest stage, i.e., during the pilot phase and before large-scale deployment and mass adoption. Therefore, this paper presents the scalability and replicability analysis conducted within the European project InteGrid. Within the project, innovative solutions are proposed and tested in real demonstration sites (Portugal, Slovenia, and Sweden) to enable the DSO as a market facilitator and to assess the impact of the scalability and replicability of these solutions when integrated into the network. The analysis presents a total of three clusters where the impact of several integrated smart tools is analyzed alongside future large scale scenarios. These large scale scenarios envision significant penetration of distributed energy resources, increased network dimensions, large pools of flexibility, and prosumers. The replicability is analyzed through different types of networks, locations (country-wise), or time (daily). In addition, a simple replication path based on a step by step approach is proposed as a guideline to replicate the smart functions associated with each of the clusters.

Situational Breakdowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Impact of Large-Scale Integration of Electric Vehicles for a Swedish Distribution Network

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvester Johansson ◽  
Jonas Persson ◽  
Stavros Lazarou ◽  
Andreas Theocharis
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
The Impact

Social considerations for a sustainable future lead to market demands for electromobility. Hence, electrical power distribution operators are concerned about the real ongoing problem of the electrification of the transport sector. In this regard, the paper aims to investigate the large-scale integration of electric vehicles in a Swedish distribution network. To this end, the integration pattern is taken into consideration as appears in the literature for other countries and applies to the Swedish culture. Moreover, different charging power levels including smart charging techniques are examined for several percentages of electric vehicles penetration. Industrial simulation tools proven for their accuracy are used for the study. The results indicate that the grid can manage about 50% electric vehicles penetration at its current capacity. This percentage decreases when higher charging power levels apply, while the transformers appear overloaded in many cases. The investigation of alternatives to increase the grid’s capabilities reveal that smart techniques are comparable to the conventional re-dimension of the grid. At present, the increased integration of electric vehicles is manageable by implementing a combination of smart gird and upgrade investments in comparison to technically expensive alternatives based on grid digitalization and algorithms that need to be further confirmed for their reliability for power sharing and energy management.

Changes in mechanisms and intensity of Western U.S. floods, 1960-2013

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Fayne ◽  
Huilin Huang ◽  
Mike Fischella ◽  
Yufei Liu ◽  
Zhaoxin Ban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Convective Storms ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

<p>Extreme precipitation, a critical factor in flooding, has selectively increased with warmer temperatures in the Western U.S. Despite this, the streamflow measurements have captured no noticeable increase in large-scale flood frequency or intensity. As flood studies have mostly focused on specific flood events in particular areas, analyses of large-scale floods and their changes have been scarce. For floods during 1960-2013, we identify six flood generating mechanisms (FGMs) that are prominent across the Western U.S., including atmospheric rivers and non-atmospheric rivers, monsoons, convective storms, radiation-driven snowmelt, and rain-on-snow, in order to identify to what extent different types of floods are changing based on the dominant FGM. The inconsistency between extreme precipitation and lack of flood increase suggests that the impact of climate change on flood risk has been modulated by hydro-meteorological and physiographic processes such as sharp increases in temperature that drive increased evapotranspiration and decreased soil moisture. Our results emphasize the importance of FGMs in understanding the complex interactions of flooding and climatic changes and explain the broad spatiotemporal changes that have occurred across the vast Western U.S. for the past 50 years.</p>

Effects of Seismic Incident Directionality on Ground Motion Characteristics and Responses of a Single-Mass Bi-Degree-of-Freedom System

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150119
Author(s):  
Jun Gong ◽  
Xudong Zhi ◽  
Feng Fan ◽  
Shizhao Shen ◽  
Da Qaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seismic Analysis ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Propagation Distance ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Single Mass ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

To investigate the variability of ground motion characteristics (GMC) with the angle of seismic incidence (ASI) and the impact of seismic incident directionality on structural responses, first, a large-scale database of recorded ground motions was used to analyze the causes of GMC variability due to the seismic incident directionality effect (SIDE). Then a single-mass bi-degree-of-freedom system (SM-BDOF-S) with different types of symmetrical sections was selected to explore the influence mechanism of SIDE on the seismic responses. The results illustrated that the GMC has substantial variability with the ASI, which is independent of the earthquake source, propagation distance, and site condition, and exhibits complex random characteristics. Additionally, a classification method for ground motions is proposed based on this GMC variability to establish a criterion for selecting ground motions in seismic analysis considering the SIDE. Moreover, for an SM-BDOF-S, the response spectral plane is proposed to explain the transition behavior of spectral responses that are very similar among different stiffness ratios, but divergent for different types of ground motions. The influence of SIDE on structures is determined by their stiffness and stiffness ratio in the [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-directions, as well as the type of ground motion.

Distance Relay Impedance Measuring Problems in Presence of Wind Farms

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Farhad Namdari ◽  
Fatemeh Soleimani ◽  
Esmaeel Rokrok
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Fault Resistance ◽  
Distance Relays ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Impact

<p><em>Environmental concerns along with the increasing demand on electrical power, have led to power generation of renewable sources like wind. Connecting wind turbines in large scale powers with transmission network makes new challenges like the impact of these renewable sources on power system protection. This paper studies the impact of fault resistance and its location on voltage and current fundamental frequencies of faulted lines connected to DFIG based wind farms and it will be demonstrated that because of the large differences between these frequencies, impedance measuring of distance relays is inefficient. Hence in these power systems using conventional impedance measurements is not suitable anymore and new impedance measuring approaches are required in distance relays.</em></p>

scholarly journals Smart-Grid-Aware Load Regulation of Multiple Datacenters towards the Variable Generation of Renewable Energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peicong Luo ◽  
Xiaoying Wang ◽  
Hailong Jin ◽  
Yuling Li ◽  
Xuejiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Stochastic Algorithm ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
The Impact

Recently, as renewable and distributed power sources boost, many such resources are integrated into the smart grid as a clean energy input. However, since the generation of renewable energy is intermittent and unstable, the smart grid needs to regulate the load to maintain stability after integrating the renewable energy source. At the same time, with the development of cloud computing, large-scale datacenters are becoming potentially controllable loads for the smart grid due to their high energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an appropriate approach to dynamically adjust the datacenter load to balance the unstable renewable energy input into the grid. This could meet the demand response requirements by taking advantage of the variable power consumption of datacenters. We have examined the scenarios of one or more datacenters being integrated into the grid and adopted a stochastic algorithm to solve the problem we established. The experimental results illustrated that the dynamic load management of multiple datacenters could help the smart grid to reduce losses and thus save operational costs. Besides, we also analyzed the impact of the flexibility and the delay of datacenter actions, which could be applied to more general scenarios in realistic environments. Furthermore, considering the impact of the action delay, we employed a forecasting method to predict renewable energy generation in advance to eliminate the extra losses brought by the delay as much as possible. By predicting solar power generation, the improved results showed that the proposed method was effective and feasible under both sunny and cloudy/rainy/snowy weather conditions.

scholarly journals Optimal sizing of a distributed energy system with thermal load electrification

2020 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Pietro Lubello ◽  
Guglielmo Vaccaro ◽  
Carlo Carcasci
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Load ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Optimal Sizing ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Impact

Renewable energy systems (RES) are currently being deployed on a large scale to meet the ambitious sustainable development goals for the next decades. A higher penetration of sustainable means of power production passes through the diffusion of RES-based distributed energy systems. The hybridization of such systems and their integration with Energy Storage Systems (ESS) can help improve reliability and level the mismatch between power production and consumption. In this paper, a novel modular tool for the simulation of distributed energy systems is presented by means of its application to a case study. The considered system is composed by PV modules, ESS and heat pumps. The optimal sizing of the components for self-consumption has been obtained through an electricity production cost minimization. A comparison between two different configurations has been conducted: in the first case, the thermal load is completely satisfied by a natural gas-fired boiler, while in the latter case, part of the thermal load is satisfied by a heat pump. The results have highlighted the impact of ESS on the economics of distributed energy systems and how the investment in such systems, in conditions similar to the case study, can be more easily sustained if a share of the total energy consumption of the unit is shifted from the thermal to the electrical part.

scholarly journals Renewable Energy in the Sustainable Development of Electrical Power Sector: A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8240
Author(s):  
Wadim Strielkowski ◽  
Lubomír Civín ◽  
Elena Tarkhanova ◽  
Manuela Tvaronavičienė ◽  
Yelena Petrenko
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Impact

The electrical power sector plays an important role in the economic growth and development of every country around the world. Total global demand for electric energy is growing both in developed and developing economies. The commitment to the decarbonization of economies, which would mean replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources (RES) as well as the electrification of transport and heating as a means to tackle global warming and dangerous climate change, would lead to a surge in electricity consumption worldwide. Hence, it appears reasonable that the electric power sector should embed the principles of sustainable development into its functioning and operation. In addition, events such as the recent European gas crisis that have emerged as a result of the massive deployment of renewables need to be studied and prevented. This review aims at assessing the role of the renewable energy in the sustainable development of the electrical power sector, focusing on the energy providers and consumers represented both by businesses and households that are gradually becoming prosumers on the market of electric energy. Furthermore, it also focuses on the impact of renewables on the utility side and their benefits for the grid. In addition, it identifies the major factors of the sustainable development of the electrical power sector.

scholarly journals Grid Impact of a Wave Farm on its Local Network: Analysis of Voltage and Flicker Levels

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Blavette ◽  
Dara L. O’Sullivan ◽  
Ray Alcorn ◽  
Anthony W. Lewis ◽  
Michael G. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Wave Energy Converters ◽  
Wave Farm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Energy Converters

Most oscillating wave energy converters without significant amounts of energy storage capacity generate significant electrical power fluctuations in the range of seconds. Because of these fluctuations, a wave farm may have a negative impact on the power quality of the local grid to which it is connected. Hence, the impact of these devices on both distribution and transmission networks needs to be well understood, before large scale wave farms can be allowed to connect to the grid. This paper details a case study on the impact of a wave farm on the distribution grid around the national wave test site of Ireland. The electrical power output of the oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters was derived from experimental time series produced in the context of the FP7 project “CORES”. The results presented in this paper consider voltage fluctuation levels and flicker levels for a typical time series. Simulations were performed using DIgSILENT simulation tool “PowerFactory”.

scholarly journals The Impact and Cost of Power Load Shedding to Domestic Consumers

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (4I) ◽  
pp. 355-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz A. Pasha ◽  
Wasim Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Load Shedding ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Power Load ◽  
Side Constraints ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The widespread and growing phenomenon of power load shedding has emerged as one of the principal supply-side constraints to growth of the economy of Pakistan. Not only has this led to significant losses of output, employment and exports but also during periods of high outages there have been large-scale protests, particularly in Punjab and KPK. Households have faced severe disruptions due to the high and growing incidence of load shedding. These have led to mass protests on streets resulting in disruption of other economic activities. As such, the economic return of reducing outages and of facilitating the process of adjustment to these outages is likely to be high. This paper provides an approach and methodology for quantifying cost of load shedding to households in Pakistan. It is organised as follows: Section 2 highlights some key trends in the power sector of Pakistan. Section 3 will present a detailed literature review on the methodology used for quantification of costs due to outages. Section 4 describes the methodology used for qualification of costs due to outages and for estimation of willingness to pay. Section 5 presents estimates of the cost of load shedding in the domestic sector of Pakistan. Finally, Section 6 highlights the major policy implications emerging from the research.

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