scholarly journals Experimental Analysis of Bi-Directional Heat Trading Operation Integrated with Heat Prosumers in Thermal Networks

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5881
Author(s):  
Min-Hwi Kim ◽  
Deuk-Won Kim ◽  
Dong-Won Lee ◽  
Jaehyeok Heo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Thermal Systems ◽  
Power Cost ◽  
Thermal Network ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Childcare Center

District cooling and heating methods that can utilize highly efficient heat pumps and various unused new and renewable types of energy are required to achieve low carbon emissions and zero energy usage in buildings and community units. The technical requirements for the implementation of decentralized thermal networks and heat trading are increasing, both for thermal networks in new buildings and for those remodeled based on existing centralized thermal networks. In this study, a conventional centralized thermal network was implemented as a decentralized thermal network and the possibility of heat prosumers feeding thermal networks was demonstrated experimentally. A real-scale plant was constructed by employing unused thermal energy facilities as prosumers in a school and childcare center based on the existing small-scale block heating and cooling thermal network. The decentralized thermal network and heat prosumer concepts were proven through operation experiments performed on the constructed system in summer and winter. An economic benefit can be achieved by increasing the peak power cost. The experimental results also showed that the proposed bi-directional heat trading reduced carbon emissions by 12.7% compared with conventional centralized thermal systems.

scholarly journals Experimental analysis of heat prosumers under low temperature thermal network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2042 (1) ◽  
pp. 012102
Author(s):  
Min-Hwi Kim ◽  
Dong-Won Lee ◽  
Duek-Won Kim ◽  
Jaehyeok Heo
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Thermal Network ◽  
Childcare Center

Abstract This study investigated the applicability and thermal performance of heat prosumers in a bidirectional thermal network through experimental analysis. To realize the bidirectional thermal network and heat prosumers, the existing small-scale centralized district cooling and heating system was retrofitted to form a small-scale heat network with three thermal energy prosumers. The existing small-scale centralized district cooling and heating network consists of seven buildings: high schools, management center, childcare center, baby care center, youth center, library, and public health center. Among these, high school and childcare center were retrofitted from heat consumers to heat prosumers. Control logic for the proposed heat prosumer was also demonstrated. For the case study, the operation of the specific day was selected. The amount of heat supplied from the STES in the management center was 798.7 kWh that contained 17% of the total load. The heat supply from the TES connected to the heat pump in the management center was 2,270.5 kWh, the absorption heat pump for high school. The amount of heat supply for public buildings and schools was 824.0 kWh and 513.8 kWh, respectively, and the heat supply from the childcare center through geothermal heat pump was 295.2 kWh.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of a District Sharing Strategy on Application Capacity and Carbon Emissions for Heating and Cooling with GSHP Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5543
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
He Qi ◽  
Yu Zhou ◽  
Zhonghua Zhang ◽  
Xi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Sharing Strategy ◽  
Low Carbon Energy ◽  
The Impact

To meet long-term climate change targets, the way that heating and cooling are generated and distributed has to be changed to achieve a supply of affordable, secure and low-carbon energy for all buildings and infrastructures. Among the possible renewable sources of energy, ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems can be an effective low-carbon solution that is compatible with district heating and cooling in urban areas. There are no location restrictions for this technology, and underground energy sources are stable for long-term use. According to a previous study, buildings in urban areas have demonstrated significant spatial heterogeneity in terms of their capacity to demand (C/D) ratio under the application of GSHP due to variations in heating demand and available space. If a spatial sharing strategy can be developed to allow the surplus geothermal capacity to be shared with neighbors, the heating and cooling demands of a greater number of buildings in an area can be satisfied, thus achieving a city with lower carbon emissions. In this study, a GSHP district system model was developed with a specific embedding sharing strategy for the application of GSHP. Two sharing strategies were proposed in this study: (i) Strategy 1 involved individual systems with borehole sharing, and (ii) Strategy 2 was a central district system. Three districts in London were selected to compare the performance of the developed models on the C/D ratio, required borehole number and carbon emissions. According to the comparison analysis, both strategies were able to enhance the GSHP application capacity and increase the savings of carbon emissions. However, the improvement levels were shown to be different. A greater number of building types and a higher variety in building types with larger differentiation in heating and cooling demands can contribute to a better district sharing performance. In addition, it was found that these two sharing strategies were applicable to different kinds of districts.

Clean and Green Energy Technologies, Sustainable Development, and Environment

2014 ◽  
pp. 287-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdeen Mustafa Omer
Keyword(s):  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Reduction Of Energy Consumption

The move towards a low-carbon world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use of natural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases and provide comfortable coexistence of humans, livestock, and plants. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of energy sources, and the development of sustainable technologies to explore these energy sources. It also includes potential renewable energy technologies, efficient energy systems, energy savings techniques, and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate changes. The chapter concludes with the technical status of the Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) technology. The purpose of this chapter, however, is to examine the means of reduction of energy consumption in buildings, identify GSHPs as an environmentally friendly technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promote using GSHPs applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling, and to present typical applications and recent advances of the DX GSHPs.

Concept for shallow geothermal opportunity mapping

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Boon ◽  
Gareth Farr ◽  
Laura Williams ◽  
Stephen Thorpe ◽  
Ashley Patton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Combining Data

<p>Reaching Net Zero CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 2050 will require rapid and wide-scale deployment of renewable heating technologies in rural and urban areas, including open and closed loop type production wells and borehole heat exchangers, supplying individual, shared, and centralised heat pumps as part of wider district heating and cooling grids.  Ground and groundwater conditions are naturally variable and are a key factor in system viability, capital cost and long-term performance.  Engineering approaches for heating and cooling of buildings should be optimised for the local thermo-geological conditions to avoid system interference and thermal degradation.  Sustainable use of shallow geothermal systems can be achieved by adopting an environmental stewardship approach, integrating geological information within energy master plans, taking full advantage of subsurface data visualisation technology and integrated planning and modelling tools.</p><p>We present a method for creating a digital <em>shallow geothermal opportunities map</em> - mostly aimed at moderate- to expert-skill level geoenvironmetal and energy consultants, planners and civil engineers.  The output is a digital 1:50 000 scale equivalent thematic map, that provides a synthesis of available technical information by combining data such as 3D superficial geological model data - delimiting aquifer and non-aquifer boundaries, groundwater levels and temperatures, aquifer thickness, flow direction, possibly with inset tables summarising groundwater chemistry and key physical properties of the main geological units such typical thermal conductivity.  Built infrastructure that could constrain drilling locations, as well as potential water discharge points and open water heat source and storage opportunities, such as sewers, rivers, canals, docks, and lakes, might also be included in the map.  Local development plans and heat demand mapping data could then be integrated with the opportunities map to identify and prioritise districts that would benefit from more detailed viability studies for conversion of fossil fuel heating systems to low carbon heating and cooling technologies.</p><p>This project has received funding from the European Union’s H2020 research and innovation programme under the GeoERA MUSE project – Managing Urban Shallow Geothermal Energy.</p>

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Analysis of Carbon Emissions and Carbon Storage Using National Geography Census Data in Wuhan, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Liu ◽  
Xiangyun Hu ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Anqi Zhang ◽  
Jieting Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Block Level

Mapping changes in carbon emissions and carbon storage (CECS) with high precision at a small scale (urban street-block level) can improve governmental policy decisions with respect to the construction of low-carbon cities. In this study, a methodological framework for assessing the carbon budget and its spatiotemporal changes from 2015 to 2017 in Wuhan is proposed, which is able to monitor a large area. To estimate the carbon storage, a comprehensive coefficient model was adopted with carbon density factors and corresponding land cover types. Details regarding land cover were extracted from the Geographic National Census Data (GNCD), including forests, grasslands, croplands, and gardens. For the carbon emissions, an emission-factor model was first used and a spatialization operation was subsequently performed using the geographic location that was obtained from the GNCD. The carbon emissions that were identified in the study are from fossil-fuel consumption, industrial production processes, disposal of urban domestic refuse, and transportation. The final dynamic changes in the CECS, in addition to the net carbon emissions, were monitored and analyzed, yielding temporal and spatial maps with a high-precision at a small scale. The results showed that the carbon storage in Wuhan declined by 2.70% over the three years, whereas the carbon emissions initially increased by 0.2%, and subsequently decreased by 3.1% over this period. The trend in the net carbon emission changes was similar to that of the carbon emissions, demonstrating that the efficiency of carbon reduction was improved during this period. Precise spatiotemporal results at the street-block level can offer insights to governments that are engaged in urban carbon cycle decision making processes, improving their capacities to more effectively manage the spatial distribution of CECS.

350 Euston Road: Improving building performances and carbon footprint with innovative heating, ventilation and air conditioning solutions – A case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 650-662
Author(s):  
Phil Draper
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
The Uk

This case study paper describes the advantages of how heat pumps with heat recovery worked to contribute to improving energy performance and reducing the carbon footprint of buildings, with a short payback, thus showing it is a viable technology for energy cost reduction and for improving the environmental impact of buildings within the UK. All actions were taken based on performance for both the current and the future expected needs of the building and are measured against a baseline. The research and results confirm that heat pumps with heat recovery are a viable solution for London office buildings offering an integrated approach to building heating and cooling. The project resulted in a final reduction of 62% on the base building controlled utilities (total building less occupier power). The added benefits will be around the carbon benefits that the resultant 86% reduction in gas will bring due to the gradual de-carbonisation of the electric energy production in the UK. Practical application: This paper illustrates how to utilise an existing building’s energy use data to determine how relatively simple technology can optimise the provision of simultaneous heating and cooling for comfort. It also details how modelled data can be used to allow the correct sizing of equipment to deliver both good internal comfort and low carbon emissions.

scholarly journals Gas Engine-Driven Heat Pumps for Small-Scale Applications: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4845
Author(s):  
Carlo Roselli ◽  
Elisa Marrasso ◽  
Maurizio Sasso
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Energy Community

Gas engine-driven heat pumps are an interesting option to satisfy space heating and cooling demands aiming at energy saving, environmental impact and operating costs’ reduction. This work presents (i) a comprehensive review updated on gas engine-driven heat pumps research activities, (ii) the investigation of the central role of this technology in the air conditioning sector and (iii) the future perspectives regarding gas engine heat pumps’ diffusion in the context of the energy sector decarbonisation. The outcomes highlight that gas engine heat pumps could have better environmental performance compared to electric heat pumps both in heating and cooling operations. Moreover, they could play a pivotal role in the fight against climate change and energy security since they can guarantee an energy mix differentiation moving from electricity to natural gas and renewable gases’ usage. Indeed, by 2030, a lower-carbon gas grid could be supported by renewable gases. A further investigation has concerned diffusion of gas heat pumps activated from biofuels produced by local biomass in an energy community scenario based on a low-temperature energy district network. A novel biomass-based GEHP interacting with a low-temperature district heating network is proposed here. This system could save more than 30% of primary energy compared to biomass-fuelled boilers.

scholarly journals Critical Review on Efficiency of Ground Heat Exchangers in Heat Pump Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-224
Author(s):  
Adel Eswiasi ◽  
Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Pipe Diameter ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Ground Source

Use of ground source heat pumps has increased significantly in recent years for space heating and cooling of residential houses and commercial buildings, in both heating (i.e., cold region) and cooling (i.e., warm region) dominated climates, due to its low carbon footprint. Ground source heat pumps exploit the passive energy storage capacity of the ground for heating and cooling of buildings. The main focus of this paper is to critically review how different construction and operation parameters (e.g., pipe configuration, pipe diameter, grout, heat injection rate, and volumetric flow rate) have an impact on the thermal efficiency of the vertical ground heat exchanger (VGHE) in a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system. The published literatures indicate that thermal performance of VGHEs increases with an increase of borehole diameter and/or pipe diameter. These literatures show that the borehole thermal resistance of VGHEs decreases within a range of 9% to 52% due to pipe configurations and grout materials. Furthermore, this paper also identifies the scope to increase the thermal efficiency of VGHE. The authors conclude that in order to enhance the heat transfer rate in VGHE, any attempt to increase the surface area of the pipe configuration would likely be an effective solution.

Mine water as a resource: space heating and cooling via use of heat pumps

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Banks ◽  
Helge Skarphagen ◽  
Robin Wiltshire ◽  
Chris Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Mine Water ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Resource Space

POTOMAC

Alloy Digest ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Repeated Heating ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Heat Checking

Abstract POTOMAC is a general-purpose, low-carbon, chromium-molybdenum-tungsten hot-work steel. It has excellent resistance to shock and heat checking after repeated heating and cooling. Potomac is suitable for hot-work applications involving severe conditions of shock and sudden temperature changes. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: TS-290. Producer or source: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.

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