scholarly journals The Effect of OPV Module Size on Stability and Diurnal Performance: Outdoor Tests and Application of a Computer Model

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6324
Author(s):  
Tudur Wyn David ◽  
Noel Bristow ◽  
Vasil Stoichkov ◽  
Han Huang ◽  
Grazia Todeschini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Series Resistance ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Module Size

The outdoor performance of large area Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) is investigated in this work. Initially, the diurnal performance of the three modules is determined and found to be similar. Subsequently module degradation is monitored, and it is found that the larger area module displays a significantly greater stability as compared to the smallest area module; in fact the larger module displays a T50% (time to fall to 50% of its original value) of 191 days whilst the smallest module displays a T50% of 57 days. This is attributed to an increased level of water infiltration due to a larger perimeter-to-area ratio. These findings are then used to verify a computer simulation model which allows the model parameters, series and shunt resistances, to be calculated. It is determined that the series resistance is not an obvious obstruction at these module sizes. The findings of this work provide great promise for the application of OPV technology on a larger scale.

An Empirical Test for Steward's Model of Great Basin Settlement Patterns

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hurst Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Cultural Ecology ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
Settlement System

AbstractJulian Steward's theory of Great Basin cultural ecology and settlement patterns has been subjected to empirical validation. Since the only data available to test this hypothesis are archaeological, it was first necessary to determine the artifactual correlates for the posited ethnographic system. These deductive propositions were determined by the BASIN I computer simulation model. On the basis of data obtained in a regional random sampling project in the Reese Valley of central Nevada, over 75% of the nearly 130 deductive predictions were statistically verified. The rejected propositions probably reflect failure of the computer model rather than shortcomings in Steward's theory. The archaeological manifestation of the Shoshonean pattern is defined as the Reese River Subsistence-Settlement System which operated in the central Great Basin from about 2500 B.C. to historic times.

scholarly journals A Three-Dimensional Computer Simulation Model Reveals the Mechanisms for Self-Organization of Plant Cortical Microtubules into Oblique Arrays

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 2674-2684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezgi Can Eren ◽  
Ram Dixit ◽  
Natarajan Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
3D Computer Simulation

The noncentrosomal cortical microtubules (CMTs) of plant cells self-organize into a parallel three-dimensional (3D) array that is oriented transverse to the cell elongation axis in wild-type plants and is oblique in some of the mutants that show twisted growth. To study the mechanisms of CMT array organization, we developed a 3D computer simulation model based on experimentally observed properties of CMTs. Our computer model accurately mimics transverse array organization and other fundamental properties of CMTs observed in rapidly elongating wild-type cells as well as the defective CMT phenotypes observed in the Arabidopsis mor1-1 and fra2 mutants. We found that CMT interactions, boundary conditions, and the bundling cutoff angle impact the rate and extent of CMT organization, whereas branch-form CMT nucleation did not significantly impact the rate of CMT organization but was necessary to generate polarity during CMT organization. We also found that the dynamic instability parameters from twisted growth mutants were not sufficient to generate oblique CMT arrays. Instead, we found that parameters regulating branch-form CMT nucleation and boundary conditions at the end walls are important for forming oblique CMT arrays. Together, our computer model provides new mechanistic insights into how plant CMTs self-organize into specific 3D arrangements.

Improving Identifiability in Model Calibration Using Multiple Responses

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Arendt ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Daniel W. Apley
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Model Uncertainty ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Multiple Responses ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty

The use of complex computer simulations to design, improve, optimize, or simply to better understand complex systems in many fields of science and engineering is now ubiquitous. However, simulation models are never a perfect representation of physical reality. Two general sources of uncertainty that account for the differences between simulations and experiments are parameter uncertainty and model uncertainty. The former derives from unknown model parameters, while the latter is caused by underlying missing physics, numerical approximations, and other inaccuracies of the computer simulation that exist even if all of the parameters are known. To obtain knowledge of these two sources of uncertainty, data from computer simulations (usually abundant) and data from physical experiments (typically more limited) are often combined using statistical methods. Statistical adjustment of the computer simulation model to account for the two sources of uncertainty is referred to as calibration. We argue that calibration as it is typically implemented, using only a single response variable, is challenging in that it is often extremely difficult to distinguish between the effects of parameter and model uncertainty. However, many different responses (distinct responses and/or the same response measured at different spatial and temporal locations) are automatically calculated in simulations. As multiple responses generally share a mutual dependence on the unknown parameters, they provide valuable information that can improve identifiability of parameter and model uncertainty in calibration, if they are also measured experimentally. In this paper, we explore the use of multiple responses for calibration.

Optimization of Backward Giant Circle Technique on the Asymmetric Bars

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hiley ◽  
Maurice R. Yeadon
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Close Match ◽  
Optimum Technique ◽  
Consistent Performance

The release window for a given dismount from the asymmetric bars is the period of time within which release results in a successful dismount. Larger release windows are likely to be associated with more consistent performance because they allow a greater margin for error in timing the release. A computer simulation model was used to investigate optimum technique for maximizing release windows in asymmetric bars dismounts. The model comprised four rigid segments with the elastic properties of the gymnast and bar modeled using damped linear springs. Model parameters were optimized to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances of three gymnasts in terms of rotation angle (1.5°), bar displacement (0.014 m), and release velocities (<1%). Three optimizations to maximize the release window were carried out for each gymnast involving no perturbations, 10-ms perturbations, and 20-ms perturbations in the timing of the shoulder and hip joint movements preceding release. It was found that the optimizations robust to 20-ms perturbations produced release windows similar to those of the actual performances whereas the windows for the unperturbed optimizations were up to twice as large. It is concluded that robustness considerations must be included in optimization studies in order to obtain realistic results and that elite performances are likely to be robust to timing perturbations of the order of 20 ms.

A Computer Model to Simulate Solar and Solar-Dehumidification Lumber Drying

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Helmer ◽  
P. Y. S. Chen ◽  
M. B. Vaidya
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Computer Prediction ◽  
Dry Wood ◽  
Lumber Drying

A computer simulation model was developed for a solar lumber drier and a solar-dehumidification drier. Experimental data taken on an existing solar and solar-dehumidification drier compared well with the computer prediction. The solar-dehumidification lumber drier is able to dry wood about as fast as a conventional drier and yet use less than 50 percent of the fossel fuel energy at the site.

Submerged upflow biotower operation and computer simulation

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Neufeld ◽  
Christopher A. Badali ◽  
Dennis Powers ◽  
Christopher Carson
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
First Order ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Biological Transformation ◽  
Kinetics Of

A two step operation is proposed for the biodegradation of low concentrations (&lt; 10 mg/L) of BETX substances in an up flow submerged biotower configuration. Step 1 involves growth of a lush biofilm using benzoic acid in a batch mode. Step 2 involves a longer term biological transformation of BETX. Kinetics of biotransformations are modeled using first order assumptions, with rate constants being a function of benzoic acid dosages used in Step 1. A calibrated computer model is developed and presented to predict the degree of transformation and biomass level throughout the tower under a variety of inlet and design operational conditions.

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