scholarly journals The Impacts of Shanghai’s July 2019 Municipal Domestic Waste Management Regulations on Energy Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7658
Author(s):  
Changjun Li ◽  
Firooz Firoozmand ◽  
Marie K. Harder
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
The World ◽  
Broad Policy ◽  
Shanghai Municipality

Cities all over the world are trying to divert municipal waste away from landfill and fossil fuel-assisted incineration and toward circular economies where waste is converted into new resources. Residential food waste is the most challenging sub-stream, as it is the worst culprit in producing greenhouse gases in landfill and incineration, and it is almost impossible to have residents separate it cleanly at source. Here we investigate the outstanding diversion results of Shanghai Municipality since the introduction of the July 2019 Municipal Regulations, of over 9600 tons per day of clean food waste, still maintained two years later. In particular, we question why they might have increased so sharply after July 2019 and examine historic policies to determine broad policy intentions, their implementations, and officially reported tonnages of different resulting waste streams. It was found that many prior steps included infrastructure building and piloting different behavioral approaches. However, the July 2019 policy brought in legal responsibilities to very clearly defined roles for each stakeholder—including for the residents to sort and for local governances to support them—and this pulled all the operational elements together. The immediate and sustained jumps in clean food waste collection fed biogas production (0.1–1.0 GWh/day) and energy-from-waste (less wet) (5.4–8.6 GWh/day).

Improved Biogas Production from Corn Stalks, Pig Manure and Eggshell

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
U. A. Adekola ◽  
I. Eiroboyi ◽  
Y. Yerima ◽  
T. E. B. Akinmoji ◽  
L. O. Uti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Substrate

The need for an environmentally friendly energy source in the world has led to major diversification in renewable energy. Biogas provides a renewable energy source that will replace fossil fuel inevitably. The experiment was carried out using a self-designed laboratory-scale anaerobic biogas digester. The study was carried out at room temperature from 25 - 31°C for 20 days using corn stalk as the main substrate while Pig manure and eggshell were used as co-substrates. The findings showed that the biogas produced from the sample containing a blend of corn stalk, Pig manure, and eggshell resulted in higher biogas volume than the sample containing corn stalk and eggshell, corn stalk, and pig manure as well as the sample containing only corn stalk. This implies that the use of the corn stalk blend is a source of renewable energy. Thus, ensuring the sustainability of biogas production in the future.

Energy Consumption Trends Across the Globe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard York
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
First Century ◽  
China And India ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Energy Consumption

This chapter identifies four important trends in global energy consumption that have emerged in recent decades. First, the consumption of energy and electricity is growing at a faster pace in the twenty-first century than it was at the end of the twentieth century. Second, growth in energy and electricity consumption has slowed in affluent nations, but it is accelerating in some developing nations, particularly China and India. Third, energy efficiency has generally improved around the world, but it has not substantially curtailed energy consumption in most nations. Fourth, despite rapid growth in renewable energy production globally, fossil-fuel consumption continues to grow.

Energy Production and Consumption Patterns: An Examination of the State of Energy, Electricity, and Air Pollution in Lebanon

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naim Jabbour
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Natural resources including energy are very scarce in Lebanon. As such, the country imports more than 90% of the fuel to satisfy its energy and electricity needs (EIA), primarily fossil fuel based. Furthermore, fuel consumption is forecasted to grow over the next decade, exacerbating the reliance on foreign volatile energy sources. This paper provides an overview of the energy sector in Lebanon and its impact on air pollution. Similarly, population growth is expected to continue on a steady and consistent rate, while resources remain limited. To that end, electricity consumption is disproportionate to population growth, indicative of severe inefficiencies and waste. Furthermore, the total energy consumption per household in Lebanon far exceeded its counterparts in the EU and the US. The country’s energy production market is severely volatile and unreliable, resulting in only a 50-70% coverage of electrical needs from public governmental sources. Consequently, current public electric generation capacity is not meeting con-sumption patterns, resulting in widespread power outages, blackouts, and a heavy reliance on the unregulated” mafia-like” private generation market. Furthermore, energy consumption patterns have been increasing over the past decade and are projected to continue to grow over the next 10 years. Correspondingly, emissions patterns follow a similar trend to energy consumption pat-terns. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated a 100% of the population is exposed to pollution levels above the recommended guidelines. Moreover, governmental failure to regulate and protect the environment has severely impacted the country’s natural resources and overall environment. As such, Lebanon was ranked 5th in the 2019 Pollution Index for Country, which examined air pollution in countries worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates the levels of air pollution in Leb-anon to be at a tipping point. Furthermore, air pollution is considered the greatest threat towards the health of Lebanese citizens. The proliferation of the transportation sector, unregulated energy sector, and private diesel generators are major contributors to air pollution in the beleaguered nation. To that end, the residential sector constituted a major contributor to this pollution, account-ing for more than 30% of total energy use in the country and its associated emissions. Most of this energy is provided via liquified petroleum gas (LPG) generated electricity, a major fossil fuel. This paper explores the state of energy and electricity in Lebanon and their implications on air pollution. It also examines the state of energy use within the residential sector as it relates to overall electricity and pollution patterns. Lastly, the paper provides a sampling of alternative solutions and mechanisms to combat the electricity crisis and air pollution problems. Keywords: Energy Consumption; Electricity Generation; Residential Energy Patterns; Air Pollution

scholarly journals The Potential of Biogas Production with Co-Digestion between Food Waste and Cow Dung

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 1410
Author(s):  
Nisa Pakvilai
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Production System ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cow Dung

The objective of this research was to analyze the potential of biogas production with co-digestion between food waste and cow dung. The experiment research was batched with small scale and scale up with semi-continuous, temperature was operated within 35 - 37 °C. The suitable condition for biogas production between food waste and cow dung was presented with 75:25 (T1). 55 mL of the biogas potential was obtained which is considered as small scale. Thus, the scale up was presented in 75:25 (T1) ratio. In term of scale up the biogas obtained from the production is 650 ml which is higher than small scale. The scale up reactor of biogas production was 100 liters. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced from 30,000 to 5,000 - 7,000 mL L-1. The efficiency of COD was obtained 76.67 - 83.3 %, respectively. In term of total solid, it was decreased from 19,000 to 16,500 mL L-1. Initial VFA was presented 4,000 mL L-1, and final was presented 3,800 mL L-1, respectively. However, the biogas production from food waste and cow dung can enhance the performance of municipal solid waste and alternative energy production. Finally, the finding of co-digestion in biogas production system suggested utilization in household and communities. HIGHLIGHTS Food waste is the major waste in household, and it has high potential for energy production Co-digestion in biogas production system that suggested utilization in household and communities The biogas production from food waste and cow dung can enhance the performance of municipal solid waste and alternative energy production GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

scholarly journals Anaerobic Decomposition of Cattle Manure Blended with Food Waste for Biogas Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Anaerobic Decomposition ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Process Operation

The concern on how food and livestock waste should be managed and recycled has greatly increased in the world. This research investigated the anaerobic decomposition (digestion) process for biogas production on dairy cattle manure (CM) and food waste (FW) using a bacteria as inoculum - Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CM and FW were co-digested with bacteria (P. aeruginosa) as the substrate. FW was allowed to decompose separately without inoculum for 30 days. Digesters (Bioreactor) were prepared in five places to monitor the maximum biogas production, generation rate of methane and number of days for the production of biogas. 1 to ratio 5ml and 10ml of FW were codigested with P. aeruginosa (bacteria) in 2 proportion and also Cow manure with 1 to ratio 1 and 0.5ml in 2 proportions [ 1:5ml; 1:10ml and 1:1; 1:5ml]. Batch process operation was used under mesophilic condition (35⁰C) for the digesters/bioreactor. Production of biogas was notices on the third and fourth day after commencement for the digesters with cattle manure, fourth to fifth day for the digester (bioreactor) with bacteria and third day for the digester with only FW. FW and CM generated highest cumulative biogas with volume of 88.5g/kg.

scholarly journals Biogas Production Systems and Upgrading Technologies: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Andlar ◽  
Halina Belskaya ◽  
Galina Morzak ◽  
Mirela Ivančić Šantek ◽  
Tonči Rezić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Gas Emission

The underutilized biomass and different organic waste streams are today in the focus of research for renewable energy production due to the effusive use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases emission. In addition, one of the major environmental problems is also a constant increase of the number of organic waste streams. In lot countries, sustainable waste management, including waste prevention and reduction, has become a priority as a means to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emission. To provide solutions for both energy-related and environmental tasks, application of biogas technologies is one of the promising solutions. This review is aimed to present conventional and novel biogas production systems, as well as purification and upgrading technologies, nowadays applicable in the large scale, with a special focus on the CO2 and H2S removal. It also gives an overview of feedstocks and prominent parameters for biogas production, together with the digestate utilization and application of molecular biology in order to improve the biogas production.

Social Movements and Energy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion Bogdan Vasi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Energy Projects ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
Energy Companies

The chapter presents a number of energy-focused campaigns organized by activists in developed and developing countries. After contrasting reactive campaigns that oppose various energy projects with proactive campaigns that support renewable energy, the chapter discusses the ways in which governments and energy companies have responded to these campaigns. The main argument is that we are witnessing the beginning of an energy-focused global movement, which has organized large protests and demonstrations to attract mass media attention and influence public opinion. This movement has also triggered a backlash from the fossil fuel countermovement. The conclusion of the chapter explores current and future trends in energy production around the world.

scholarly journals Waste Plastic, the Challenge Facing Developing Countries—Ban It, Change It, Collect It?

Recycling ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
The World ◽  
Single Solution ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Taking Action

With changing consumption patterns, growing populations and increased urbanisation, developing countries face significant challenges with regards to waste management. Waste plastic is a particularly problematic one, with single-use plastic leaking into the environment, including the marine environment, at an unprecedented rate. Around the world, countries are taking action to minimise these impacts, including banning single-use plastics; changing petroleum-based plastics to alternative bio-benign products such as paper, glass or biodegradable plastics; and improving waste collection systems to ensure that all waste is appropriately collected and reprocessed or safely disposed. However, these “solutions” are often met with resistance, from business, government or civil society, due to the intended and unintended consequences, leaving many questioning the most appropriate solution to reducing the leakage. This paper argues that there is no one single solution to addressing the leakage of plastic into the environment, but that the solution is likely to be a combination of the three approaches, based on local considerations.

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