scholarly journals Anthocyanin Synthesis and the Expression Patterns of bHLH Transcription Factor Family during Development of the Chinese Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianqian Shi ◽  
Xi Li ◽  
Jiangtao Du ◽  
Xingang Li
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Jujube Fruit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Changing Patterns

The basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family is an important transcription factor for eukaryotes and is involved in a wide range of biological activities. Among these, bHLH can interaction with WD repeat (WD40 or WDR) and V-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) form a ternary complex to promote the efficient synthesis of anthocyanins. In this study, a total of 138 jujube bHLH (ZjbHLH) family members were screened from the transcriptome of the two jujube cultivars, ‘Junzao’ (JZ) and ‘Tailihong’ (TLH). Of these, 95 ZjbHLH genes were mapped to 12 chromosomes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 27 arabidopsis bHLH (AtbHLH) protein sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and 138 ZjbHLH protein sequences of jujube. The results show that the ZjbHLH family of jujube can be divided into 12 subfamilies. The three candidate genes, ZjGL3a, ZjGL3b and ZjTT8, related to anthocyanin synthesis, were classified into subgroup III. Meanwhile, ZjGL3a, ZjGL3b and ZjTT8 have high homology with the bHLH transcription factors involved in anthocyanin synthesis in other plants. In addition, it was found that the jujube ZjbHLH transcript family showed changing patterns of expression during fruit development. The relative expression levels of ZjGL3a, ZjGL3 and ZjTT8 were consistent with the changes of the anthocyanin contents in the two jujube cultivars examined. To better understand the anthocyanin synthesis pathway involved in ZjbHLH, a regulatory pathway model for anthocyanin synthesis was constructed. This model involves the processes of anthocyanin signal transduction, synthesis and transport.

scholarly journals Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) Transcription Factors Regulate a Wide Range of Functions in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7152
Author(s):  
Yaqi Hao ◽  
Xiumei Zong ◽  
Pan Ren ◽  
Yuqi Qian ◽  
Aigen Fu
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family is one of the largest transcription factor gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana, and contains a bHLH motif that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotic organisms. Members of this family have two conserved motifs, a basic DNA binding region and a helix-loop-helix (HLH) region. These proteins containing bHLH domain usually act as homo- or heterodimers to regulate the expression of their target genes, which are involved in many physiological processes and have a broad range of functions in biosynthesis, metabolism and transduction of plant hormones. Although there are a number of articles on different aspects to provide detailed information on this family in plants, an overall summary is not available. In this review, we summarize various aspects of related studies that provide an overview of insights into the pleiotropic regulatory roles of these transcription factors in plant growth and development, stress response, biochemical functions and the web of signaling networks. We then provide an overview of the functional profile of the bHLH family and the regulatory mechanisms of other proteins.

scholarly journals Cloning, molecular evolution and functional characterization of ZmbHLHl6, the maize ortholog of OsTIP2 (OsbHLH142)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongming Liu ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Gui Wei ◽  
Yonghao Sun ◽  
Yanli Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
A Genome

AbstractAbstract Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play key roles in plant male reproduction. More than 14 bHLH proteins related to pollen development have been cloned from rice and Arabidopsis. However, little is known about the role of the bHLH family in maize microspore development. In this study, the bHLH transcription factor ZmbHLH16 was cloned. ZmbHLH16 shares high similarity with the OsTIP2 (OsbHLH142) protein, a master regulator of the developmental coordination of male reproduction in rice. Expression characterization analysis showed that ZmbHLH16 is preferentially expressed in male reproductive organs and is located in the nucleus. Through nucleotide variation analysis, 36 polymorphic sites in ZmbHLH16, including 23 SNPs and 13 InDels, were detected among 78 maize inbred lines. Neutrality tests and linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that ZmbHLH16 experienced no significant evolutionary pressure. A yeast one-hybrid experiment showed that the first 80 residues in the N-terminus of ZmbHLH16 had transactivation activity, whereas the full length did not. To identify potential ZmbHLH16 interactors, 395 genes that shared similar expression patterns in a genome-wide search were obtained through coexpression analysis. Among these genes, the transcription factor ZmbHLH51 had an expression pattern and subcellular localization similar to those of ZmbHLH16. The interaction between ZmbHLH51 and ZmbHLH16 was verified in yeast cells. In addition to the typical bHLH domain, other regions of ZmbHLH16 were necessary and adequate for its heterodimerization with ZmbHLH51. Our results contribute to a solid foundation for further understanding the functions and mechanisms of ZmbHLH16.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Chicken Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Factors

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu-yi Liu ◽  
Chun-jiang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factor Family ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Wide Range

Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors play important roles in a wide range of developmental processes. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide survey using the chicken (Gallus gallus) genomic database, and identified 104 bHLH sequences belonging to 42 gene families in an effort to characterize the chicken bHLH transcription factor family. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that chicken has 50, 21, 15, 4, 8, and 3 bHLH members in groups A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively, while three members belonging to none of these groups were classified as ‘‘orphans’’. A comparison between chicken and human bHLH repertoires suggested that both organisms have a number of lineage-specific bHLH members in the proteomes. Chromosome distribution patterns and phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that the bHLH members should have arisen through gene duplication at an early date. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment statistics showed 51 top GO annotations of biological processes counted in the frequency. The present study deepens our understanding of the chicken bHLH transcription factor family and provides much useful information for further studies using chicken as a model system.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Characterization and Analysis of bHLH Transcription Factors Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Fig (Ficus carica L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaoyu Song ◽  
Haomiao Wang ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Hantang Huang ◽  
Shangwu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factor Family ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Bhlh Genes

The basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor family is the second largest transcription factor family in plants, and participates in various plant growth and development processes. A total of 118 bHLH genes were identified from fig (Ficus carica L.) by whole-genome database search. Phylogenetic analysis with Arabidopsis homologs divided them into 25 subfamilies. Most of the bHLHs in each subfamily shared a similar gene structure and conserved motifs. Seventy-two bHLHs were found expressed at fragments per kilobase per million mapped (FPKM) > 10 in the fig fruit; among them, 15 bHLHs from eight subfamilies had FPKM > 100 in at least one sample. bHLH subfamilies had different expression patterns in the female flower tissue and peel during fig fruit development. Comparing green and purple peel mutants, 13 bHLH genes had a significantly different (≥ 2-fold) expression. Light deprivation resulted in 68 significantly upregulated and 22 downregulated bHLH genes in the peel of the fruit. Sixteen bHLH genes in subfamily III were selected by three sets of transcriptomic data as candidate genes related to anthocyanin synthesis. Interaction network prediction and yeast two-hybrid screening verified the interaction between FcbHLH42 and anthocyanin synthesis-related genes. The transient expression of FcbHLH42 in tobacco led to an apparent anthocyanin accumulation. Our results confirm the first fig bHLH gene involved in fruit color development, laying the foundation for an in-depth functional study on other FcbHLH genes in fig fruit quality formation, and contributing to our understanding of the evolution of bHLH genes in other horticulturally important Ficus species.

Hxt encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that regulates trophoblast cell development

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (8) ◽  
pp. 2513-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Cross ◽  
M.L. Flannery ◽  
M.A. Blanar ◽  
E. Steingrimsson ◽  
N.A. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Trophoblast Cells ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix

Trophoblast cells are the first lineage to form in the mammalian conceptus and mediate the process of implantation. We report the cloning of a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor gene, Hxt, that is expressed in early trophoblast and in differentiated giant cells. A separate gene, Hed, encodes a related protein that is expressed in maternal deciduum surrounding the implantation site. Overexpression of Hxt in mouse blastomeres directed their development into trophoblast cells in blastocysts. In addition, overexpression of Hxt induced the differentiation of rat trophoblast (Rcho-1) stem cells as assayed by changes in cell adhesion and by activation of the placental lactogen-I gene promoter, a trophoblast giant cell-specific gene. In contrast, the negative HLH regulator, Id-1, inhibited Rcho-1 differentiation and placental lactogen-I transcription. These data demonstrate a role for HLH factors in regulating trophoblast development and indicate a positive role for Hxt in promoting the formation of trophoblast giant cells.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of Basic Helix–Loop–Helix Superfamily Members Reveals Organization and Chilling-Responsive Patterns in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 914
Author(s):  
Shan ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Yu ◽  
Wang ◽  
Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix

Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) family is commonly found in eukaryotes, which is one of the largest families of regulator proteins. It plays an important role in plant growth and development, as well as various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive analysis of the bHLH family has not been reported in Brassica oleracea. In this study, we systematically describe the BobHLHs in the phylogenetic relationships, expression patterns in different organs/tissues, and in response to chilling stress, and gene and protein characteristics. A total of 234 BobHLH genes were identified in the B. oleracea genome and were further clustered into twenty-three subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analyses. A large number of BobHLH genes were unevenly located on nine chromosomes of B. oleracea. Analysis of RNA-Seq expression profiles revealed that 21 BobHLH genes exhibited organ/tissue-specific expression. Additionally, the expression of six BobHLHs (BobHLH003, -048, -059, -093, -109, and -148) were significantly down-regulated in chilling-sensitive cabbage (CS-D9) and chilling-tolerant cabbage (CT-923). At 24h chilling stress, BobHLH054 was significantly down-regulated and up-regulated in chilling-treated CS-D9 and CT-923. Conserved motif characterization and exon/intron structural patterns showed that BobHLH genes had similar structures in the same subfamily. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of BobHLH genes and reveals several candidate genes involved in chilling tolerance of B. oleracea, which may be helpful to clarify the roles of bHLH family members and understand the regulatory mechanisms of BobHLH genes in response to the chilling stress of cabbage.

scholarly journals FIT, a regulatory hub for iron deficiency and stress signaling in roots, and FIT-dependent and -independent gene signatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1694-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birte Schwarz ◽  
Petra Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Gene Signatures ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Independent Gene ◽  
Fe Uptake ◽  
Fe Acquisition

Abstract Iron (Fe) is vital for plant growth. Plants balance the beneficial and toxic effects of this micronutrient, and tightly control Fe uptake and allocation. Here, we review the role of the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor FIT (FER-LIKE FE DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR) in Fe acquisition. FIT is not only essential, it is also a central regulatory hub in root cells to steer and adjust the rate of Fe uptake by the root in a changing environment. FIT regulates a subset of root Fe deficiency (–Fe) response genes. Based on a combination of co-expression network and FIT-dependent transcriptome analyses, we defined a set of FIT-dependent and FIT-independent gene expression signatures and co-expression clusters that encode specific functions in Fe regulation and Fe homeostasis. These gene signatures serve as markers to integrate novel regulatory factors and signals into the –Fe response cascade. FIT forms a complex with bHLH subgroup Ib transcription factors. Furthermore, it interacts with key regulators from different signaling pathways that either activate or inhibit FIT function to adjust Fe acquisition to growth and environmental constraints. Co-expression clusters and FIT protein interactions suggest a connection of –Fe with ABA responses and root cell elongation processes that can be explored in future studies.

scholarly journals Tomato bHLH132 Transcription Factor Controls Growth and Defense and Is Activated by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Effector XopD During Pathogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1614-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Gun Kim ◽  
Mary Beth Mudgett
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Tal Effectors ◽  
Sumo Protease ◽  
Tal Effector ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Xanthomonas Euvesicatoria

Effector-dependent manipulation of host transcription is a key virulence mechanism used by Xanthomonas species causing bacterial spot disease in tomato and pepper. Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors employ novel DNA-binding domains to directly activate host transcription, whereas the non-TAL effector XopD uses a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protease activity to represses host transcription. The targets of TAL and non-TAL effectors provide insight to the genes governing susceptibility and resistance during Xanthomonas infection. In this study, we investigated the extent to which the X. euvesicatoria non-TAL effector strain Xe85-10 activates tomato transcription to gain new insight to the transcriptional circuits and virulence mechanisms associated with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pathogenesis. Using transcriptional profiling, we identified a putative basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, bHLH132, as a pathogen-responsive gene that is moderately induced by microbe-associated molecular patterns and defense hormones and is highly induced by XopD during X. euvesicatoria infection. We also found that activation of bHLH132 transcription requires the XopD SUMO protease activity. Silencing bHLH132 mRNA expression results in stunted tomato plants with enhanced susceptibility to X. euvesicatoria infection. Our work suggests that bHLH132 is required for normal vegetative growth and development as well as resistance to X. euvesicatoria. It also suggests new transcription-based models describing XopD virulence and recognition in tomato.

scholarly journals The Basic-Region Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor DevR Significantly Affects Polysaccharide Metabolism inAspergillus oryzae

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Zhuang ◽  
Zhi-Min Zhang ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Bao-Teng Wang ◽  
Yasuji Koyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Starch Metabolism ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Amylase Production ◽  
Basic Region

ABSTRACTBasic-region helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a superfamily of transcription factors that are often involved in the control of growth and differentiation. Recently, it was reported that the bHLH transcription factor DevR is involved in both asexual and sexual development inAspergillus nidulansand regulates the conidial melanin production inAspergillus fumigatus. In this study, we identified and characterized anAspergillus oryzaegene that showed high similarity withdevRofA. nidulansandA. fumigatus(AodevR). In the AodevR-disrupted strain, growth was delayed and the number of conidia was decreased on Czapek-Dox (CD) minimal agar plates, but the conidiation was partially recovered by adding 0.6 M KCl. Simultaneously, the overexpression of AodevRwas induced and resulted in extremely poor growth when the carbon source changed from glucose to polysaccharide (dextrin) in the CD agar plate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the overexpression of AodevRresulted in extremely thin aberrant hyphal morphology. Conversely, the deletion of AodevRresulted in thicker hyphae and in more resistance to Congo red relative to the control strain. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) further indicated that AoDevR significantly affects chitin and starch metabolism, and importantly, the overexpression of AodevRinhibited the expression of genes related to starch degradation. A yeast one-hybrid assay suggested that the DevR protein possibly interacted with the promoter ofamyR, which encodes a transcription factor involved in amylase production. Importantly, AoDevR is involved in polysaccharide metabolism and affects the growth of theA. oryzaestrain.IMPORTANCEAspergillus oryzaeis an industrially important filamentous fungus; therefore, a clear understanding of its polysaccharide metabolism and utilization is very important for its industrial utilization. In this study, we revealed that the basic-region helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor AoDevR is importantly involved in chitin and starch metabolism inA. oryzae. The overexpression of AodevRstrongly suppressed the expression of amylase-related genes. The results of a yeast one-hybrid assay suggested that the DevR protein potentially interacts with the promoter ofamyR, which encodes a transcription factor involved in amylase production and starch utilization. This study provides new insight for further revealing the regulation mechanism of amylase production inA. oryzae.

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