scholarly journals Woody Litter Increases Headwater Stream Metal Export Ratio in an Alpine Forest

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
Ziyi Liang ◽  
Fuzhong Wu ◽  
Xiangyin Ni ◽  
Bo Tan ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
...  

Headwater streams have low productivity and are closely linked to forest ecosystems, which input a large amount of plant litter into streams. Most current studies have focused on the decomposition process of plant litter in streams, and the effects of non-woody and woody litter on metal transfer, accumulation, and storage in streams are poorly understood. Here, we addressed how non-woody and woody litter affect metals in headwater streams in an alpine forest on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau. This area is the source of many rivers and plays an important regulatory role in the regional climate and water conservation. Through comparisons of five metal concentrations, exports and storage in headwater streams with different input conditions of plant litter, our results showed that the input of woody litter could significantly increase flow discharge and increase the metal export ratio in the water. Similarly, the input of non-woody litter could reduce the metal concentration in the water and facilitate the stable storage of metals in the sediment in the headwater streams. Therefore, allochthonous non-woody and woody litter can affect the concentration of metals in water and sediment, and the transfer and accumulation of metals from upstream to downstream in headwater streams. This study provides basic data and new findings for understanding the effects of allochthonous plant litter on the accumulation and storage of metals in headwater forest streams and may provide new ideas for assessing and managing water quality in headwater streams in alpine forests.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Xu ◽  
Satoshi Fukushima ◽  
Sophie Sobanska ◽  
Kotaro Murata ◽  
Ayumi Naganuma ◽  
...  

Abstract. Tracing the aging progress of soot particles during transport is highly challenging. An Asian dust event could provide an ideal opportunity to trace the continuous aging progress of long-range transported soot particles. Here, we collected individual aerosol particles at an inland urban site (T1) and a coastal urban site (T2) in China and a coastal site (T3) in southwestern Japan during an Asian dust event. Microscopic analysis showed that the number fraction of soot-bearing particles increased from 19 % to 22 % from T1 to T2 in China but surprisingly increased to 56 % at T3 in Japan. The dominant fresh soot (71 %) at T1 became partially embedded (70 %) at T2 and fully embedded (84 %) at T3. These results indicated that the soot particles had lower deposition than other aerosol types and became more aged from T1 to T3. The fractal dimension of the soot particles slightly changed from 1.74 at T1 and 1.78 at T2 but significantly became 1.91 at T3. We found that the soot morphology compressed depending on secondary coating thickness and relative humidity. Moreover, we observed a unique mixing structure at T3 that tiny soot particles were seemly broken from large ones cross the East China Sea and distributed in organic coatings instead of sulfate core in particles. Our study provide important constraints of the morphological effects to better understand changes of microscopic structures of soot. These new findings will be helpful to improve optical calculation and modeling of soot particles and their regional climate effects in the atmosphere.


2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
张慧玲 ZHANG Huiling ◽  
杨万勤 YANG Wanqing ◽  
汪明 WANG Ming ◽  
廖姝 LIAO Shu ◽  
张川 ZHANG Chuan ◽  
...  

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1109-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H.J. Krüger ◽  
A. Jordaan ◽  
L.R. Tiedt ◽  
R.J. Strasser ◽  
M. Kilbourn Louw ◽  
...  

We present new findings on leaf and stomatal apparatus anatomy and ecophysiology of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook.f. that are relevant to survival in the desert. We show that the structure of the stomatal apparatus with thin areas in the guard cell walls is a key feature enabling an opportunistic survival strategy through reversible quick switch-over from water conservation to CO2assimilation. Desert environment and greenhouse data demonstrated that stomatal conductance increased almost immediately after dawn to reach a maximum within approximately an hour, whereupon a steep decrease occurred. After discontinuation of induced drought in potted plants, fast recovery of stomatal conductance occurred while copious new root hairs developed within 50 h. Stomatal limitation proved to be the main photosynthetic constraint under induced drought. Under severe drought stress, biochemical limitation came into play. Chlorophyll fluorescence data of in-situ plants showed that the photosynthetic potential of leaf tissue is highest near the basal meristem, but although it decreases with age, it retains activity up to the leaf apex at the end of the green part. The photosynthetic potential of potted plants was optimal at 20 °C, analogous to mesophytic plants. Our data confirms our hypothesis that leaf surface and stomatal structure play a crucial role in moisture conservation and moderating leaf temperature for desert survival.


2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 4753-4808 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Velluet ◽  
J. Demarty ◽  
B. Cappelaere ◽  
I. Braud ◽  
H. B.-A. Issoufou ◽  
...  

Abstract. In the African Sahel, energy and water cycling at the land surface is pivotal for regional climate, water resources and land productivity, yet it is still extremely poorly documented. As a step towards a comprehensive climatological description of surface fluxes in this area, this study provides estimates of average annual budgets and seasonal cycles for two main land use types of the cultivated Sahelian belt, rainfed millet crop and fallow bush. These estimates build on the combination of a 7 year field dataset from two typical plots in southwestern Niger with detailed physically-based soil-plant-atmosphere modelling, yielding a continuous, comprehensive set of water and energy flux and storage variables over the 7 year period. In this study case in particular, blending field data with mechanistic modelling is considered as making best use of available data and knowledge for such purpose. It extends observations by reconstructing missing data and extrapolating to unobserved variables or periods. Furthermore, model constraining with observations compromises between extraction of observational information content and integration of process understanding, hence accounting for data imprecision and departure from physical laws. Climatological averages of all water and energy variables, with associated sampling uncertainty, are derived at annual to subseasonal scales from the 7 year series produced. Similarities and differences in the two ecosystems behaviors are highlighted. Mean annual evapotranspiration is found to represent ~82–85% of rainfall for both systems, but with different soil evaporation/plant transpiration partitioning and different seasonal distribution. The remainder consists entirely of runoff for the fallow, whereas drainage and runoff stand in a 40–60% proportion for the millet field. These results should provide a robust reference for the surface energy- and water-related studies needed in this region. The model developed in this context has the potential for reliable simulations outside the reported conditions, including changing climate and land cover.


2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 3536-3551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart van den Hurk ◽  
Martin Hirschi ◽  
Christoph Schär ◽  
Geert Lenderink ◽  
Erik van Meijgaard ◽  
...  

Abstract Simulations with seven regional climate models driven by a common control climate simulation of a GCM carried out for Europe in the context of the (European Union) EU-funded Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate change risks and Effects (PRUDENCE) project were analyzed with respect to land surface hydrology in the Rhine basin. In particular, the annual cycle of the terrestrial water storage was compared to analyses based on the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) atmospheric convergence and observed Rhine discharge data. In addition, an analysis was made of the partitioning of convergence anomalies over anomalies in runoff and storage. This analysis revealed that most models underestimate the size of the water storage and consequently overestimated the response of runoff to anomalies in net convergence. The partitioning of these anomalies over runoff and storage was indicative for the response of the simulated runoff to a projected climate change consistent with the greenhouse gas A2 Synthesis Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES). In particular, the annual cycle of runoff is affected largely by the terrestrial storage reservoir. Larger storage capacity leads to smaller changes in both wintertime and summertime monthly mean runoff. The sustained summertime evaporation resulting from larger storage reservoirs may have a noticeable impact on the summertime surface temperature projections.


1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Karpiscak ◽  
Richard G. Brittain ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Kennith E. Foster

Single-family homes are being used to demonstrate and research water conserving and reuse techniques and technologies. These facilities can provide real-world data as well as public information and educational programs. The installation of water-conserving fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and graywater reuse systems and storage can reduce the requirements for potable water by 50 percent. Casa del Agua and Desert House show that the science of conserving resources can be balanced with the art of designing quality desert dwellings.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Hirsch ◽  
Thomas Raab ◽  
Patrick Drohan ◽  
Alexander Bonhage

<p>Pleistocene dynamics are usually associated with the formation of characteristic landforms such as moraines, dunes, or kettle holes. However, cold climate processes can also shape the landscape but not result in such prominent relief features. This is especially true for slope deposits that have been formed in periglacial regions through geli-solifluction and/or cryoturbation.  While the terms used to refer to such slope deposits may differ with the disciplines of soil science and/or geomorphology, such features are often still recognized by practicing scientists. In the US, geli-solifluction and/or cryoturbation features are subsumed with a very general term ‘colluvium’ whereas in Europe a more sophisticated number of terms is used separating sediments which formed under cold climate processes from sediments which formed due to anthropogenic induced soil erosion. Our study focuses on the stratigraphy of late Quaternary deposits and the soil formation in the northern Appalachians. The study area wasn’t glaciated during the Wisconsin glaciation; hence no MIS 5 or younger glacial deposits are reported.</p><p>To advance a common terminology between geoscientist, we examined pedons representative of Holocene and periglacial dynamics that reflect the strong role that solifluction played in pre and MIS 5landscape dynamics. Especially on foot slopes and toe slopes pedon stratigraphy is characterized by a several meter-thick par-autochthonous deposits that are rich in clasts. Clasts in deposits are aligned with the slope direction and are imbricated; on back slopes par-autochthonous deposits are also present but more shallow. Stratigraphy and OSL chronology strongly suggests that during the late Pleistocene several phases of morphodynamics shaped the landscape via solifluction followed by an eolian input of silt to the soils/sediments. Geochemistry reflects the multi-layer character of the soil profiles showing clear differences between the bedrock and deposits above. Elevated values of manganese in the surface soil indicate the importance of plant litter biocylcing during the Holocene. Hence on a landscape scale, the distribution of soils and the pedogenesis is strongly related to the par-autochthonous character of the substrate rather than the bedrock.</p>


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
ChuanYan Zhao ◽  
ZhongLin Xu ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
HuanHua Peng

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1565-1574
Author(s):  
Ziyi Liang ◽  
Fuzhong Wu ◽  
Wanqin Yang ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Junwei Wu ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 14321-14332
Author(s):  
Liang Xu ◽  
Satoshi Fukushima ◽  
Sophie Sobanska ◽  
Kotaro Murata ◽  
Ayumi Naganuma ◽  
...  

Abstract. Tracing the aging progress of soot particles during transport is highly challenging. An Asian dust event could provide an ideal opportunity to trace the continuous aging progress of long-range-transported soot particles. Here, we collected individual aerosol particles at an inland urban site (T1) and a coastal urban site (T2) in China and a coastal site (T3) in southwestern Japan during an Asian dust event. Microscopic analysis showed that the number fraction of soot-bearing particles was 19 % and 16 % at T1 and T2 in China but surprisingly increased to 56 % at T3 in Japan. The dominant fresh soot (71 %) at T1 became partially embedded (68 %) at T2 and fully embedded (84 %) at T3. These results indicated that the tiny soot particles had lower deposition than other aerosol types and became more aged during the transport from T1 to T3. We quantified soot morphology using the fractal dimension and found an increasing trend of 1.65 at T1, 1.84 at T2, and 1.91 at T3. Furthermore, we found that the morphology compression of the soot aggregations was associated with secondary coating thickness and relative humidity. A unique mixing structure where multi-soot particles scattered in organic coatings instead of the sulfate core in individual core-shell particles was observed at T3 after the crossing of the East China Sea. The study provides understanding for important constraints of the soot morphological effects and provides a possible aging scale along with their transport pathway. These new findings will be helpful to improve optical calculations and regional climate modeling of soot particles during their transport in the atmosphere.


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