scholarly journals Pine Pitch Canker and Insects: Regional Risks, Environmental Regulation, and Practical Management Options

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Fernández-Fernández ◽  
Pedro Naves ◽  
Dmitry L. Musolin ◽  
Andrey V. Selikhovkin ◽  
Michelle Cleary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
The Impact

Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’ Donnell), is a serious threat to pine forests globally. The recent introduction of the pathogen to Southern Europe and its spread in Mediterranean region is alarming considering the immense ecological and economic importance of pines in the region. Pines in forests and nurseries can be infected, resulting in severe growth losses and mortality. The pathogen is known to spread in plants for planting and in seeds, and results from recent studies have indicated that F. circinatum may also spread through phoretic associations with certain insects. With this review, we aim to expand the current understanding of the risk of insect-mediated spread of PPC in different parts of Europe. Through the joint action of a multinational researcher team, we collate the existing information about the insect species spectrum in different biogeographic conditions and scrutinize the potential of these insects to transmit F. circinatum spores in forests and nurseries. We also discuss the impact of environmental factors and forest management in this context. We present evidence for the existence of a high diversity of insects with potential to weaken pines and disseminate PPC in Europe, including several common beetle species. In many parts of Europe, temperatures are projected to rise, which may promote the activity of several insect species, supporting multivoltinism and thus, further amplifying the risk of insect-mediated dissemination of PPC. Integrated pest management (IPM) solutions that comply with forest management practices need to be developed to reduce this risk. We recommend careful monitoring of insect populations as the basis for successful IPM. Improved understanding of environmental control of the interaction between insects, the pathogen, and host trees is needed in order to support development of bio-rational strategies to safeguard European pine trees and forests against F. circinatum in future.

scholarly journals Effects of forest management practices on red-shouldered hawks in Ontario

2004 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J Naylor ◽  
James A Baker ◽  
Kandyd J Szuba
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nest Success ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Management Practices ◽  
Effectiveness Monitoring ◽  
Hardwood Trees ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Special Concern ◽  
The Impact

The red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) is a species of special concern throughout its northern range. It is considered to be sensitive to forest management practices because it requires dense mature hardwood forest for nesting. In Ontario, guidelines that prescribe spatial and temporal buffers were developed in about 1990 to mitigate the potential impacts of harvesting. We monitored 84 nesting areas of red-shouldered hawks in central and southeastern Ontario from 1988 to 1995 to describe the effects of forest management practices on the occupancy and productivity of nesting areas, to evaluate the effectiveness of the guidelines, and recommend modifications as appropriate. The number of years nesting areas had been used previously had a significant negative effect on activity status, but not on nest success. Nesting areas harvested with application of the guidelines had a similar probability of being active to those in uncut forest but nesting areas harvested without application of the guidelines did not. Neither the area nor proximity of selection cuts with a moderate to high residual basal area ( ≥18 m2/ha) affected the activity status of nesting areas. In contrast, the area and proximity of heavy cuts (shelterwood cuts or selection cuts with a residual basal area of 14–16 m2/ha) appeared to have a negative effect on activity status. When nesting areas were active, the proximity and amount of harvesting did not influence nest success. We concluded that the impact of harvesting on the activity status of nesting areas could be mitigated by prohibiting heavy cuts within 300 m of active nests and retaining ≥20 ha of forest dominated by tolerant and mid-tolerant hardwood trees, ≥18 m tall, with ≥70% canopy closure around nests. Key words: Buteo lineatus, effectiveness monitoring, habitat guidelines, nest success, Ontario, red-shouldered hawk, forest management, selection, shelterwood, tolerant hardwoods

A regional model of sheep lice management practices to examine the impact of managing straying sheep combined with other management choices

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Peri G. Lucas ◽  
Brian J. Horton ◽  
David Parsons ◽  
Anna L. Carew
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Eradication Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Intervention Level ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Effective Part ◽  
The Impact

A model of lice management systems was used to investigate the potential benefits of improved fencing against straying sheep, used in conjunction with other management options for lice control. The impact of combined strategies was simulated over a 20-year period. Management options included in the model were: lice eradication rate, lice detection, intervention level, improved fencing to reduce straying sheep, and biosecurity of purchased sheep. The modelling found it was cost-effective to improve fences for an initial average cost of $20 000/property if the number of properties from which strays could enter was reduced by ≥40%, but for average Australian properties this represents less than 20% of the boundary replaced. In order for fencing to be a cost-effective part of lice management, the fencing must target sections of boundary fence that will provide the greatest protection from contact with neighbouring flocks. The model showed that improved biosecurity against straying sheep combined well with improved eradication rates. However, biosecurity for purchased sheep may be the most cost-effective option.

scholarly journals Restoration of Natural Forests After Severe Wind Disturbance in a Cold, Snowy Region With a Deer Population: Implications From 15 Years of Field Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Morimoto ◽  
Mio Sugiura ◽  
Miho Morimoto ◽  
Futoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Wind Disturbance ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Deer Browsing ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
Forest Management Practices ◽  
The Impact

Questions have been raised about the application of conventional post-windthrow forest practices such as salvage logging, site preparation, and afforestation in response to the increase in wind disturbance caused by climate change. In particular, it is necessary to identify effective forest management practices that consider the pressure from deer browsing in forests in cold, snowy regions because the population of ungulates is expected to increase. The impacts of legacy destruction, i.e., the destruction of advance regeneration, microsites, and soil structure, caused by conventional post-windthrow practices have rarely been assessed separately from the impacts of subsequent deer browsing on forest regeneration or evaluated based on sufficiently long monitoring periods to assess vegetation succession. This lack of studies is one reason that alternative forest management practices to salvaging and planting have not been proposed. We conducted a field experiment at a large-scale windthrow site with a deer population to (1) assess the impact of legacy destruction and deer browsing on vegetation biomass and species composition after 15 years and (2) identify the effects of legacy retention. The study design allowed us to distinguish between and measure the impact of legacy destruction and that of subsequent deer browsing during a 15-year period. The results revealed the following: (1) Salvage logging and site preparation suppressed the development of biomass of shrub and tree layers in forested areas where harvest residues were piled up and shifted the plant communities in these areas to herbaceous plant communities. (2) Subsequent deer browsing suppressed the development of the biomass of shrub and tree layers throughout the forested site and shifted herbaceous communities to ruderal communities dominated by alien species; and 3. Compared with salvaging and planting, legacy retention enabled the windthrow sites to more quickly develop into a stand with characteristics similar to that of a mature, natural forest. Forest management practices that consider the presence of deer are necessary. We propose a policy shift from planting trees after salvaging to leaving downed trees to regenerate natural forests, unless there is concern about insect damage to the remaining forestry land in the vicinity.

Different management practices impact on CO2 and H2O budget of wind disturbed forest sites- 5-year dataset

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaudia Ziemblinska ◽  
Janusz Olejnik ◽  
Marek Urbaniak ◽  
Stanislaw Malek
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Forest Management Practices ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
The Impact

<p>There is evidence of increasing severity of extreme meteorological events, which due to climate warming are also more frequent than in the past few decades. Any disturbances (either natural or anthropogenic) exert a significant influence on the forest’s functioning. In Canada and the USA, fires and insect outbreaks cause the greatest damage while in Europe wind disturbances are the main threat. Since in Poland the majority of forests are managed by the State Forests, after such events disturbed areas are almost immediately designated for reforestation. While natural regeneration still contributes the least to forest restoration, the most common practices in our country include harvesting, soil preparation (ploughing) and manual seedlings introduction, which in this sense is similar to clear-cut’s management. </p><p>Once such an event happened in Poland two EC stations were set up in the area of an 80-year old pine forest, which had been wiped out by a tornado in July 2012, to asses the impact of forest management. To date, there have been more than 5 full years of continuous carbon and energy fluxes measurement, allowing insight into forest regeneration patterns due to manual reforestation, as well as differences in CO<sub>2</sub> losses connected to chosen treatments. The two sites (Tlen I and Tlen II) differ mostly in terms of soil preparation – at Tlen I site soil was ploughed before replanting and at Tlen II soil cover remained almost intact. Additionally, at the second location, only trunks and main branches were harvested, while all uprooted stumps were left to decompose. Both meteorological and soil conditions have been investigated, with most of them not being significantly different, which allowed drawing the conclusion that observed differences in GHGs balance <span>are most likely related to chosen forest management practices</span>. Thorough analysis of quality checked EC data revealed that in 5-year perspective the application of traditional method (Tlen I site), mainly due to soil ploughing, resulted in much less total CO<sub>2</sub> loss to the atmosphere, reaching C-neutrality point in only 6 years after the damage as well as better seedling growth in general in comparison to the technique, where the soil cover was not disrupted. Moreover, it seems that furrows created at the conventionally managed forest site (“double” organic layer) serve as crucial water reservoirs during water shortage periods, preventing from the pine plantation damage caused by prolonged droughts.</p><p>This work advances our understanding of how different forest management practices can help to sustain the least CO<sub>2</sub> losses on the example of wind-disturbed forests. Although, it has to be remembered that long-term studies are needed to point the best option from the perspective of climate change mitigation. </p>

scholarly journals Pandemic or Environmental Socio-Economic Stressors Which Have Greater Impact on Food Security in the Barishal Division of Bangladesh: Initial Perspectives from Agricultural Officers and Farmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5457
Author(s):  
Sayeda Sabrina Ali ◽  
Mohammad Raju Ahmad ◽  
Jalal Uddin Mohammad Shoaib ◽  
Mohammad Aliuzzaman Sheik ◽  
Mohammad Imam Hoshain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent protectionary lockdowns have had a dramatic impact on agricultural production globally. Barishal division is the ‘grain-basket’ of Bangladesh and a main rice cultivation centre within the country. This study captures perspectives on the environmental socioeconomic stressors impacting primary production in the coastal region of Barishal, and the impact of the first wave of the global pandemic. In our methodology, a cross-sectional survey is carried out amongst agriculture officers and farmers focusing on land management practices, environmental stressors, and the consequences of the pandemic on winter crop harvests and wet season production. A total number of 234 people participated, of which 31 were agriculture officers and 203 were farmers. Government officers completed an online questionnaire, while farmer responses were collected through Focus Group Discussion. The results show that despite the lockdown, 76% of responders claimed that they had harvested more than 80% of the cultivated winter rice. Other crops, such as fruits and vegetables, were less successfully returned. Despite food production pressures, land capacity was not fully utilised, with a significant/notable proportion of fields left fallow, principally due to periodic flooding events that sufferer concurrently from soil organic matter depletion. Upazila, not severely waterlogged, had salinity problems to contend with. While transportation restrictions and labour shortages were key constraints arising from the impact of COVID-19 on both agricultural production and post harvesting (processing, distribution, and utilisation). Current storage facilities for perishable produce, such as fruit, were found to be lacking, which further compounded access to such food items. The COVID-19 pandemic shocked agricultural productivity and food supply within the Barishal division. However, despite managing to return a successful rice harvest during the lockdown, it was found that the pre-existing environmental stressors arising from cyclones and flooding continued to be the primary threat to agriculture, even during a global pandemic. Our findings have been used to inform management options to increase resilience in the region.

scholarly journals Community forestry and livelihood linkages: A case of Kamalamai community forest, Dolakha, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Saroj Adhikari ◽  
Man Kumar Dhamala
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
International Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
The Impact

As a result of institutional failure of the nationalization of forest in 1957 A.D., a newer concept of participatory forest management was introduced in Nepal and local people got their space created in forest management during 1970s with a view to mitigating forest cover loss. Under this scheme Kamalmai Community Forest (129.59 hectares) located in Laduk VDC of Dolakha District was handed over to the community in 2000 A.D. The present study was conducted during February, 2014 to assess the status of forest management strategies and impact on livelihood of forest dependent people. Management aspect of the forest was assessed based on field observation, Key Informant Interview and Focus Group Discussion, whereas judgmental scoring method was used to assess the impact on livelihood; the questionnaire for which was prepared on the basis of Sustainable Livelihood Framework Guidance Sheet developed by Department for International Development (DFID), 1999. All the forest management practices including control of composition and structure of growing stock, and harvesting and distribution of forest products were strictly implemented. The total average scores for human, physical, social, financial and natural capitals, which were used to assess the livelihood, were found to be 2.5862, 1.4310, 2.5689, 0.2068 and 2.6896 respectively. The result illustrated that the forest under study had contributed to enhance the condition of human, social and natural capitals. The contribution was noticeable in terms of physical capital, but financial capital was not found satisfactory. Since the handover, there has been a notable change in greenery and landscape as well as on livelihood of forest dependent people.

The Mordellidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime provinces of Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Majka ◽  
John A. Jackman
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Specialist Species ◽  
Historical Forest ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe Mordellidae of the Maritime provinces of Canada is surveyed. Thirty species have now been recorded from the region. Of these, 17 are newly recorded for Nova Scotia, 11 are newly recorded for Prince Edward Island, and 7 are newly recorded for New Brunswick, for a total of 35 new provincial records. Three species, Mordellistena indistincta Smith, Mordellistena rubrifascia Liljeblad, and Mordellistena rubrilabris Helmuth, are newly recorded for Canada, while a further 11 species, Mordella melaena Germar, Mordellistena aspersa (Melsheimer), Mordellistena errans Fall, Mordellistena morula LeConte, Mordellistena picilabris Helmuth, Mordellistena sericans Fall, Mordellistena vilis (LeConte), Mordellina ancilla (LeConte), Mordellina nigricans (Melsheimer), Mordellina pustulata (Melsheimer), and Glipostenoda ambusta (LeConte), are newly recorded for Atlantic Canada. One subspecies, Mordella atrata lecontei Csiki, is removed from the region's faunal listing. The composition of the region's fauna as a whole, and related biogeographic questions, are briefly discussed. The Mordellidae are also discussed in the context of forest beetle communities in the region and the impact of historical forest management practices on old-growth specialist species.

Response of ectomycorrhizal community structure to gap opening in natural and managed temperate beech-dominated forests

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1375-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Grebenc ◽  
Morten Christensen ◽  
Urša Vilhar ◽  
Matjaž Čater ◽  
María P. Martín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Community ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
The Impact

Data on the impact of forest management practices on ectomycorrhizal community structure remains fragmentary and mainly originates from studies in northern coniferous forests. This study focuses on a comparison of ectomycorrhizal communities between canopy gaps and closed canopy areas within natural and managed beech-dominated forests at four locations in Europe. We used high resolution rDNA techniques to identify ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi and attempted to extract potential stand-, gap-, soil-, and selected environmentally derived variables by applying multivariate analysis and ordination for pooling of ecological groups of ectomycorrhiza. A significant reduction of diversity indices, ectomycorrhizal and fine root dynamics, in gaps in comparison with closed canopy stands indicates an effect of forest management practice and the high importance of maintaining and protecting natural forest areas for conservation of soil biodiversity and forest genetic resources. The ordination analysis revealed three groups of ectomycorrhiza correlated with changing environmental conditions. The litter and soil pH, number of beech seedlings, and presence of a gap had a pronounced effect on the ectomycorrhizal community. Combined analysis of ectomycorrhiza and environmental factors using correspondence analysis provided an insight into the ecological preferences of the analysed species and confirmed that environmental factors drive ectomycorrhizal community changes.

The impact of diversifying understory vegetation in oil palm plantations on greenhouse gas emissions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Drewer ◽  
Ribka Sionita ◽  
Pujianto Pujianto ◽  
Stella White ◽  
Sarah Luke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Function ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Management Options ◽  
The Impact

<p>Tropical oil palm (OP) plantations are major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs), but there are management options, which may reduce these emissions, including increasing understory biomass. Managing the vegetation within and around plantations could potentially minimise environmental damage and maximise co-benefits such as soil protection, pest control and diversity. Such practices include creating reserves, buffer strips and management of vegetation in the plantations themselves. The impact of these management practices is uncertain, and there is a real need for an evidence-base to guide improvements in the environmental sustainability of OP management.</p><p>The timing for research related to management options is critical for influencing current decision-making. In Indonesia, most OP plantations were established in the late 1980s and early 1990s and due to the 25 – 30-year life cycle of OP plantations, nearly half are due to be clear-cut for replanting in the near-future. Hence, it is vital to understand replanting and restoration options which simultaneously allow for high productivity as well as supporting biodiversity and minimising GHG emissions.</p><p> </p><p>The scope and specific objectives of our study were:</p><ul><li>1) To measure GHG emissions under different understory management techniques (with/without vegetation through use of herbicides).</li> <li>2) To link GHG data to soil data to develop understanding of ecosystem function under different OP plantation management approaches.</li> </ul><p> </p><p>We will present monthly static chamber measurements of GHG emissions for the duration of one year starting October 2018, established on an existing long-term experiment investigating the impact of diversifying understory vegetation on biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and yield in Sumatra, Indonesia (The Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Tropical Agriculture Project (BEFTA)). The three different understory management treatments were:</p><ul><li>1) Normal biodiversity complexity: standard industry practice, intermediate level of herbicide use in harvest circles.</li> <li>2) Reduced biodiversity complexity: spraying/removing all understory vegetation with herbicides.</li> <li>3) Enhanced biodiversity complexity: reduced-input management with no herbicide application and limited understory cutting.</li> </ul><p> </p><p>We measured the GHG fluxes of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and soil ecosystem respiration/carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) using static chambers and analysis by gas chromatography (GC-µECD/FID).</p><p>Preliminary results show little difference amongst the different understory treatments in terms of N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes. Fluxes were generally low (0-0.1 µg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>) with high variability. However, there is a trend towards slightly higher emissions during the wetter months (Oct-Dec 2018) of up to 0.2 µg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>.</p><p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) fluxes were generally small and fluctuated around zero. During the wet months, (Oct to Dec 2018) small emission fluxes up to 3 µg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> were observed; whereas during the dry months uptake of methane, prevailed. No distinctive differences between the different treatments was observed.</p><p>Due to the age of the plantation and imminent replanting, none of the plots were being fertilised at the time of measurement – greater differences between vegetation treatments may be observed under fertilisation.</p><p>In conclusion, initial results showed that the presence or absence of understorey did not increase soil emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub>. This suggests that the within-crop ecological benefits do not result in an increased GHG burden.</p>

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