scholarly journals Hardwood Species Show Wide Variability in Response to Silviculture during Reclamation of Coal Mine Sites

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weston M. Schempf ◽  
Douglass F. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Mine Reclamation ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Swamp White Oak

Coal is a significant energy source for the United States, and reclamation of surface mined lands is required under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. Reforestation of mined lands is challenging due to soil substrate properties including soil compaction, herbaceous competition, and animal browse, necessitating silvicultural treatments to help overcome such limiting factors. We investigated the field performance of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.) planted on two mine reclamation sites in southern Indiana, USA, and evaluated the interactions of nursery stocktypes (container and bareroot), herbicide application, and tree shelters. Two-year survival averaged 80% across all species and stocktypes. Container stocktype had greater relative height and diameter growth (i.e., relative to initial size at planting), whereas bareroot had greater absolute height and diameter growth corresponding to initial stocktype differences. Shelter use increased height growth and reduced diameter growth across both stocktypes. Swamp white oak (Q. bicolor) had the highest survival rate and field performance regardless of silvicultural treatment, whereas red oak (Q. rubra) and black walnut (J. nigra) showed strong early regeneration responses to silvicultural treatments. Container seedlings showed promise as an alternative to bareroot seedlings to promote early growth on mine reclamation sites. Species-specific responses documented here indicate the need to consider the ecology and stress resistance of target species in developing cost-effective silvicultural prescriptions.

scholarly journals Northern Red Oak, White Oak, and Black Walnut Diameter Growth for the First 3 Years after Thinning in a Mixed Planting

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin-Michel Gauthier ◽  
Douglass F. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Area Increase ◽  
Area Expansion

Abstract We established a study to investigate short-term morphological responses of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) to a 43% basal area reduction in a mixed planting. Although the effect was not statistically confirmed, thinned northern red oak showed a 23% gain in relative diameter growth and a 25% gain in relative crown surface area expansion compared with nonthinned trees; white oak showed gains of 15 and 10%, respectively. Similar trends were found in percentage of basal area increase for northern red oak (45%) and white oak (37%). Black walnut did not appear to respond to thinning and may have been under less competition from first-tier neighbors than the oaks were. Both northern red oak and white oak were in intermediate and suppressed crown classes, whereas black walnut was in a codominant position. Trends from this study suggest that northern red oak and white oak may respond favorably to thinning when found in lower crown classes where the amount of competition from neighboring trees is high.

scholarly journals Testing Lake States TWIGS: Five-Year Growth Projections for Upland Hardwoods in Northern Lower Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Guertin ◽  
C. W. Ramm
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Lake States

Abstract Five-year diameter growth, basal area growth, and mortality for five upland hardwood species in northern Lower Michigan were compared to projections from Lake States TWIGS. The species studied were northern red oak, white oak, other red oak (pin oak and black oak combined), sugar maple, and red maple. The validation data consisted of individual tree measurements from 44 stands across 10 ecological land types on the Manistee National Forest. The stands were measured in 1986 and 1991; during this time interval stands experienced a drought and outbreaks of leaf defoliators. For individual dbh classes, 5 yr diameter growth was predicted within ± 0.3 in. for all species. Mean errors for BA projections were within ± 5 ft²/ac for all species, and mean error for trees/ac ranged from - 33 for other red oak to + 16 for sugar maple. Although precision was variable, Lake States TWIGS provided accurate predictions of 5 yr diameter growth for the five species tested. Projections of mortality were less accurate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):00-00.

scholarly journals Physical and mechanical properties of clear wood from red oak and white oak

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 4960-4971
Author(s):  
Marly G. Carmona Uzcategui ◽  
R. Daniel Seale ◽  
Frederico José Nistal França
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Clear Wood ◽  
Quercus Spp ◽  
Eastern Half

Red oak and white oak are common names of species that grow in the eastern United States with great economic importance. This study aimed to evaluate the visual, physical, and mechanical properties of small clear wood specimens of red oak (Quercus spp.) and white oak (Quercus spp.). The experiments were carried out on defect-free specimens extracted from boards supplied by the Stairbuilders Manufacturers Association (SMA) members. The material was obtained from sawmills located in the eastern half of the United States. A total of 181 boards (90 boards of red oak and 91 boards of white oak) were submitted for tests. Compression strength was found to be higher than the values published in past studies. Red oak exhibited higher MOE and MOR values compared to white oak. The mechanical properties for red oak and white oak have not changed substantially because the average values remain in a range that is very close to the values published in the past 100 years. Thus, the values from the Wood Handbook can still be used for engineering purposes.

scholarly journals Prediction of Growth and Mortality of Oregon White Oak in the Pacific Northwest

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Gould ◽  
David D. Marshall ◽  
Constance A. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Quercus Garryana ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Oregon White Oak ◽  
Forest Managers

Abstract We developed new equations to predict Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.) development within ORGANON, a stand-development model that is widely used in the Pacific Northwest. Tree size, competitive status, crown ratio, and site productivity were statistically significant predictors of growth and mortality. Three scenarios were projected with the new equations, the previous ORGANON model, and the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Compared with the two other models, the new equations predicted greater diameter growth in oak woodland and a greater effect of conifer removal in a conifer-oak stand. The new equations, which are based on considerably more information than previous equations, should give forest managers greater confidence in the ability of ORGANON to estimate the impacts of silvicultural treatments on oaks.

Oligonychus bicolor (Banks) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) in Nova Scotia

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1021-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Specht
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Different Parts

The phytophagous mite Oligonvchus bicolor (Banks) has been observed feeding on red oak, Quercus borealis Michx. f., at Kentville, N.S. It has not previously been reported in Canada east of Ontario. McGregor (1950) reported this mite as being found on chestnut, hickory, maple, oak and spruce in Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina and Washington. Pritchard and Baker (1955) studied specimens taken from oak at Ithaca, N.Y., red oak at Hamden, Conn. and Washington, D.C., willow oak and white oak at Durham, N.C., and pin oak at Lawrence, Kansas. Garman (1923, 1940) found it common on oak and also present on chestnut, maple, hickory and birch. Johnson (1956) reported O. bicolor fairly common in Connecticut and believed its distribution to be the east coast of the United States. He stated that it was the most important mite species on chestnut in Connecticut and that when present occurred in large numbers. Caesar and Ross (1921) found O. bicolor heavily infesting ornamental oak trees in different parts of the Niagara district of Ontario.

scholarly journals Survival and Growth of Planted Hardwoods in Harvested Openings with First-Order Lateral Root Differences, Root-Dipping, and Tree Shelters

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ponder
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Good Survival ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
First Order ◽  
Tree Shelters ◽  
Black Oak

Abstract Survival and height of four hardwood species—black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Q. alba L.), and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.)—were evaluated 4 yr after the trees were outplanted in a recently harvested hardwood site. The study evaluated the influence of numbers of first-order lateral roots (FOLR); preplanting-root treatments (RT) that included both separate and combination treatments of a biostimulant, Roots®, a moisture loss retardant, SuperSorb-F® (SS), and a water control; and tree shelters (TS) on seedling performance.Except for black walnut, 4 yr survival was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher with tree shelters than without them. However, survival was not affected by FOLR or RT. The number of FOLR significantly affected the 4 yr height growth of northern red oak and black oak, but they did not affect the height growth of black walnut and white oak. Four-year height growth for black walnut and northern red oak was greater for unsheltered trees than for sheltered trees; the reverse was true for white oak and black oak. First-order lateral roots, root collar diameter (RCD), and TS were significantly correlated with first-year height and/or 4 yr height growth. Root treatments did not affect height growth. The overall good survival and limited treatment effect indicate that the number of FOLR was of limited importance on this site for these tree species. However, treatment effects may have been different on a more stressful site. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):45-50.

Positional influence on rooting of shoots forced from the main bole of swamp white oak and northern red oak

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
D W Fishel ◽  
J J Zaczek ◽  
J E Preece
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Quercus Bicolor ◽  
Swamp White Oak ◽  
Rooting Response

The transition of ontogenetic maturity was assessed in two oak species by forcing softwood shoots from main bole stem sections in the greenhouse and from intact crowns, stumps, and hedged trees in situ and subsequently subjecting the new shoots to rooting trials. Mean shoot production was greater from forced stem sections of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) than from those of swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.) (14.6 and 4.6 shoots/m, respectively). Northern red oak stem sections exhibited a vertical gradient in the number of forced shoots; greater numbers originated from basal and juvenile sections of trees than from distal and mature sections. Rooting of swamp white oak shoots was low, 1.4% for forced shoots and none from hedged trees. Rooting of northern red oak was greater but variable, averaging 40.3% from greenhouse forced shoots and 0-35% from field-grown trees. Moreover, percent rooting was greatest for forced shoots originating from basal stem sections and declined with increasing distance from the tree base. The results suggest that ontogenetic maturation gradually increases, and rooting response decreases, along the bole of northern red oak trees.

Classification of Red Oak (Quercus Rubra) and White Oak (Quercus Alba) Wood Using a near Infrared Spectrometer and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin Emmanuel Adedipe ◽  
Ben Dawson-Andoh ◽  
Jeffrey Slahor ◽  
Larry Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Near Infrared Spectrometer

scholarly journals Anaerobic Mineralization of Recirculating Aquaculture Drum Screen Effluent for Use as a Naturally-Derived Nutrient Solution in Hydroponic Cropping Systems

Conservation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-167
Author(s):  
Joseph Tetreault ◽  
Rachel Fogle ◽  
Todd Guerdat
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Recirculating Aquaculture ◽  
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Operation and effluent treatment costs are limiting factors for the success of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in meeting seafood demand in the United States. Adopting a capture-and-reuse waste management model similar to terrestrial agriculture farmers would allow RAS farmers to monetize effluent and offset production costs. The moisture content and nutrient profile of RAS effluent makes it a potential option for use as a hydroponic fertilizer. Treatment of RAS waste is needed to mineralize particulate-bound nutrients before becoming a viable hydroponic nutrient solution. Anaerobic treatment (AT), a method used by municipal and agricultural waste treatment facilities to reduce total solids, has been shown to successfully mineralize particulate-bound nutrients from RAS effluent. Continuously mixed anaerobic batch bioreactors were used to evaluate the degree to which AT may mineralize particulate-bound nutrients in solid RAS waste. Concentrations of twelve different macro- and micro-nutrients were analyzed in the waste before and after treatment. Effluent samples were analyzed to determine the fraction of each nutrient in the solid and aqueous forms. This study showed that AT is an effective method to mineralize particulate-bound nutrients in RAS effluent and the mineralization rate data may be used to design a pilot-scaled flow-through RAS effluent treatment system.

Seed germination and seedling vigor of weevil-damaged acorns of red oak

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1600-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Lombardo ◽  
Brian C. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
X Ray Imaging

Acorn weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are well-known predators of oak acorns in the eastern hardwood forest region of the United States. We examined the germination percentage of seeds, as well as the physical characteristics of seedlings, originating from both weevil-damaged and sound acorns of red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) to determine if weevil depredation impacts seedling vigor. Seeds were grown under greenhouse conditions for a period of 8 weeks. X-ray imaging was used as a nondestructive method for determining seed condition prior to germination. The combined data set showed a reduction in germination percentage from 86% for sound acorns to 26% for those damaged by weevils. Seven seedling metrics were evaluated for differences between seedlings originating from sound and those from weevil-damaged acorns. Of these metrics, the number of leaf flushes, total number of leaves, root collar diameter, shoot length, and dry mass were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Two variables, root length and shoot diameter, were not significantly different. Early allocation of resources to root establishment likely explains these findings. Because of reduced stem height and leaf number, seedlings from weevil-damaged acorns are likely to be less competitive in the forest understory than those from sound acorns.

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