scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences in Growth, Herbivory, and Defense of Two Salix Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Yang ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Jiahao Ling ◽  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Female Bias ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Evolution Of Dioecy

Sex-related differences in sex ratio, growth, and herbivory are widely documented in many dioecious plants. The common pattern is for males to grow faster than females and to be less well-defended against herbivores, but Salix is an exception. To study sex-related differences in the patterns of resource allocation for growth and defense in willows, we conducted a large-scale field experiment to investigate the flowering sex ratio, mortality, growth traits, insect herbivory and content of defensive substances in three Salix populations comprising two species. Results demonstrate that the two Salix suchowensis Cheng populations have a female bias in the sex ratio, whereas no bias is found in the S. triandra L. population. Male individuals in the S. suchowensis populations have significantly higher mortality rates than females. However, the mortality rate of S. triandra population has no gender difference. This finding may be one of the explanations for the difference in sex ratio between the two species. The females are larger in height, ground diameter, and biomass, and have a higher nutritional quality (N concentration) than males in both species. Nevertheless, slow-growing males have a higher concentration of the defense chemical (total phenol) and lower degrees of insect herbivory than females. Additionally, biomass is positively correlated with herbivory and negatively correlated with defense in the two willow species. It is concluded that the degrees of herbivory would have a great influence on resource allocation for growth and defense. Meanwhile, it also provides important implications for understanding the evolution of dioecy.

scholarly journals Photogrammetric avalanche volume measurements at Vallée de la Sionne, Switzerland

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juauien Vallet ◽  
Urs Gruber ◽  
François Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Deposition Zone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Snow Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

AbstractDuring winter 1999 three large avalanche events were triggered by explosives at SLF’s avalanche test site, Vallée de la Sionne, canton Valais, Switzerland. One important goal of these large-scale field experiments was to measure the release and deposition volumes of avalanches by photogrammetric methods. In this paper, the photogrammetric measurements of all three avalanches are summarized. For one avalanche event it was possible to realize the whole measuring procedure as planned, and to obtain volume measurements before and after the avalanche triggering In the other two avalanche events, the photographs before the triggering of the avalanche failed. Nevertheless the photographs taken after the avalanche provide valuable information on the fracture depth at the fracture line. The mean fracture depth of the largest avalanche was about 2.10 m, varying between 1 and 3.5 m over a width of > 1000 m. The total volume of the deposition of all three avalanche events was about 1300 000 m3. The deposits are distributed over a length of > 1000 m with depths up to 30 m. The difference between the released and deposited volumes proved that avalanches entrain a large amount of snow along the avalanche track. Furthermore, the snow distribution in the deposition zone provides important information about the behaviour of a dense flowing avalanche in the runout zone.

scholarly journals The Maximum Scale Analysis of PV Generation Growth based on Power Grid Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 02023
Author(s):  
Huang Zonghong ◽  
Wangcheng Long ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Xu dongjie ◽  
Zhe Sun
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
System Development ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grid Operation ◽  
Policy Guidance ◽  
Pv Generation

Since 2010, photovoltaic (PV) was growing rapidly for policy guidance in China. The large-scale PV electricity generation had a great influence on the power grid operation because of the change of the power supply layout. How to analyse the influence is an important matter to power system development. The analysed results will decide the trends of the PV electricity generation in future. Therefore, the Coordination analysis of PV generation growth is crucial to those developments. In this paper, the reasonable plant scale arrangement was discussed based on the difference between peak and valley of power system.

scholarly journals A field experiment shows that subtle linguistic cues might not affect voter behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (26) ◽  
pp. 7112-7117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Gerber ◽  
Gregory A. Huber ◽  
Daniel R. Biggers ◽  
David J. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
The Difference

One of the most important recent developments in social psychology is the discovery of minor interventions that have large and enduring effects on behavior. A leading example of this class of results is in the work by Bryan et al. [Bryan CJ, Walton GM, Rogers T, Dweck CS (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(31):12653–12656], which shows that administering a set of survey items worded so that subjects think of themselves as voters (noun treatment) rather than as voting (verb treatment) substantially increases political participation (voter turnout) among subjects. We revisit these experiments by replicating and extending their research design in a large-scale field experiment. In contrast to the 11 to 14% point greater turnout among those exposed to the noun rather than the verb treatment reported in the work by Bryan et al., we find no statistically significant difference in turnout between the noun and verb treatments (the point estimate of the difference is approximately zero). Furthermore, when we benchmark these treatments against a standard get out the vote message, we estimate that both are less effective at increasing turnout than a much shorter basic mobilization message. In our conclusion, we detail how our study differs from the work by Bryan et al. and discuss how our results might be interpreted.

scholarly journals Pasture responses to phosphorus and nitrogen fertilisers on dry hill country

1998 ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Gillingham ◽  
M.H. Gray ◽  
D.R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Steep Slopes

In order to evaluate the relative responsiveness of summer-dry hill pasture to phosphate (P) and nitrogen (N) fertilisers, a large scale field trial was established in southern Hawke's Bay in 1995. Pasture growth rates and species, and soil moisture levels were measured on easy and steep slopes of generally north- and south-facing aspects in two pairs of farmlets with either a Low or High soil P status, one of each pair also receiving 30 kg N/ha annually in winter. Soil moisture levels were always higher on south- than on north-facing slopes, the difference being greatest from autumn to spring. However, total annual pasture growth was higher on north aspects because of better winter production, whereas the colder, south aspects produced little pasture at this time. In other seasons, pasture growth was similar on both aspects. Pasture growth was higher on easy than on steep slopes at all times. P responses occurred from spring to autumn especially on south aspects, and on easy north-facing slopes, which showed a large increase in clover growth. N responses were best in winter and autumn especially on steep, north aspects and at Low P conditions. N application depressed clover production, especially in the High P+N fertiliser treatment, where there was no net increase in production compared with the High P treatment. Only tentative conclusions can be made at this time since the pasture is considered to be still in a development phase. However, results suggest that application of P only to south aspects and moist north slopes, and for steep, north-facing slopes to receive N, plus only limited P, will be the most efficient fertiliser policy. Keywords: dry hill country, phosphate response, nitrogen response, pasture production, slope, aspect

scholarly journals Influence on mechanical behaviors considering construction hosting process of large-scale steel structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 2045 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
Y D Fu ◽  
S Yang ◽  
G Li ◽  
X L Lin ◽  
H D Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Design Calculation ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Fem Method ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Final Deformation ◽  
The Difference

Abstract In the design of large-scale steel structure, the design calculation of the structure is usually based on the service state. But in the process of steel structure construction, the displacement and stress produced in the construction process cannot be completely consistent with that in the design state. With the progress of construction process, the deformation and stress caused by self-weight and construction load gradually accumulate until the structure is formed, which will produce construction error relative to the design state. In this paper, FEM method was used to simulate the construction process of the steel grid roof of the theater in the Beijing Sub Center Theater project, and the influence of the accumulated deformation and stress on the mechanical properties of the structure during the construction process was analyzed. The results show that the cumulative deformation and stress in the construction process have a great influence on the final deformation and stress distribution of the structure. The maximum vertical displacement in the actual construction state is 599.6% of that in the design state, and the maximum stress is 119.7% of that in the design state. This will lead to the difference between the construction-completed structure and the design structure, which makes the design result dangerous. The measures to optimize the construction process were also given in this paper, which provides guidance for the construction process of large-scale steel structure.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

Biodata response elaboration: A large-scale field experiment

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Levashina ◽  
Frederick P. Morgeson ◽  
Michael A. Campion
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

TO THE PROBLEMS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION IN MODERN RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ANTI-CORRUPTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dranishnikova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

In the article, the author reflects the existing problems of the fight against corruption in the Russian Federation. He focuses on the opacity of the work of state bodies, leading to an increase in bribery and corruption. The topic we have chosen is socially exciting in our days, since its significance is growing on a large scale at all levels of the investigated aspect of our modern life. Democratic institutions are being jeopardized, the difference in the position of social strata of society in society’s access to material goods is growing, and the state of society is suffering from the moral point of view, citizens are losing confidence in the government, and in the top officials of the state.

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