Preference and Performance of the Pine-Tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini on Various Pine Species

Global commercial and recreational transport may lead to the unintentional invasion of insect species, which in turn may pose a threat to native organisms. In this study, we aimed to assess whether the economically important pest of Pinus sylvestris L., moth Dendrolimus pini L. (DP), is able to feed on nine other pine species, and how this will affect its survival, performance, growth, and development. We carried out food choice tests and a no-choice laboratory feeding experiment. We found that this insect mostly preferred its prime host, but also Pinus cembra L., Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon, Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold, and Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C.Lawson. The performance test revealed a host-specific response of DP to the host plant. This response was manifested in a large variation in body mass as well as in a decrease or increase in life-history traits, such as fecundity, and wing morphology parameters. However, the larvae’s choice of particular hosts corresponded to the results of the performance test. Larvae more willingly selected food allowing better results in their performance. Larvae achieved better values of growth and development when fed on European and North American pine species or on species with two- and three-needle fascicles. In addition, attractants and repellents in needles of different pine species were chemically analyzed. Variations in the secondary metabolite composition as well as the specific leaf area of different pine species effectively explained the results found in the insects, but the content of sugars and nitrogen remains to be elucidated. We speculate that DP poses a serious threat to large areas of pine forests, if transferred, as it can survive and develop on many economically important tree species in North America and Europe.

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Stomiopeltis pinastri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria ◽

10.1079/dfb/20083005533 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

D. W. Minter

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Pinus Ponderosa ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Pinus Halepensis ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Pinus Monticola ◽

Pinus Caribaea ◽

Pinus Roxburghii ◽

Diagnostic Features

Abstract A description is provided for Stomiopeltis pinastri, which are found on dead pine needles. Details are given of its hosts (Cupressus abramsiana, Juniperus communis, Picea sp., Pinus brutia, Pinus caribaea, Pinus cembra, Pinus contorta, Pinus halepensis, Pinus montezumae, Pinus monticola, Pinus mugo, Pinus muricata, Pinus nigra, Pinus nigra var. austriaca, Pinus nigra var. maritime, Pinus pinaster, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus radiata, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus strobus, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus taeda, Pinus thunbergiana [Pinus thunbergii], Pinus wallichiana and Protium sp.), associated species, geographical distribution (Canada (British Columbia), USA (California, Georgia, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee and Washington), Brazil (Pernambuco), India (Himachal Pradesh and Jammu-Kashmir), Pakistan, Portugal (Azores), Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Irish Republic, Finland, France, Germany, UK, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, San Marino, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland), transmission, diagnostic features and conservation status.

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The host spectrum of Dothistroma needle blight Mycosphaerella pini E. Rostrup – new hosts of Dothistroma needle blight observed in theCzech Republic

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/4484-jfs ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 30-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

M. Bednářová ◽

D. Palovčíková ◽

L. Jankovský

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Pinus Ponderosa ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Christmas Trees ◽

Dothistroma Needle Blight ◽

Pinus Aristata ◽

Needle Blight

Dothistroma needle blight Mycosphaerella pini E. Rostrup and its anamorphic stage Dothistroma septospora (Dorog.) Morelet was detected for the first time in the territory of the Czech Republic in a consignment of imported plants of Austrian pine Pinus nigra Arnold in 1999. In 2000, it was also found on Pinus nigra in an open planting in a plantation of Christmas trees by the village of Jedovnice near Brno in South Moravia. In the Czech Republic, Dothi-stroma needle blight was identified on 13 species of pine. Pinus nigra Arnold and Pinus mugo Turra are the most frequent hosts. In addition to these species, Dothistroma needle blight was observed on Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson, Pinus jeffreyi Grev. et Balf, Pinus banksiana Lamb., Pinus contorta Douglas, Pinus rotundata Link, Pinus leucodermis Ant. and Pinus sylvestris L. Finds on Pinus aristata Engelm., Pinus rigida Mill., Pinus heldreichii H. Christ. and Pinus cembra L. var. sibirica (Du Tour) G. Don. are a certain rarity. These species are not mentioned anywhere as potential hosts of Dothistroma needle blight. As for the species of other genera Picea pungens Engelm., Picea abies L. Karst. and last but not least Picea schrenkiana Fisch. & C. A. Mey were also observed as hosts. The host range of Dothistroma needle blight recorded in papers is noted as well.

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Needle water potential of selected pine species during the off-season: A case study

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/69/2016-jfs ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

Tomášková Ivana ◽

Vítámvás Jan ◽

Bažant Václav

Keyword(s):

Water Potential ◽

Pinus Ponderosa ◽

Global Radiation ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Pinus Cembra ◽

Ecological Variability ◽

Pinus Uncinata ◽

Needle Water Potential ◽

Pine Species

In this study we investigated the needle water potential of different pine species using a pressure chamber during winter months. Totally, seven pine species Pinus jeffreyi Greville & Balfour, Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson, Pinus uncinata Ramond ex de Candolle, Pinus nigra Arnold, Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus, Pinus heldreichii Christ, Pinus cembra Linnaeus representing ecological variability of this genus were selected for measurements. Although the water potential is well documented in many tree species during the vegetation season, data from the off-season are scarce. During the investigated seasons (November 2014, January and February 2016), days with air temperature (T) above and below 0°C were selected for the measurement. During the days with air T above 0°C and global radiation reaching 3,000 kJ·m–2·day–1, the water potential averaged –0.6 ± 0.4 MPa. On the contrary, under T below 0°C and global radiation above 6,000 kJ·m–2·day–1, the needle water potential was close to zero (–0.3 ± 0.2 MPa) regardless of the pine species. The reason why the needle water potential reflects air T and is negatively correlated with the global radiation in winter will be an objective of our future investigations.

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Attack rates ofSirex noctilioand patterns of pine tree defenses and mortality in northern Patagonia

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485318000184 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 109 (2) ◽

pp. 141-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S.J. Martinson ◽

A.A. Fernádez Ajó ◽

A.S. Martínez ◽

F.E. Krivak-Tetley ◽

J.M. Villacide ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Ponderosa ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Sirex Noctilio ◽

Plant Insect Interactions ◽

Pine Tree ◽

Global Movement ◽

Balance Hypothesis ◽

Insect Interactions ◽

Resin Defenses ◽

San Carlos

AbstractAccidental and intentional global movement of species has increased the frequency of novel plant–insect interactions. In Patagonia, the European woodwasp,Sirex noctilio, has invaded commercial plantations of North American pines. We compared the patterns of resin defenses andS. noctilio-caused mortality at two mixed-species forests near San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. We observed lower levels of resin flow and higher levels of mortality inPinus contortacompared withPinus ponderosa. In general,S. noctilioattacked trees with lower resin compared with neighboring trees. Resin production inP. ponderosawas not related to growth rates, but forP. contorta, slower growing trees produced less resin than faster growing conspecifics. For all infested trees, attack density and number of drills (ovipositor probes) per attack did not vary with resin production. Most attacks resulted in one or two drills. Attack rates and drills/attack were basically uniform across the bole of the tree except for a decrease in both drills/attack and attack density in the upper portion of the crown, and an increase in the attack density for the bottom 10% of the tree. Planted pines in Patagonia grow faster than their counterparts in North America, and produce less resin, consistent with the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis. Limited resin defenses may help to explain the high susceptibility ofP. contortato woodwasps in Patagonia.

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Rancang Bangun Alat Olahan Minyak Kelapa

Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri ◽

10.26578/jrti.v10i1.1755 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 70-77

Author(s):

Jantri Sirait ◽

Sulharman Sulharman

Keyword(s):

Electric Motor ◽

Performance Test ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Heating Time ◽

Design Tool ◽

Coconut Milk ◽

Heating Process ◽

And Performance ◽

Time Required

Has done design tool is a tool of refined coconut oil coconut grater, squeezer coconut milk and coconut oil heating, with the aim to streamline the time of making coconut oil and coconut oil increase production capacity. The research method consists of several stages, among others; image creation tool, procurement of materials research, cutting the material - the material framework of tools and performance test tools. The parameters observed during the performance test tools is time grated coconut, coconut milk bleeder capacity, the capacity of the boiler and the heating time of coconut oil. The design tool consists of three parts, namely a tool shaved coconut, coconut milk wringer and coconut milk heating devices. Materials used for the framework of such tools include iron UNP 6 meters long, 7.5 cm wide, 4 mm thick, while the motor uses an electric motor 0.25 HP 1430 rpm and to dampen the rotation electric motor rotation used gearbox with a ratio of round 1 : 60. the results of the design ie the time required for coconut menyerut average of 297 seconds, coconut milk wringer capacity of 5 kg of processes and using gauze pads to filter coconut pulp, as well as the heating process takes ± 2 hours with a capacity of 80 kg , The benefits of coconut oil refined tools are stripping time or split brief coconut average - average 7 seconds and coconut shell can be used as craft materials, processes extortion coconut milk quickly so the production capacity increased and the stirring process coconut oil mechanically.ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan rancang bangun alat olahan minyak kelapa yaitu alat pemarut kelapa, pemeras santan kelapa dan pemanas minyak kelapa, dengan tujuan untuk mengefisiensikan waktu pembuatan minyak kelapa serta meningkatkan kapasitas produksi minyak kelapa. Metode penelitian terdiri dari beberapa tahapan antara lain; pembuatan gambar alat, pengadaan bahan-bahan penelitian, pemotongan bahan - bahan rangka alat dan uji unjuk kerja alat. Parameter yang diamati pada saat uji unjuk kerja alat adalah waktu parut kelapa, kapasitas pemeras santan kelapa, kapasitas tungku pemanas serta waktu pemanasan minyak kelapa. Rancangan alat terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu alat penyerut kelapa, alat pemeras santan kelapa dan alat pemanas santan kelapa. Bahan yang dipergunakan untuk rangka alat tersebut yaitu besi UNP panjang 6 meter, lebar 7,5 cm, tebal 4 mm, sedangkan untuk motor penggerak menggunakan motor listrik 0,25 HP 1430 rpm dan untuk meredam putaran putaran motor listrik dipergunakan gearbox dengan perbandingan putaran 1 : 60. Hasil dari rancangan tersebut yaitu waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyerut kelapa rata-rata 297 detik, kapasitas alat pemeras santan kelapa 5 kg sekali proses dan menggunakan kain kassa untuk menyaring ampas kelapa, serta Proses pemanasan membutuhkan waktu ± 2 jam dengan kapasitas 80 kg. Adapun keunggulan alat olahan minyak kelapa ini adalah waktu pengupasan atau belah kelapa singkat rata – rata 7 detik dan tempurung kelapa dapat digunakan sebagai bahan kerajinan, proses pemerasan santan kelapa cepat sehingga kapasitas produksi meningkat dan proses pengadukan minyak kelapa secara mekanis. Kata kunci : penyerut, pemeras, pemanas,minyak kelapa,olahan minyak kelapa.

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Design and performance test of variable diameter threshing drum of combine harvester

Food Science & Nutrition ◽

10.1002/fsn3.2402 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhan Su ◽

Zhao Ding ◽

Liquan Tian ◽

Xue Lin ◽

Zhiming Wang

Keyword(s):

Performance Test ◽

Variable Diameter ◽

Combine Harvester ◽

And Performance

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Design and performance test on segmented‐differential threshing and separating unit for head‐feed combine harvester

Food Science & Nutrition ◽

10.1002/fsn3.2202 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Liquan Tian ◽

Xue Lin ◽

Yongsen Xiong ◽

Zhao Ding

Keyword(s):

Performance Test ◽

Combine Harvester ◽

And Performance

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Stand-level biomass models for predicting C stock for the main Spanish pine species

Forest Ecosystems ◽

10.1186/s40663-021-00308-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Aguirre ◽

Miren del Río ◽

Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado ◽

Sonia Condés

Keyword(s):

Form Factor ◽

Pinus Halepensis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pinus Nigra ◽

Carbon Stocks ◽

Tree Size ◽

Pine Forests ◽

Stand Volume ◽

Biomass Models ◽

Pine Species

Abstract Background National and international institutions periodically demand information on forest indicators that are used for global reporting. Among other aspects, the carbon accumulated in the biomass of forest species must be reported. For this purpose, one of the main sources of data is the National Forest Inventory (NFI), which together with statistical empirical approaches and updating procedures can even allow annual estimates of the requested indicators. Methods Stand level biomass models, relating the dry weight of the biomass with the stand volume were developed for the five main pine species in the Iberian Peninsula (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster). The dependence of the model on aridity and/or mean tree size was explored, as well as the importance of including the stand form factor to correct model bias. Furthermore, the capability of the models to estimate forest carbon stocks, updated for a given year, was also analysed. Results The strong relationship between stand dry weight biomass and stand volume was modulated by the mean tree size, although the effect varied among the five pine species. Site humidity, measured using the Martonne aridity index, increased the biomass for a given volume in the cases of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra. Models that consider both mean tree size and stand form factor were more accurate and less biased than those that do not. The models developed allow carbon stocks in the main Iberian Peninsula pine forests to be estimated at stand level with biases of less than 0.2 Mg∙ha− 1. Conclusions The results of this study reveal the importance of considering variables related with environmental conditions and stand structure when developing stand dry weight biomass models. The described methodology together with the models developed provide a precise tool that can be used for quantifying biomass and carbon stored in the Spanish pine forests in specific years when no field data are available.

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Physical and performance characteristics related to starter status, position, and division in Japanese collegiate American-football players

Isokinetics and Exercise Science ◽

10.3233/ies-200222 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Junta Iguchi ◽

Minoru Matsunami ◽

Tatsuya Hojo ◽

Yoshihiko Fujisawa ◽

Kenji Kuzuhara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Performance Test ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

American Football ◽

Football Players ◽

Jump Height ◽

Test Results ◽

Repetition Maximum ◽

Vertical Jump Height ◽

Division 1 ◽

And Performance

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the variations in body composition and performance in Japanese collegiate American-football players. OBJECTIVE: To clarify what characterizes competitors at the highest levels – in the top division or on the starting lineup – we compared players’ body compositions and performance test results. METHODS: This study included 172 players. Each player’s body composition and performance (one-repetition maximum bench press, one-repetition maximum back squat, and vertical jump height) were measured; power was estimated from vertical jump height and body weight. Players were compared according to status (starter vs. non-starter), position (skill vs. linemen), and division (1 vs. 2). Regression analysis was performed to determine characteristics for being a starter. RESULTS: Players in higher divisions and who were starters were stronger and had more power, greater body size, and better performance test results. Players in skill positions were relatively stronger than those in linemen positions. Vertical jump height was a significant predictor of being a starter in Division 1. CONCLUSION: Power and vertical jump may be a deciding factor for playing as a starter or in a higher division.

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