The Size of the Assimilatory Apparatus and Its Relationship with Selected Taxation and Increment Traits in Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Stands

Studies were carried for 200 trees coming from eight pure pine stands aged 25–95 years, growing in a fresh mixed coniferous forest habitat, in the Murowana Goślina Forest Experimental Station (52°34′ N, 17°00′ E) in western Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the size of the assimilatory apparatus of single pines (Pinus sylvestris L.): weight of leaved twigs (ugc), needle weight (ic), the volume of leaved twigs (ugo) and needle volume (io) and its relationship with selected dendrometric and increment traits of trees. The basic dendrometric traits were determined (height—h and diameter at breast height—d1.3) together with selected increments (heights—Ih5 and Ih10, diameter at breast height—Id5 and Id10, basal area at breast height—Ig5 and Ig10, volume—Iv5 and Iv10). A statistically significant linear correlation and a multiple linear correlation were shown between analysed traits, which confirms a strong relationship of the size of the assimilatory apparatus with tree increment. In this context, the strong correlation with the increment in basal area at breast height (correlation coefficient 0.8731 ÷ 0.9836) and with the increment in diameter at breast height (correlation coefficient 0.7835 ÷ 0.9581), after determining the increment in diameter at breast height requires only simple mathematical transformations to determine the increment in basal area at breast height. For the above-mentioned reasons, the increment in basal area at breast height is predisposed to be commonly used in the determination of the efficiency of the assimilatory apparatus of trees.

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Predicting the mortality of Pinus sylvestris attacked by Gremmeniella abietina and occurrence of Tomicus piniperda colonization

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x05-012 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 860-867 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ulf Sikström ◽

Gunnar Jansson ◽

Jan Weslien

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tomicus Piniperda ◽

Coniferous Species ◽

Permanent Sample Plots ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Ct Value ◽

Critical Range

The fungus Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and causes scleroderris canker in several coniferous species. In Sweden, large areas, mainly with 30- to 40-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests, were attacked by the fungus in 2000. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tree crown transparency (CT) induced by G. abietina and P. sylvestris tree mortality. Furthermore, regenerationcolonization by Tomicus piniperda (L.) was monitored in the investigated stands. Thirty-five permanent sample plots were established in five P. sylvestris stands (3846 years old) infected by G. abietina and located in the central part of Sweden. During the 2 years following the attack, the total tree mortality accounted for 380 trees·ha1 and 6.2 m2·ha1 on average in the five stands, corresponding to 35% of the trees and 27% of the basal area at the time of the attack. Galleries with broods of T. piniperda occurred in trees with a CT value higher than 97%. A model was derived for predicting the probability of P. sylvestris tree mortality. The mortality of individual trees was found to be related to CT, position of needle loss within the crown (CTPOS), and tree diameter at breast height. Furthermore, there was an interaction between CT and CTPOS and a tendency for CT and site to interact. For a P. sylvestris tree with a 0.16-m diameter at breast height and a CT value of 90% spread throughout the crown, the model indicated a mortality probability of 0.03. Above this CT value, the probability of mortality increased substantially. For coniferous species, irrespective of the cause of damage, a CT value of 90%95% appears to be a critical range; any values greater than this indicate a high probability of mortality.

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Pengaruh Penghargaan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada CV. Dino Manunggal Karsa Bogor

Jurnal Ilmiah Binaniaga ◽

10.33062/jib.v4i2.209 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Dedy Mulyadi ◽

Didik Purwanto

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Performance Assessment ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Simple Linear Regression ◽

New Employees ◽

Company Policy ◽

Effective Manner ◽

Relationship Of

The question of compensation in addition to sensitive to be driving someone to worl due to an effect on morale and discipline employees. Therefore , any agency or any organization should be able to provide compensation equal to the workload to create a workforce that efficient and effective manner can be realized. Amaore than that, the company’s goal to improve performance. Performance assessment is a subjective process that involves human judgments. Thus, performance assessment is very likely wrong and very easily influonced by sources that are not actual, so it must be taken into account and considered reasinable. Frformance appraisals are considered to meet the target if it has a good impact on new employees who rated their performance. Simple linear regression analysis using SPSS version 12:00 data processing obtained tegression equation Y = 0,487 X 74 + with an explanation of X = award, 74 = constant, 0.487 = coefficient awards, and Y = performance based on simple linear regression equation in case of increase of one unit of the performance award will be increased 0.487 units. If company policy negates the performance award will remain at a constant rate (74) units . (A) Test results obtained thitung significant constants of (12.574) > t table for (1.960 then reject Ho constanta significant meaning. (B) significant Test award coefficient t count the results obtained by (2.164)> t table foe (1.96) then reject Ho the mean coeffent of appreciation affect the performance . (C) correlation coefficient analysis is done by calculating the product moment corration (pearson) to test whether or not a strong relationship between the variables X dan Y , based on the results of cakculations with SPSS table valuse obtained by calculating the correlation coefficient r (0.3100> r on the table for a = 0,05 (0.291) then reject Ho, which means there is a relationship of respect for performance. When we enter these valuse in the table shows the interpretation of the correlation coefficient between the interval from 0.20 to 0.399 which has a low relationship

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Pengaruh Kompensasi terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai Bagian SDM & Umum PT KAI Daerah Operasi 1 Jakarta

Jurnal Perspektif ◽

10.31294/jp.v17i1.4744 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Gappuraning Rahayu ◽

Eigis Yani Pramularso

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Financial Compensation ◽

Employee Job Satisfaction ◽

Key Word ◽

Simple Regression Analysis ◽

General Section ◽

Relationship Of

Abstract – Compensation is one of the important parts in an effort to meet job satisfaction for employees in an organization. With high job satisfaction employees are expected to feel happy at work, more motivated in work, increased productivity, and make employees become more loyal to the organization. This study aims to determine the effect of compensation on employee job satisfaction at PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Operational Area 1 Jakarta. The study was conducted by dividing the questionnaire to a number of 35 people, all employees of the general section and HR who were used as research samples. Data analysis using simple regression analysis, correlation coefficient, and coefficient of determination. The results of the study indicate a positive and direct effect between compensation for employee job satisfaction. Based on the calculation of the correlation coefficient obtained a result of 0.723 where the number of scores shows the strong relationship of compensation to employee job satisfaction. From the calculation of the coefficient of determination, it can be seen that compensation affects employee job satisfaction by 52.3% while the remaining 47.7% is influenced by other factors beyond research. Key Word: Financial compensation, non financial compensation, Job Satisfaction

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Tending operation model for red oak stands

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/72/1604 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 133-136

Author(s):

Károly Rédei ◽

Zsolt Keserű ◽

Imre Csiha ◽

János Rásó ◽

Csaba Kovács ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quercus Rubra ◽

Regulation System ◽

Red Oak ◽

Operation Model ◽

Stem Number ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Native Literature

Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is our most important exotic oak species, that possesses growing culture with almost one hundred years in our country. Plantation character of red oak growing predominates principally by applied regeneration method (mostly artificial), regular planting space, applying defined method and planting space regulation system. Forest tending model for red oak, that considered stopgap in the native literature is intended to serving the latter. Especially important equation in the viewpoint of stand growing, that describes relationship of stem number (N, in hectare) and diameter at breast height (D1.3 in cm) is: N=e9.80220-1.12607lnD1.3.

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Characteristics of chosen biometric features of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) due to the age of trees and the forest site type

BALTIC FORESTRY ◽

10.46490/bf400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Krzysztof Turczański ◽

Katarzyna Kaźmierczak ◽

Bogna Zawieja

Keyword(s):

Strong Relationship ◽

Floodplain Forest ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Forest Site ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Site Type ◽

Breast Height ◽

Biometric Features ◽

European Ash ◽

Site Types

The dieback of European ash contributes the disappearance of the species from the typical ash sites such as floodplain forests or alder-ash forests. The species occurs more often in moist broadleaved forests and fresh broadleaved forests. Therefore, the main objective of our study was to determine the influence of ash age and the forest site type on the chosen biometric features of dominant and codominant trees. We also aimed to compare the sizes of European ash growing in optimal forest site types with less fertile ones, where it does not occur as the main species. We collected the empirical material from 25 plots representing 4 forest site types: fresh broadleaved forest, moist broadleaved forest, floodplain forest, and alder-ash forest. The research plots were located in the Babki, Konstantynowo, and Łopuchówko Forest Districts, western Poland. The age of ash varied from 52 to 144 years. On each plot, we measured a tree height and a diameter at breast height of 15 dominant and codominant ash trees. Subsequently, we used measured features to calculate the volume of each tree. We carried out the analysis of covariance of diameter at breast height, height, and volume. The analysis showed the strong relationship of examined features with the age of the species and the forest site type. Furthermore, our results indicated the underestimation of the growth possibilities of European ash in fresh broadleaved forest and moist broadleaved forest. In these sites, ash achieved similar sizes in comparison to optimal forest site types, i.e. floodplain forest and alder-ash forest. This result cannot be omitted in forestry practice, especially in silviculture, which should aim to support the natural regeneration of European ash in differentiated site conditions. Keywords: European ash, forest site type, age of a tree, biometric features

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Modeling of aboveground tree stand-level biomass in Erukot Forest of Oban Division, Cross River National Park, Nigeria

Journal of Agriculture Forestry and the Social Sciences ◽

10.4314/joafss.v18i1.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

S.E. Bassey ◽

S. Ajayi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

National Park ◽

Basal Area ◽

Tree Stand ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Total Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Individual Trees

This research estimated aboveground tree stand level Biomass in Erukot Forest of Oban Division, Cross River National Park. A total of 872 individual trees were identified and measured for diameter at breast height and total height (dbh ≥ 5cm). The 872 individual trees spread across 51 species belonging to 25 different tree families. Simple random sampling was used with sampling intensity of 0.3% to lay 15 nested plots (7m x 7m, 25m x 25m and 35m x 35m). Diameter at breast height, total height and specific density of each wood species were used to determine aboveground biomass for each tree. Conversion factors were applied to estimate stand level green and dry biomass, sequestered carbon and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in the study area. Simple linear regression models were fitted into the stand level growth data for the forest (basal area and volume). The mean diameter at breast height and mean total height were 38.5cm and 18.5m respectively. Mean basal area of 39.8 m2 ha-1 was obtained with a mean volume of 177.3 m3 ha-1 . Average green biomass, dry biomass, carbon stock and carbon-dioxide emission of 521.8113 ton ha-1 , 341.5880 ton ha-1 , 183.196 ton ha-1 and 694.2067 ton ha-1 respectively were obtained in the study area. Stand level biomass model developed for the forest showed that common logarithm of volume per hectare is significantly related to common logarithm of stand biomass (R2 = 58%). The actual and predicted biomasses were not significantly different (Paired T-test at p ˂ 0.05). Estimated bias of 0.10% for the stand biomass model means that the developed model can be used to predict the aboveground biomass of the study area without any adjustment. The research has provided easy to use regression model for determining aboveground biomass at stand level. This is very useful for carbon trade and assessment of carbon-dioxide emissions through deforestation in the study area. The model is also a tool for assessing the wood productivity of the study area and for better management of the park. Keyword: Sequestered carbon, aboveground biomass, dry biomass, conversion factor

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Modelling survival probability of individual trees in Norway spruce stands under different thinning regimes

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x04-161 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 113-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kjell Karlsson ◽

Lennart Norell

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Basal Area ◽

Site Index ◽

Stand Age ◽

Goodness Of Fit Test ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Thinning Intensity ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height

The probability that an individual tree will remain in even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands subjected to different thinning programmes was modelled, using data from a thinning experiment established in 25 localities in southern Sweden. A logistic regression approach was used to predict the probability and the HosmerLemeshow goodness-of-fit test to evaluate the fit. Diameter at breast height (DBH), quadratic mean DBH, thinning intensity, thinning quotient, basal area, number of stems per hectare, stand age, number of thinnings, and site index were used as explanatory variables. Separate analyses for stands thinned from below, stands thinned from above, and unthinned stands were performed. The modelled probability graphs for trees not being removed, plotted against their diameter at breast height, had clear S-shapes for both unthinned stands and stands thinned from below. The graph for stands thinned from above was bell-shaped.

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Relative effects of dendrometers on the estimation of diameter at breast height, stand basal area and stand volume in uneven-aged northern hardwoods

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc85446-3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 446-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

François Guillemette ◽

Marie-Claude Lambert

Keyword(s):

Basal Area ◽

Major Axis ◽

Minor Axis ◽

Northern Hardwoods ◽

Parameter Estimates ◽

Betula Alleghaniensis ◽

Stand Volume ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Stand Basal Area

Four methods of estimating diameter at breast height (DBH) were used on 558 northern hardwood stems, located in 6, 0.25-ha plots, to compare their effects. The first method was a diameter tape reading and the second was a systematic reading, along a predefined axis, taken with a calliper. The last 2 methods were both obtained from the arithmetic mean of 2 different pairs of calliper readings taken at right angles. The first pair was directed along the major bole axis and the other pair along the minor axis. The 4 methods were compared in terms of mean tree diameter, plot basal area and plot volume. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in parameter estimates among methods, and the differences varied according to species (Acer saccharum Marsh. and Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) and tree size class. Differences among methods were more evident for larger DBH classes, which contribute most to the significant differences observed for both the plot and stand basal area and volume. Overall, tree DBH, plot basal area and plot volume provided by these 4 methods ranked in this ascending order: mean calliper reading directed along the minor axis, systematic calliper reading, mean calliper reading directed along the major axis, and diameter tape. The difference in stand basal area or volume between the estimates obtained with a systematic calliper reading and a diameter tape was 1.1 m2/ha with a mean basal area of about 21 m2/ha, or 10.5 m3/ha with a mean stand volume of 169 m3/ha. Because of the magnitude of these differences, it is recommended the method of DBH estimation be specified in studies, to be careful when crossing databases or models using different methods of DBH estimation, and to always maintain the same method of DBH estimation when remeasuring a plot. Key words: northern hardwoods, dendrometer, diameter tape, calliper, caliper, DBH measurement, basal area, volume

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Crown and basal area relationships of open-grown southern pines for modeling competition and growth

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x92-044 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 341-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

W.R. Smith ◽

R.M. Farrar Jr. ◽

P.A. Murphy ◽

J.L. Yeiser ◽

R.S. Meldahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Loblolly Pine ◽

Longleaf Pine ◽

Basal Area ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Predictive Equations ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Crown Width ◽

Basal Area Growth ◽

Area Growth

Data were collected on open-grown loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), longleaf pine (Pinuspalustris Mill.), and shortleaf pine (Pinusechinata Mill.) and analyzed to provide predictive equations of crown width and maximum potential basal area growth for crown competition and growth and yield models. The measurements were taken on 115 open-grown loblolly pine trees and 76 shortleaf pines in southeastern Arkansas. The longleaf pine data consisted of 81 open-grown trees from southern Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. A circle and an ellipse were tested as geometric models of the vertically projected crown. No significant differences between the tree shapes were found based on analyses of length and azimuth of the largest crown diameter, and the circle was chosen as an appropriate model. This indicated that only the distance between trees, not their orientation to one another, need be included in models of crown competition based on crown contact. Predictive equations of mean crown width based on diameter at breast height were fitted for each species for use in models of crown competition. A Chapman–Richards growth rate function with an intercept term was fit to periodic annual inside-bark basal area growth based on initial inside-bark basal area to provide empirical estimates of maximum basal area growth rates for growth and yield modeling of the given species. Additionally, equations to predict double bark thickness as a function of diameter at breast height were fit for each species to facilitate the use of the equations with outside-bark measurements of diameter.

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Modeling relative error in stem basal area estimates

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x90-065 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 496-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

T. G. Gregoire ◽

S. M. Zedaker ◽

N. S. Nicholas

Keyword(s):

Basal Area ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Mean Square ◽

Interval Estimates ◽

Tree Diameter ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Relative Errors

The computed estimate of basal area was the focus of this investigation into the accuracy of tree diameter measurements. Diameter at breast height was measured on 101 trees, the breast height disc was removed from the stem, and each disc outline was then digitized to determine its actual area. Actual areas were compared with the basal areas computed with the field measurements of diameter by expressing the deviations as a proportion of the actual areas. These relative errors averaged 3.1% when basal area was computed with a taped diameter at breast height, and they averaged −2.5% when the mean of two calipered, perpendicular diameter at breast height measurements were used. Noncircularity accounted for about 2.6% of the bias, on average, in basal areas from taped diameters. Root mean square error of relative basal area errors ranged from 7.3 to 7.9% among these methods. The difference between basal areas computed with a taped diameter at breast height and with calipered diameter at breast height was computed and expressed as a proportion of the actual basal area. On average, a difference of 5% was observed. Interval estimates for these differences are presented.

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