scholarly journals Sedimentation Patterns of Multiple Finnish Lakes Reveal the Main Environmental Stressors and the Role of Peat Extraction in Lake Sedimentation

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Tuija Vähäkuopus ◽  
Tommi Kauppila ◽  
Jari Mäkinen ◽  
Antti E. K. Ojala ◽  
Samu E. Valpola
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Sedimentation Rates ◽  
Peat Extraction ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Land Use Practices

Human land-use activities, especially in the peatlands, are under consideration as the mitigation and lowering of CO2 emissions from land-use practices is needed to address climate change. In Finland, approximately one third of the land surface is covered by peatlands, and around 50% of peatlands are ditched for forestry. Another 3% of peatlands are used for agriculture and approximately 1% for peat extraction. The effects of these different land-use practices, including changes in sediment depositional rates and sediment quality, need to be identified. This study analyzed 51 lakes that were subdivided into two groups: (1) a group of impacted lakes in which peat was recently extracted from the catchments and (2) a reference group consisting of lakes where peat had not been extracted from the basin, but in which other land-use activities had occurred. The overall aim of the study was to investigate if peat extraction caused excessive delivery and deposition of dry and organic matter in lakes that are located in their immediate downstream catchment areas. Differences in sediment accumulation were defined by comparing the overall sediment thickness and recent (post 1986) sedimentation levels to identify if there were differences in the sediment chemical composition or rate of organic matter deposition between groups and to identify possible land-use stressors that could explain the possible differences in sediment chemical assemblages or sedimentation rates. The results show moderate (cm scale) sedimentation rates in both impacted and reference lakes after 1986, while sediment chemical assemblages indicated the erosion and input of mineral soils to all of the studied lakes, rather than the input of organic materials. No statistically significant correlations were observed between selected environmental variables and the recent accumulation rates of carbon and dry matter. Moreover, significant changes in the stressors potentially affecting the chemical assemblages of pre- and post-disturbance sediments were not observed.

scholarly journals Overview of Mollisols in the world: Distribution, land use and management

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobing Liu ◽  
Charles Lee Burras ◽  
Yuri S. Kravchenko ◽  
Artigas Duran ◽  
Ted Huffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
North America ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
The World ◽  
Land Use And Management ◽  
World Distribution

Liu, X., Burras, C. L., Kravchenko, Y. S., Duran, A., Huffman, T., Morras, H., Studdert, G., Zhang, X., Cruse, R. M. and Yuan, X. 2012. Overview of Mollisols in the world: Distribution, land use and management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 383–402. Mollisols – a.k.a., Black Soils or Prairie Soils – make up about 916 million ha, which is 7% of the world's ice-free land surface. Their distribution strongly correlates with native prairie ecosystems, but is not limited to them. They are most prevalent in the mid-latitudes of North America, Eurasia, and South America. In North America, they cover 200 million ha of the United States, more than 40 million ha of Canada and 50 million ha of Mexico. Across Eurasia they cover around 450 million ha, extending from the western 148 million ha in southern Russia and 34 million ha in Ukraine to the eastern 35 million ha in northeast China. They are common to South America's Argentina and Uruguay, covering about 89 million and 13 million ha, respectively. Mollisols are often recognized as inherently productive and fertile soils. They are extensively and intensively farmed, and increasingly dedicated to cereals production, which needs significant inputs of fertilizers and tillage. Mollisols are also important soils in pasture, range and forage systems. Thus, it is not surprising that these soils are prone to soil erosion, dehumification (loss of stable aggregates and organic matter) and are suffering from anthropogenic soil acidity. Therefore, soil scientists from all of the world's Mollisols regions are concerned about the sustainability of some of current trends in land use and agricultural practices. These same scientists recommend increasing the acreage under minimum or restricted tillage, returning plant residues and adding organic amendments such as animal manure to maintain or increase soil organic matter content, and more systematic use of chemical amendments such as agricultural limestone to replenish soil calcium reserves.

scholarly journals Emerging land use practices rapidly increase soil organic matter

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan B. Machmuller ◽  
Marc G. Kramer ◽  
Taylor K. Cyle ◽  
Nick Hill ◽  
Dennis Hancock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Land Use Practices

scholarly journals Assessment of organic matter temporal dynamics in the klyazma basin using remote sensing and qgis trends.earth

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 973-992
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Trifonova ◽  
Natalia V. Mishchenko ◽  
Pavel S. Shutov
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Catchment Areas

The article addresses the dynamics of biological processes in various landscapes within a holistic natural geosystem—a catchment area. The Klyazma river (the fourth order tributary to the Volga) was selected as the object of study. The natural complex of the Klyazma river basin is a combination of different landscapes, each marked by a diverse composition of geomorphological and soil-vegetation structures. The study is based on remote sensing data and the Trends.Earth Land Degradation Monitoring Project (Land Cover Dataset, European Space Agency 2015, 300 m spatial resolution) implemented using the open-source Quantum GIS 2.18. Four landscape provinces and eight site were identified in the studied catchment area according to the geomorphological structure and the soil and vegetation cover. The ecosystem parameters Gross Primary Productivity, Net Primary Productivity, and Ecosystem Respiration were measured in the identified sites. In different landscapes the biological processes, characterizing the organic matter dynamics in the form of plant production and organic matter accumulation, differ in both rate and intensity, and variously respond to the changes in climate parameters and land use. The river basin, as a holistic ecosystem, showed sufficient stability of the dynamic processes. This suggests that holistic natural ecosystems, such as catchment areas, have internal compensatory mechanisms that maintain the development stability over long period of time, while irrational land use remains the main damaging factor.

Integrative Assessment of Sediment Quality History in Pulp Mill Recipient Area in Finland

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika A. Kähkönen ◽  
Mikko Liukkonen ◽  
Christoph Wittmann ◽  
Kimmo P. Suominen ◽  
Mirja S. Salkinoja-Salonen
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Atp Content ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Elemental Chlorine ◽  
Integrative Assessment

Sediments were dated and the quality assessed by polyphasic approach in an area of Lake Saimaa, which has received waste water from bleached kraft pulp production since 1954. The chosen nonrecipient forest Lake Pyylampi was situated in the same area. The activities of the enzymes butyrate-esterase and aminopeptidase were depressed at the depth of 2 to 8 cm in the recipient but not in the forst lake sediment. In the same layers the contents of EOX-C1 and toxicity to Vibrio fischeri were very high compared to those above or below. Toxicity to microbial community in the 2 to 8 cm layer was also indicated by a gap in the ATP content and a drop in diatom species richness from the 70 species to < 50 reflecting decreased water quality of the pelagic area. All these changes dated to the period of heavy organic halogen discharges, from 1960 to late 1980s, which led to sediment accumulation of solvent soluble halogen at a depth of 2 to 8 cm, to 6.4 g m−2 (cm)−1. In the most polluted sediment layers heavy metal accumulation was too little to be related to the toxicity of these layers. Almost complete recovery of both the sediment microbial ecosystems and of the pelagic diatoms occurred after elemental chlorine was completely substituted by chlorine dioxide and biological treatment adopted for wastewaters. Butyrate-esterase and aminopeptidase, but not phosphatase, activities correlated positively with the ATP content of the sediment. Butyrate-esterase may be used as a tool to estimate microbial biomass.

Accelerating Change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Stewart Mauldin
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Contract Negotiations ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Ecological Event ◽  
Land Use Practices ◽  
Ecological Regime

Emancipation proved to be a far-reaching ecological event. Whereas the ecological regime of slavery had reinforced extensive land-use practices, the end of slavery weakened them. Freedpeople dedicated less time to erosion control and ditching and used contract negotiations and sharecropping arrangements to avoid working in a centrally directed gang. Understandably, freedpeople preferred to direct their own labor on an individual plot of land. The eventual proliferation of share-based or tenant contracts encouraged the physical reorganization of plantations. The combination of these two progressive alterations to labor relations tragically undermined African Americans’ efforts to achieve economic independence by tightening natural limits on cotton production and reducing blacks’ access to the South’s internal provisioning economy. The cessation, or even reduced frequency, of land maintenance on farms exacerbated erosion, flooding, and crops’ susceptibility to drought.

Deferring Crisis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Stewart Mauldin
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Shifting Cultivation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Antebellum South ◽  
Westward Expansion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Land Use Practices ◽  
Ecological Regime

This chapter explores the ecological regime of slavery and the land-use practices employed by farmers across the antebellum South. Despite the diverse ecologies and crop regimes of the region, most southern farmers employed a set of extensive agricultural techniques that kept the cost of farming down and helped circumvent natural limits on crop production and stock-raising. The use of shifting cultivation, free-range animal husbandry, and slaves to perform erosion control masked the environmental impacts of farmers’ actions, at least temporarily. Debates over westward expansion during the sectional crisis of the 1850s were not just about the extension of slavery, they also reflected practical concerns regarding access to new lands and fresh soil. Both were necessary for the continued profitability of farming in the South.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Influencing Organic Matter Concentration in the Topsoil of Black Soil in Northeast China Based on Spatial Heterogeneous Patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Zhenbo Du ◽  
Bingbo Gao ◽  
Cong Ou ◽  
Zhenrong Du ◽  
Jianyu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Rainfed Farming ◽  
Study Results

Black soil is fertile, abundant with organic matter (OM) and is exceptional for farming. The black soil zone in northeast China is the third-largest black soil zone globally and produces a quarter of China’s commodity grain. However, the soil organic matter (SOM) in this zone is declining, and the quality of cultivated land is falling off rapidly due to overexploitation and unsustainable management practices. To help develop an integrated protection strategy for black soil, this study aimed to identify the primary factors contributing to SOM degradation. The geographic detector, which can detect both linear and nonlinear relationships and the interactions based on spatial heterogeneous patterns, was used to quantitatively analyze the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting SOM concentration in northeast China. In descending order, the nine factors affecting SOM are temperature, gross domestic product (GDP), elevation, population, soil type, precipitation, soil erosion, land use, and geomorphology. The influence of all factors is significant, and the interaction of any two factors enhances their impact. The SOM concentration decreases with increased temperature, population, soil erosion, elevation and terrain undulation. SOM rises with increased precipitation, initially decreases with increasing GDP but then increases, and varies by soil type and land use. Conclusions about detailed impacts are presented in this paper. For example, wind erosion has a more significant effect than water erosion, and irrigated land has a lower SOM content than dry land. Based on the study results, protection measures, including conservation tillage, farmland shelterbelts, cross-slope ridges, terraces, and rainfed farming are recommended. The conversion of high-quality farmland to non-farm uses should be prohibited.

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