scholarly journals Mineralogical and Microstructure Analysis for Characterization and Provenance of Ceramic Artifacts from Late Helladic Kastrouli Settlement, Delphi (Central Greece)

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Vayia Xanthopoulou ◽  
Ioannis Iliopoulos ◽  
Ioannis Liritzis
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Ceramic Assemblage ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Local Geology

The present study deals with the characterization of a ceramic assemblage from the Late Mycenaean (Late Helladic III) settlement of Kastrouli, at Desfina near Delphi, Central Greece using various analytical techniques. Kastrouli is located in a strategic position supervising the Mesokampos plateau and the entire peninsula and is related to other nearby coeval settlements. In total 40 ceramic sherds and 8 clay raw materials were analyzed through mineralogical, petrographic and microstructural techniques. Experimental briquettes (DS) made from clayey raw materials collected in the vicinity of Kastrouli, were fired under temperatures (900 and 1050 °C) in oxidizing conditions for comparison with the ancient ceramics. The petrographic analysis performed on thin sections prepared from the sherds has permitted the identification of six main fabric groups and a couple of loners. The aplastic inclusions recognized in all fabric groups but one confirmed the local provenance since they are related to the local geology. Fresh fractures of representative sherds were further examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) helping us to classify them into calcareous (CaO > 6%) and non-calcareous (CaO < 6%) samples (low and high calcium was noted in earlier pXRF data). Here, the ceramic sherds with broad calcium separation are explored on a one-to-one comparison on the basis of detailed mineralogical microstructure. Moreover, their microstructure was studied, aiming to estimate their vitrification stage. The mineralogy of all studied samples was determined by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), permitting us to test the validity of the firing temperatures revealed by the SEM analysis. The results obtained through the various analytical techniques employed are jointly assessed in order to reveal potters’ technological choices.

An Archaeometric Characterization of Ancient Pottery from Huagangshan Site, Eastern Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying San Liou
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Metal Age

&lt;p&gt;Micro-Raman spectroscopy and petrographic analysis was carried out on ancient potsherds and sediments excavated from the Huagangshan site and river sediments collected from the northern part of eastern Taiwan. The ceramic fragments analyzed, dating back to 1600-2100 B.P., are recognized to be Early Metal Age of Taiwan. The aims of this study are mainly to identify the mineralogical compositions of ceramics, to explore technical processes such as firing temperature and redox state, and to decipher the nature of clays and its raw materials source.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results of micro-Raman analysis for ancient potsherds show the presence of 12 minerals. Quartz, anatase, amorphous carbon, hematite, and pyroxenes are the main components of tempers. In addition, amorphous carbon and hematite are the main constitutes for black- and red- hues pottery, respectively. From the point of view of manufacturing techniques, a large amount of amorphous amorphous carbon indicates that the gray-black pottery is fired under a reducing condition. On the contrary, hematite reveals an oxidizing atmosphere for red-hues pottery. The presence of quartz and anatase implies that the firing temperature is estimated to be 750-950&amp;#176;C. A total of 66 samples, containing 23 ceramic fragments (local and imported products) and 6 sediment from cultural strata of archaeological site and 33 river sediments around the site, is implemented by petrographic analysis of thin sections. Petrographic analytic results of 23 potshards show that the proportion of clay is consistent (60.5~69.1%). The inclusions principally include quartz (polycrystalline and monocrystalline quartz), feldspar, muscovite, and volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic lithic fragments, and quartz is the main component. In addition, the triangle map with ingredients (volcanic lithics+quartz&amp;#65293;sedimentary lithics&amp;#65293;metamorphic lithics) shows that the raw materials source of local and main stream pottery recognized by archaeologist is not local, but comes from a distance area (the Coastal Range). On the other hand, imported pottery indicates the raw materials source is indeed from the central and southern Central Range (some distance south of the site). The result further illustrates the vigorous exchange and/or trade activities between the populations of eastern Taiwan during the Early Metal Age (1600-2100 B.P.).&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals NIRS Characterization of Paper Pulps to Predict Kappa Number

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Moral ◽  
Elena Cabeza ◽  
Roberto Aguado ◽  
Antonio Tijero
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The World ◽  
Pulp Properties ◽  
Special Relevance

Rice is one of the most abundant food crops in the world and its straw stands as an important source of fibres both from an economic and an environmental point of view. Pulp characterization is of special relevance in works involving alternative raw materials, since pulp properties are closely linked to the quality of the final product. One of the analytical techniques that can be used in pulp characterization is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The use of NIRS has economic and technical advantages over conventional techniques. This paper aims to discuss the convenience of using NIRS to predict Kappa number in rice straw pulps produced under different conditions. We found that the resulting Kappa number can be acceptably estimated by NIRS, as the errors obtained with that method are similar to those found for other techniques.

scholarly journals Estado actual de las investigaciones de la cerámica indígena del norte de Mendoza. Tecnología, cronología y distribución

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Prieto Olavarría ◽  
Horacio Chiavazza ◽  
Leonardo Castillo ◽  
Vanina Tobar ◽  
Enzo Bontorno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Archaeological Ceramics ◽  
Local Geology

<p>Análisis tecno-tipológicos sobre cerámica arqueológica del norte de la provincia de Mendoza permitieron definir la variabilidad en la producción local en un lapso de casi mil años, entre aproximadamente los ca. 1200-1300 años AP. A los tipos cerámicos más conocidos y ampliamente distribuidos, Agrelo y Viluco, se sumaron otros grupos cerámicos: Gris/Marrón, Anarajado Rojizo y Viluco Colonial. Además, los tipos locales conocidos para los tambos incaicos de Uspallata se hallaron en sitios de precordillera y piedemonte alto, y también se encontraron tiestos de cerámica foránea, como los tipos Tocota, Diaguita y Copiapó Negro sobre Rojo en los diversos ambientes del área. Las dataciones absolutas permitieron ajustar las cronologías y a partir del análisis petrográfico se detectó la correspondencia de las inclusiones con la geología local y la presencia de materias primas foráneas, lo que se interpreta como movilidad y/o intercambio con áreas vecinas.</p><p><br /><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Technological and typological analysis of archaeological ceramics of northern Mendoza province allowed to define the variability in local production over a period of almost a thousand years, between ca. 1200-1300 years BP. Agrelo and Viluco are the best known and widely distributed ceramic types and other ceramic groups were defined: Gris/Marrón, Anarajando Rojizo and the Viluco Colonial. Local types manufactured in Inca Uspallata tambos were found at sites of the high-foothill and the piedmont. Foreign ceramic types also Tocota, Diaguita and Copiapó Negro sobre Rojo, were found isolated. Meanwhile, radiocarbon and termoluminscence dating allowed to clarify the chronologies, and petrographic analysis allowed detect the correspondence of the inclusions with the local geology and in other cases the presence of foreign raw materials, indicating mobility and/or exchanges with neighboring areas.</p>

scholarly journals Multiscale Characterization of the Caney Shale — An Emerging Play in Oklahoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 33-53
Author(s):  
Yulun Wang ◽  
Guofan Luo ◽  
Mercy Achang ◽  
Julie Cains ◽  
Conn Wethington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Rebound Hardness

From a hydrocarbon perspective, the Caney Shale has historically been evaluated as a sealing unit, which resulted in limited studies characterizing the rock properties of the Caney Shale and its suitability for hydraulic fracturing. The objective of our research is to help bridge the current knowledge gap through the integration of multiscale laboratory techniques and to characterize the macro- and microscale rock properties of the Caney Shale. We employed an integrated approach for the characterization of the Caney using 200 ft (61 m) of Caney core from a target well in southern Oklahoma. Core observation and petrographic analysis of thin sections were combined to characterize the general rock types and associated fabrics and textures. Mineralogical composition, pore system architecture, and rock fabric were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM. In addition, rebound hardness and indentation testing were carried out to determine rock hardness (brittleness) and elasticity, respectively. With the integrated multiscale characterization, three mixed carbonate-siliciclastic rock types were identified — mudstone, calcareous siltstone, and silty carbonate — likely representing a spectrum of deposition from low to relatively high energy environments in the distal portions of a ramp system. Silty carbonate contains mostly interparticle pores. The calcareous siltstones and silty mudstones contain a combination of organic matter pores and interparticle pores. Each of the rock types shows unique mineralogical compositions based on XRD. The mudstone lithofacies has the highest clay content and the least carbonate content. Calcareous siltstones show moderate carbonate and clay content. Silty carbonate indicates the highest carbonate content with the least clay content. In an order of mudstone, calcareous siltstone, and silty carbonate, rebound hardness and Young’s modulus show an increasing trend. As a result of rock-fluid interactions, there are potential scaling reactions during completion and production that could ultimately affect permeability and production rates. Overall, the proposed multiscale integration approach is critical for the geologic characterization of most rocks. However, in shale reservoirs dominated by microporosity and microstructure where engineered fractures are expected to provide permeability at a reservoir scale, successful integration is essential. An optimized, integrated geological characterization of the Caney Shale that is well aligned with the engineering designs in drilling, completing, and producing wellbores will ultimately lead to optimal production while providing safe and environmentally responsible operations.

scholarly journals Characterization of Double Leached Waelz Oxide for Identification of Fluoride Mineral

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suchandra Sar ◽  
Lena Sundqvist Ökvist ◽  
Tobias Sparrman ◽  
Fredrik Engström ◽  
Caisa Samuelsson
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Waelz Oxide ◽  
Production Knowledge ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Double leached Waelz oxide (DLWO), with 76% zinc, is a secondary zinc containing raw materials obtained by the treatment of electric arc furnace dust. The content of fluoride in DLWO is still too high for direct leaching, as fluoride has a detrimental effect on electrowinning for zinc production. Knowledge of the characteristics of DLWO, and especially on how a fluoride mineral might exist, can contribute to further improvement of the selective leaching for the removal of fluoride. In this study, DLWO was characterized using analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), 19F liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (19F LS NMR), X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and 19F solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (19F SS NMR). This study showed that DLWO mainly consisted of zincite (ZnO), cerussite (PbCO3) and a spinel containing zinc, iron and manganese. The fluoride mineral identified was calcium fluoride (CaF2). In SEM analysis, fluorine was found in larger grains together with calcium and oxygen, which was possibly calcium carbonate.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Bionanofiller Dari Limbah Serbuk Kayu Meranti Sebagai Pengisi Pada Polimer Komposit

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ulfah ◽  
Sri Aprilia ◽  
Fauzi M. Djuned
Keyword(s):  
Particle Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Wood Powder ◽  
Carbon Phase ◽  
Density Analysis ◽  
Functional Group Analysis

<p>Utilization of wood powder is one of the alternative in waste wood prevention which has not been optimally utilized. Utilization of bionanofiller based on wood waste such as wood powder can also reduce dependence on raw materials such as silica, clay, bentonite, zeolite which diminished its existence. The sample used in this study is Meranti wood powder which is then prepared and characterized. The characterization of bionanofiller waste of Meranti wood powder is done by analyzing particle density, XRD, SEM, and FTIR. Particle density analysis showed Meranti wood powder having density of 0,044 gr/cm . XRD analysis shows that the maximum peak at an angle of 2θ = 22,2o 3 indicates the presence of carbon phase. The results of SEM analysis of Meranti wood powder are suitable for use as fillers because they are 1 μm in size. The result of functional group analysis shows the presence of functional groups -OH, -CH3, -CH2, C = C, C-H and C-O.</p>

scholarly journals PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EGG SHELL BHASMA BY USING MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
Kundan Patil
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Modern Analytical

Calcium is one of the essential elements for living beings. As a supplement, it is used to treat Calcium deficiencies due to a calcium deficient diet. In Rasaratnasamuchchaya Calcium bhasma (Eggshell bhasma) is included as a rich calcium supplement. There is a need for work on the determination of the percentage of Calcium in the eggshell and its limit of acceptance. Easy absorption of bhasma in the body is possible when its preparation is carried out in an acidic medium. Lemon juice is one of the acidic mediums employed for this purpose at pH 2.4. The eggshell powder is subjected to five calcination cycles to convert it into the Bhasma. Analysis of Eggshell Bhasma has been done by various modern analytical techniques to determine its exact chemical compositions. Various instrumental methods like XRD, FTIR, and SEM have been incorporated for analysis of raw materials, intermediates as well as final products. The calcium carbonate present in eggshells is in calcite form. In the present work, structural and chemical characterization of eggshell bhasma was carried out to develop an analytical profile of it.

Microstructural Study of Reduced Malaysian Ilmenite by Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation in Nitrogen Atmosphere

2013 ◽  
Vol 858 ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishah Syed Salim Sharifah ◽  
Hanizam Shah Saidin ◽  
Norlia Baharun ◽  
S.A. Rezan ◽  
Hussin Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Carbothermal Reduction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Horizontal Tube ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Iron Chloride ◽  
Boudouard Reaction ◽  
Tube Reactor ◽  
Coal Mixtures

The reduction of Malaysia Ilmenite (FeTiO3) with coal by carbothermal reduction under N2 atmosphere was studied. Characterization of raw materials was done by XRD, XRF, Optical Microscopy (OM) and SEM analysis. Isothermal experiments were carried out using the pellets in a horizontal tube reactor with continuously flowing gas. From the experiments, 0-10 wt. % of FeCl3 was added in the ilmenite-coal mixtures before reduction. The mixture was reduced at 1100°C for 60, 120 and 180 minutes. The addition of FeCl3 acted as a catalyst and increased the rate of reduction. The microstructures of the reduced sample were porous with the addition of FeCl3. Furthermore, defects were observed due to increase release of Cl2 and CO during reduction. FeCl3 acted as catalyst in the gasification of coal by the Boudouard reaction. SEM analysis indicates that the microstructure of the particles was coarsened due to the addition of catalyst. Besides that, there was less agglomeration of metallic iron particles at higher addition of FeCl3. The effect of FeCl3 on the morphology iron was the nucleation of microscopic iron rich zones in the reduced sample. Keywords: Carbothermal Reduction, Iron Chloride, Malaysian Ilmenite, Nitridation, Titanium Oxycarbonitride.

scholarly journals Ancient Roman Mortars from Villa del Capo di Sorrento: A Multi-Analytical Approach to Define Microstructural and Compositional Features

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Concetta Rispoli ◽  
Renata Esposito ◽  
Luigi Guerriero ◽  
Piergiulio Cappelletti
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Campi Flegrei ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Pozzolanic Material ◽  
Slaked Lime ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Microscopy Analysis

This research provides a characterization of ancient Roman mortars from “Villa del Capo di Sorrento” (commonly known as “Villa di Pollio Felice” or “Bagni della Regina Giovanna”). A deepened analysis of cementitious binding matrix and aggregates was conducted with the aims of determining possible sources of raw materials and the mix recipe, and to evaluate the minerogenetic secondary processes. Twenty samples taken from the Villa were investigated by means of a multi-analytical approach, including polarized optical microscopy on thin sections, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy analysis, energy dispersed spectrometry, simultaneous thermal analyses, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Bedding mortars were made with slaked lime mixed with volcanic materials, whereas coating mortars were made adding to previous recipe as ceramic fragments. All samples were classified as hydraulic mortars. Cementitious binding matrix was characterized by gel-like C-A-S-H, calcite, hydrocalumite, and gypsum, deriving from lime/pozzolanic material. Geomaterials used for mortar production had a local origin. Pozzolanic materials, such as volcanic fragments, scoriae, pumice, and crystal fragments derived from both pyroclastic rocks of the Campi Flegrei district and from rocks of the Somma-Vesuvio complex; porosity test suggest that the products related to minerogenetic secondary processes, make mortars more resistant.

scholarly journals Multi-Analytical Characterization of Slags to Determine the Chromium Concentration for a Possible Re-Extraction

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horckmans ◽  
Möckel ◽  
Nielsen ◽  
Kukurugya ◽  
Vanhoof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromium Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
Chromium Concentration ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sodium Peroxide ◽  
Acid Dissolution ◽  
Spinel Structures

The CHROMIC project (effiCient mineral processing and Hydrometallurgical RecOvery of by-product Metals from low-grade metal contaIning seCondary raw materials) aims to recover chromium from steelmaking and ferrochrome slags to regain valuable resources and simultaneously reduce potential environmental impacts. To develop the recovery flowsheets and reliably calculate metal recovery, an accurate assessment of chromium concentration and distribution is essential. Therefore, model streams were thoroughly characterized using a combination of analytical techniques. In all materials, chromium is present in distinct but often small spinel phases, intergrown with other minerals and showing a considerable zonation in Cr content with higher amounts in the cores. The small size of the Cr-rich particles makes recovery by mineral processing challenging. Measured chromium content was found to differ largely based on the chemical dissolution method applied. The analysis of insoluble residues and comparison with a standard reference material evidenced that standard acid dissolution procedures based on HCl/HNO3/HBF4 and HNO3/HF/H2O2 are insufficient to fully dissolve spinel structures, leading to severe underestimations of chromium content. A sodium peroxide treatment is required for a full dissolution of spinels. This is noteworthy, since most of the legislation for the reuse of slags is currently based on acid dissolution methods.

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