scholarly journals Brief Communication: Analysis of the Fatalities and Socio-Economic Impacts Caused by Hurricane Florence

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanto Paul ◽  
Dawit Ghebreyesus ◽  
Hatim Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Communication Analysis ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Torrential Rainfall ◽  
Cape Fear

Florence made landfall on the southeastern coast of North Carolina (NC) generating torrential rainfall and severe flooding that led to 53 fatalities in three states (NC, SC, and VA) and $16–$40 billion in damage. Seventy-seven percent (77%) of the fatalities occurred in the rural flood plains of NC with Duplin county reporting a high of eight deaths. Approximately 50% of the total number of hurricane-related fatalities across the three states were vehicle-related. The predominant demographic at risk were males over the age of 50 years. The type of property damage was in line with other major hurricanes and predominantly affected residential structures (93% of the total number of damaged buildings). Florence is among the top 10 costliest hurricanes in U.S. history with approximately 50% of the damage projected as uninsured losses due to residential flooding. The cumulative 5-day rainfall resulted in major flooding along the Cape Fear, Lumberton, and Neuse rivers where many industrial waste sites (hog manure lagoons and coal ash pits) are located. Several of these waste sites located in the flood plain were breached and have likely cross-contaminated the waterways and water treatment operations. The observed extent of the flooding, environmental contamination, and impact to public health caused by Florence will add to the long-term disaster related mortality and morbidity rates and suggests an expansion of the 100-yr flood hazard zone to communicate the expanded risk to the public.

scholarly journals Flood Insurance as a Component of Land Use Management

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Lacewell ◽  
John G. McNeely
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Flood Insurance ◽  
Land Use Management ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Relief Operations ◽  
Rescue And Relief

Floods will continue to cause damage as long as development continues upon flood-prone lands. Inevitably, flooding occurs, damage ensues and there is personal suffering and loss. A burden of rescue and relief operations falls on all taxpayers.Flood control projects cannot protect against all damage, and not all flood hazard areas are amenable to flood control projects. An alternative to continued construction of engineering works for flood protection is flood plain management. To be effective, this must be brought about through political and legal means. Its purposes are to minimize the consequences of flooding and to achieve, in the long run, an optimum use of the flood plains.

Showing the vegetation cover of flood-plains and river valleys on the Vegetation Map of Kazakhstan and middle Asia

1995 ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
N. M. Kalibernova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Ground Waters ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Former Ussr

The fragment of the legend of the map concerning the vegetation of flood- plains and river-valleys in the subzones of northern and southern deserts is presented in the article. The map is compiled in Department of Vegetspon Geography and Cartography of Komarov Botanical Institute by a large team of botanists-geographers of the former USSR. The nature environments determining the development of vegetation of river-valleys in arid climate are conditioned by the intrazonal factors (alluvial and flood processes) at the background of natural zonal factors. Contrasts of environments and corresponding plant communities manifest themselves first of all. Mineralization of ground waters, salinity of soils, including the alluvial ones, are of essential importance. The practice of vegetation mapping of unstable habitats, to which floodplain landscapes belong, has shown that units of phytocoenological classification is of little use for this purpose. The heterogeneity of vegetation, consisting of short-term unstable serial communities generates a need for typification of space combinations of such phytocoenoses. For this purpose it is convenient to use generalized ecological-dinamic series, including plant communities of all levels within the limits of definite segment of valley. These series are the mapping units on the map. The vegetation of the first terrace is also nessecary to include in a single series with flood-plain vegetation because it has supplementary influence of ground waters. The higher divisions of the legend are based on zonal characters: vegetation of valleys in northern, middle and southern deserts. 13 numbers are used to show the vegetation cover of flood-plains and valleys. Additional 7 numbers are used for the out-of-valley meadow vegetation. The content is enriched by using of the letters by the numbers showing the geographic variants of series and ciphers for combination of series and out-of-series communities. The text legend is supplemented by the matrix (table), showing the subordination of subtitles, zonal position and geographic distribution of divisions. The types of series in the matrix are listed with indication of the main dominant species that gives the additional information on the legend divisions. The author's conclusion is that valley vegetation reveals clearly the zonal features, correlating with zonal (desert) vegetation.

scholarly journals Devastating impacts of flood disaster among rural households in Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-63
Author(s):  
R. K. Jiriko ◽  
E. N. Mbah ◽  
N. E. Amah
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Flood Disaster ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Drainage Channels

The study was carried out to determine devastating impacts of flood disaster among rural households in Benue State, Nigeria. Questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 145 respondents used for the study. Data collected for the study were analyzed using mean score. Findings indicated that the major causes of flood disaster were poor level of public awareness campaign on flood hazard (x –=2.00), increased impermeability due to urbanization (x –=2.00), overflowing dams (x –=2.00), building on water ways and drainage channels (x –=2.00), flood plain being occupied by human settlement and economic activities (x –=1.41), blockage of flood path with sediment deposit (x –=1.31) and increase in rainfall (x –=1.30). Rendering of rural dwellers homeless (x –=2.47), fills homes with dirty water and refuse (x –=2.43), blockage of road networks (x –=2.42), disruption of economic activities (x –=2.40), destruction of farmlands (x –=2.40), increase in household food insecurity (x –=2.35), destruction of crops and livestock (x –=2.30), damages stored farm produce (x –=2.24) and loss of lives and property (x –=2.12) were effects of flood disaster on rural households. Based on the findings of the study, there arises the need for government at all levels and non-governmental organizations to intensify efforts in creation of awareness for people living in flood prone areas to relocate to a safer place in order to avoid loss of life and disruption of economic activities.

Developing sensor materials for screening intestinal diseases

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhao ◽  
Xiaoxuan Zhang ◽  
Guopu Chen ◽  
Luoran Shang
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Material Science ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Multidisciplinary Communication ◽  
Intestinal Diseases ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Public ◽  
Disease Markers ◽  
Sensor Materials

Abstract Intestinal diseases have always been the focus of clinicians and scientific researchers, which have high mortality and morbidity rates, and bring huge encumbrance on the public medical system and economy worldwide. In the progression of many intestinal diseases, early diagnosis and intervention are valuable. Fortunately, the emergence of sensor materials can effectively assist clinical early diagnosis and health monitoring. By accurately locating the lesion and sensitively analyzing the level of disease markers, these sensor materials can help to precisely diagnose the stage and state of lesions, thereby avoiding delaying the treatment. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth knowledge into diagnosing and monitoring intestinal diseases with the assistance of sensor materials, particularly emphasizing the design and application of them in bioimaging and biodetection. This review is dedicated to conveying the practical applications of sensor materials in the intestine, a critical analysis of their mechanisms and applications, and discussion of their future roles in medicine. We believe that this review would promote the multidisciplinary communication between material science, medicine, and the relevant engineering fields, thus improving the clinical translation of sensor materials

scholarly journals Flood hazard assessment of a flood-prone intensively urbanized area – A case study from Samsun Province, Turkey

Geofizika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Neslihan Beden ◽  
Aslı Ülke Keskin
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Hazard Maps ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Flood Hazard Maps

Flooding is one of the most catastrophic events among the wide spectrum of natural disasters that impact human communities. The identification of floodprone areas and the probability of occurrence, or estimated return period, of flood events are fundamental to proper planning for flood management and minimization of the social and economic costs of flood damage. In this study, 1D/2D coupled flood models of the Mert River, which flows into the Black Sea at Samsun in north-central Turkey, were developed. Based on the flood modeling results, flood extent, flood depth and flood hazard maps for the river were produced and they showed that the study area is particularly flood prone, as evidenced by catastrophic flooding in 2012. Specifically, the estimated 100, 500 and 1000-year peak discharges would affect 184 ha, 262 ha and 304 ha, respectively, of the 1,200 ha study area. Hazard ratings for the areas expected to be affected are shown in the flood hazard maps generated. The results of this research can be used by local government agencies in Samsun for the development of policies, strategies and actions that would help minimize the social and economic impacts of flooding, especially adjacent to the downstream sections where there is intensive development on the flood plain.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of 3-D representations of urban flood map in virtual environments for hazard communication purposes

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 06037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa De Santis ◽  
Francesco Macchione ◽  
Pierfranco Costabile ◽  
Carmelina Costanzo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Hazard Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The flood hazard/risk maps do not allow a non-expert audience an immediate perception of the flooding impacts. Therefore, we need to modernize maps providing new communication approaches. In this context, 3-D representations of flood inundation through emerging formats in virtual and augmented realities may be considered as a powerful tool to engage users with flood hazards. The challenge of the research is to create a virtual 3-D environment aimed at supporting the public, practitioners and decision-makers in interpreting and understanding the impact of simulated flood hazards. For this purpose, the paper aims to perform a comparative analysis of two techniques to carry out the 3-D realistic visualizations of a flood map for representing a potential flooding of the Crati River, in the old town of Cosenza (South of Italy). The first approach develops a simple and quick workflow that provides an overall look at a neighbourhood level, but reveals some limits in water level visualization at the individual buildings scale. The second one requires additional terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) acquisition and overcomes some limits of the first approach, by providing a visual insight about water level close to building façades.

Spatial variation of ostracod (Crustacea, Ostracoda) egg banks in temporary lakes of a tropical flood plain

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rosa ◽  
Ramiro de Campos ◽  
Koen Martens ◽  
Janet Higuti
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Resting Eggs ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Egg Banks ◽  
Flood Pulses

Ostracods are microcrustaceans that produce resting eggs under adverse conditions. In this study we evaluated the spatial variation of ostracod resting eggs in different regions of temporary lakes in a Brazilian flood plain. Based on the homogenisation effect of flood pulses on aquatic communities in flood plains, we hypothesised that the composition and abundance of ostracod eggs in the centre of temporary lakes would be similar to those in edge regions. Samples were collected from the centre and edge regions of five temporary lakes. Sediment was oven dried, rehydrated and hatching was monitored in germinating chambers. Twelve ostracod species hatched from the egg banks during our experiments. The abundance and species composition were similar between the two regions of the lakes. Flood events may be responsible for the homogenisation of the egg banks as a result of the connection of lakes with principal river channels. During flooding, water masses powerfully enter lakes and can redistribute sediments. This study shows that egg banks have the potential to contribute to the maintenance of local biodiversity and the resilience of biodiversity of temporary lake ecosystems.

Probabilistic Flood Hazard Maps at Ungauged Locations Using Multivariate Extreme Values Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Kezhkepurath Gangadhara ◽  
Srinivas Venkata Vemavarapu
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Regional Frequency Analysis ◽  
Hazard Map ◽  
Hazard Maps ◽  
Flood Hydrograph ◽  
Flood Hazard Map ◽  
Flood Hazard Maps

<p>Flood hazard maps are essential for development and assessment of flood risk management strategies. Conventionally, flood hazard assessment is based on deterministic approach which involves deriving inundation maps considering hydrologic and hydraulic models. A flood hydrograph corresponding to a specified return period is derived using a hydrologic model, which is then routed through flood plain of the study area to estimate water surface elevations and inundation extent with the aid of a hydraulic model. A more informative way of representing flood risk is through probabilistic hazard maps, which additionally provide information on the uncertainty associated with the extent of inundation. To arrive at a probabilistic flood hazard map, several flood hydrographs are generated, representing possible scenarios for flood events over a long period of time (e.g., 500 to 1000 years). Each of those hydrographs is routed through the flood plain and probability of inundation for all locations in the plain is estimated to derive the probabilistic flood hazard map. For gauged catchments, historical streamflow and/or rainfall data may be used to determine design flood hydrographs and the corresponding hazard maps using various strategies. In the case of ungauged catchments, however, there is a dearth of procedures for prediction of flood hazard maps. To address this, a novel multivariate regional frequency analysis (MRFA) approach is proposed. It involves (i) use of a newly proposed clustering methodology for regionalization of catchments, which accounts for uncertainty arising from ambiguity in choice of various potential clustering algorithms (which differ in underlying clustering strategies) and their initialization, (ii) fitting of a multivariate extremes model to information pooled from catchments in homogeneous region to generate synthetic flood hydrographs at ungauged target location(s), and (iii) routing of the hydrographs through the flood plain using LISFLOOD-FP model to derive probabilistic flood hazard map. The MRFA approach is designed to predict flood hydrograph related characteristics (peak flow, volume and duration of flood) at target locations in ungauged basins by considering watershed related characteristics as predictor/explanatory variables. An advantage of the proposed approach is its ability to account for uncertainty in catchment regionalization and dependency between all the flood hydrograph related characteristics reliably. Thus, the synthetic flood hydrographs generated in river basins appear more realistic depicting the observed dependence structure among flood hydrograph characteristics. The approach alleviates several uncertainties found in conventional methods (based on conceptual, probabilistic or geomorphological approaches) which affect estimation of flood hazard. Potential of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a case study on catchments in Mahanadi river basin of India, which extends over 141,600 km<sup>2</sup> and is frequently prone to floods. Comparison is shown between flood hazard map obtained based on true at-site data and that derived based on the proposed MRFA approach by considering the respective sites to be pseudo-ungauged. Coefficient of correlation and root mean squared error considered for performance evaluation indicated that the proposed approach is promising.</p>

Flood plain dwellers' perception of the flood hazard in Tucson, Arizona

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. McPherson ◽  
T. F. Saarinen
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Flood Plain

Role of environmental and spatial processes structuring fish assemblages in streams of the eastern Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Benone ◽  
R. Ligeiro ◽  
L. Juen ◽  
L. F. A. Montag
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Habitat Isolation ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Flood Period ◽  
Stream Fish Assemblages ◽  
Stream Biota

Considering the increasing importance of analysing spatial structure in ecological studies, the aims of the present study were to test whether fluvial distances and environmental factors are important drivers of the β-diversity of stream fish assemblages, and whether β-diversity is different in distinct hydrological periods. Specimens were sampled at 33 stream sites in the eastern Amazon. Eight environmental variables were measured at each site and fluvial distances between pairs of stream sites were determined. Environmental variables were the main factors structuring fish assemblages in both periods. However, fluvial distances were important only during the flood period. This can be related to the formation of extensive flood plains in this period, which increases connectivity between streams, breaking habitat isolation and increasing the regional signal for fish species. The higher correlation of β-diversity with environmental variables during the flood period may be related to decreased dispersal limitations and intermediate dispersal. Finally, β-diversity was higher during the flood period, highlighting the importance of the heterogeneity of the flood plain to stream biota. The results of the present study indicate that spatial and environmental factors play complementary roles in structuring fish assemblages in Amazon streams, and that β-diversity was affected by changes in the habitat connectivity experienced in different hydrological periods.

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