Showing the vegetation cover of flood-plains and river valleys on the Vegetation Map of Kazakhstan and middle Asia

1995 ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
N. M. Kalibernova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Ground Waters ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Former Ussr

The fragment of the legend of the map concerning the vegetation of flood- plains and river-valleys in the subzones of northern and southern deserts is presented in the article. The map is compiled in Department of Vegetspon Geography and Cartography of Komarov Botanical Institute by a large team of botanists-geographers of the former USSR. The nature environments determining the development of vegetation of river-valleys in arid climate are conditioned by the intrazonal factors (alluvial and flood processes) at the background of natural zonal factors. Contrasts of environments and corresponding plant communities manifest themselves first of all. Mineralization of ground waters, salinity of soils, including the alluvial ones, are of essential importance. The practice of vegetation mapping of unstable habitats, to which floodplain landscapes belong, has shown that units of phytocoenological classification is of little use for this purpose. The heterogeneity of vegetation, consisting of short-term unstable serial communities generates a need for typification of space combinations of such phytocoenoses. For this purpose it is convenient to use generalized ecological-dinamic series, including plant communities of all levels within the limits of definite segment of valley. These series are the mapping units on the map. The vegetation of the first terrace is also nessecary to include in a single series with flood-plain vegetation because it has supplementary influence of ground waters. The higher divisions of the legend are based on zonal characters: vegetation of valleys in northern, middle and southern deserts. 13 numbers are used to show the vegetation cover of flood-plains and valleys. Additional 7 numbers are used for the out-of-valley meadow vegetation. The content is enriched by using of the letters by the numbers showing the geographic variants of series and ciphers for combination of series and out-of-series communities. The text legend is supplemented by the matrix (table), showing the subordination of subtitles, zonal position and geographic distribution of divisions. The types of series in the matrix are listed with indication of the main dominant species that gives the additional information on the legend divisions. The author's conclusion is that valley vegetation reveals clearly the zonal features, correlating with zonal (desert) vegetation.

Vegetation map of Norsky nature reserve (Amur Region)

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-38
Author(s):  
I. G. Borisova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Southern Taiga ◽  
Species List ◽  
Zonal Distribution ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Larch Forests

The Norsky State Nature Reserve is located in Selemdzhinsky district of the Amurskaya oblast. Its area is 211 168 ha. Currently the flora of the Norsky Nature Reserve is studied in details. A species list has been published and an analysis of the flora has been made (Starchenko, Chuvasheva, 1993; Veklich, 2009). The vegetation cover is poorly studied; so far no geobotanical map of the Reserve has been compiled. Only the overview map (scale 1 : 2 500 000) of the vegetation of the Amur basin (1969) gives an idea of the vegetation as a whole. The climatic characteristics of the territory and the complex relief determine the diversity of plant habitats and their communities. The climate of the Norsky Reserve is continental with monsoon features and even ultracontinental (after A. I. Kaigorodov (1955). The modern relief of the Reserve includes wide floodplains of Nora and Selemdzha rivers, accumulative delta-terraces plain, Norskaya accumulative denudation plain (Geomorphologiya..., 1973) and hills. According to the latest botanical and geographical zoning of the Amurskaya oblast, the Norsky Reserve belongs to the Mamynskiy and Ulmsko-Aldikonskiy districts of the Turan-Mamyn province of the Manchurian subdistrict of the East Asian area (Borisova,Starchenko, 2018). The province belongs to southern taiga with some elements of nemoral forests (Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis and etc.) along the valleys of Selemdzha River and its major tributaries. The southern taiga includes different larch forests (often disturbed), derived birch-larch forests with Pinus sylvestris, Picea ajanensis and Abies nephrolepis. The presence of nemoral species in forest cenoses increases in the direction from north to south. A province peculiarity is the wide distribution of larch peatmoss forests, swamps and wet meadows. The scientific-reference typological map of vegetation on a medium scale (1 : 300 000) was compiled for the Norsky Nature Reserve for the first time. It shows spatial patterns of vegetation distribution in connection with the natural features of the territory (Fig. 5). The vegetation map legend is based on an ecologic and phytocoenotic classification. A zonal distribution of plant communities is presented in the legend. Plant communities are divided into some categories: dark-coniferous, light-coniferous and derived forests, which are represented as formations. The main cartographic units are groups of associations and their various combinations. The legend shows the vegetation of floodplains, rocks, and disturbed areas. Vegetation divisions are represented on the vegetation map by seventeen colors and one extra scale sign. All symbols have their own serial number, which is marked in the map legend. The largest areas on the territory of the Reserve are occupied by larch forests — 42 % (Fig. 6). The forested territory as a whole occupies 36.5 %, of which the largest areas are rhododendron larch (9.7 %) and floodplain (9.5 %) forests. Ledum larch and moss-shrub forests occupy 5.7 %. Larch mixed-grass-shrub forests cover some small areas (2.0 %). Sub-taiga larch forests with nemoral grasses and often with oak and black birch trees occupy 0.6 %. Pine and larch-pine forests extend 1.3 % of the Reserve’s area. Fir-spruce forests on watersheds have limited distribution — about 1 %. They are a chain of ecologic-dynamic series on floodplain occupying 2.7 % of the Reserve’s area. To conclude, the vegetation cover of the Norsky Nature Reserve reflects the zonal and provincial features of the territory.

Large-scale geobotanical map of the Tuzla Spit and Tuzla Island (the Kerch Strait)

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
T. A. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
The South ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
The North ◽  
Kerch Strait ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images

During an ecological expertise the vegetation of Tuzla Spit and Tuzla Island, located in the middle part of the Kerch Strait (Fig. 1), was studied. This area is unique in terms of biological diversity and a presence of rare species (Ermolaeva et al., 2018). The study is based on 150 geobotanical relevés. Field data, topographic maps, and high-resolution satellite images were used in the vegetation mapping. The total area of the study is 383 hectares. There are the following hierarchical levels in the legend to the vegetation map: types of vegetation and classes of associations. A mapping unit is an association described according to the Braun-Blanquet system (Braun-Blanquet, 1964). The highest divisions of the legend are the types of vegetation: aquatic, coastal-aquatic, halophytic, psammophytic, steppe; they are given according to the ecological-phytocoenotic classification. Within the types of vegetation, classes of associations are given according to the ecological-floristic classification. 26 main numbers of the legend display the vegetation cover on the map. Geobotanical map reflects the state of vegetation in 2015 (Fig. 2). The vegetation of the island is heterogeneous. Plant communities as narrow stripes replace each other depending on the degree of moisture, salinity and orography. The sea currents have a great influence on the vegetation. In the southern part of the Taman Bay, suspension flows are directed from the South to the North and round the island, which leads to the “washing-up” of the southeastern part of the island represented by shallow waters and estuaries. It is occupied mainly by halophytic vegetation, the main dominants of plant communities are Juncus maritimus, Phragmites australis, Puccinellia distans, Bassia hirsuta, Salicornia pe­rennans, S. prostrata, Suaeda salsa, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Elytrigia elongata, Tripolium vulgare. The northwestern part of the strait is occupied by the area of jet streams of suspensions coming from the North to the South from the Sea of Azov. This caused the accumulation of sand-shell material in the northern and northwestern parts of the island forming raised areas co­vered by psammophytic and steppe communities. The main dominant species here are Crambe maritima var. pontica, Cakile euxina, Eryngium maritimum, Lactuca tatarica, Salsola tragus, Leymus sabulosus, Artemisia arenaria, Gypsophila perfoliata. As a result of the transport crossing construction, the vegetation cover was heavily transformed. The vegetation map of Tuzla Spit and Island for 2019 shows the changes that have occurred — the drainage of the territory and the reduction of the vegetated area (Fig. 3). Distribution of weed species, in particular Ambrosia artemisiifolia, is noted. The remained vegetation in the southern part of the Tuzla Spit and the southern part of the Tuzla Island has a great nature conservation value; there are unique plant communities and rare plant species listed in the Red books of different ranks (Red..., 2007, 2008, 2015): Cakile euxina, Crambe maritime, Glaucium flavum, Euphorbia paralias, E. peplis, Eryngium mari­timum, Astrodaucus littoralis, Asparagus maritimus, Centaurea arenaria, Argusia sibirica, Astragalus varius, Verbascum pinnatifidum, Leymus racemosus subsp. sabulosus, Secale sylvestre. There is an obvious need to organize a specially protected natural area in these areas.

Typology of territorial units of vegetation for the purposes of large-scale mapping (the Kolguev Island as an example)

2015 ◽  
pp. 94-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Lavrinenko
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Class Group ◽  
Hierarchical System ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Kolguev Island ◽  
Basic Rank

A typological scheme of territorial units of vegetation (TUV) developed on the basis of the large-scale map of theKolguev Island is presented. Four basic rank typological units (division, class, group and type) define TUV positions in the hierarchical system of vegetation cover. The concepts of diagnostic syntaxon and combination of diagnostic syntaxa that occur exclusively or primarily within these typological units are introduced. Prodromus of the Kolguev Island vegetation consists of 42 syntaxa (association / subassociation / type of community). 38 types of TUV from 22 groups (8 homogeneous and 14 heterogeneous – serial and ecological ranks, complexes and combinations), assigned to 15 classes and 3 divisions are allocated on the vegetation map in 1 : 50 000 scale. The categories of different rank can be used as dynamic elements of the map legend. This approach gives us a possibility to combine the syntaxonomic diversity of plant communities and typology of TUV.

Phytocoenotic diversity and vegetation mapping of the Zaisan depression, Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-90
Author(s):  
L. A. Dimeyeva ◽  
B. M. Sultanova ◽  
A. F. Islamgulova ◽  
V. N. Permitina
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Bunch Grass ◽  
Floodplain Meadow ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Heterogeneous Vegetation

The paper presents the results of vegetation studies in the Zaisan depression. The middle-scale vegetation map (s. 1 : 500 000) was created. Dominant species of vegetation cover form several ecological-physiognomic vegetation types: psammophytic shrub, psammophytic wormwood, psammophytic grass, perennial saltwort, sagebrush, shrub, saxaul, sagebrush – bunch grass, coniferous forest; floodplain meadow, shrub and woody are characteristic types of river valleys. These types are represented in the map legend. Analysis of the ecological preferences of the dominant species of Zaisan depression revealed the edaphic amplitude of plant species. A large part of dwarf semishrubs (sagebrushes and perennial saltworts) is characterized by wide edaphic amplitude. Shrub Spiraea hypericifolia has also a wide edaphic range. Stipa sareptana is the most ecologically labile species among bunch grasses. Zaisan saxaul is mainly grows on brown and gray-brown soils. The legend to the map is compiled on the base of zonal-typological principle, it contains 35 numbers. 8 numbers of the legend show the homogeneous vegetation, 27 – heterogeneous vegetation. Zonal types of vegetation occupy 64% of the territory (deserts – 32.4%, steppes – 31.6%); intrazonal vegetation – 23.6%. About 17% of the territory is agricultural lands, mostly located in the steppe zone.

STUDYING OF TERSKO-SULAKSKAYA LOWLAND VEGETATION UNDER THE RESULTS OF GROUND-BASED RESEARCH AND AUTOMATED INTERPRETATION

1970 ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
M. I. Dzhalalova ◽  
A. B. Biarslanov ◽  
D. B. Asgerova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Internet Resource

The state of plant communities in areas located in the Tersko-Sulak lowland was studied by assessing phytocenotic indicators: the structure of vegetation cover, projective cover, species diversity, species abundance and elevated production, as well as automated decoding methods. There are almost no virgin soils and natural phytocenoses here; all of them have been transformed into agrocenoses (irrigated arable lands and hayfields, rice-trees and pastures). The long-term impact on pasture ecosystems of natural and anthropogenic factors leads to significant changes in the indigenous communities of this region. Phytocenoses are formed mainly by dry-steppe types of cereals with the participation of feather grass, forbs and ephemera, a semi-desert haloxerophytic shrub - Taurida wormwood. At the base of the grass stand is common coastal wormwood and Taurida wormwood - species resistant to anthropogenic influences. Anthropogenic impacts have led to a decrease in the number of species of feed-rich grain crops and a decrease in the overall productivity of pastures. Plant communities in all areas are littered with ruderal species. The seasonal dynamics of the land cover of the sites was estimated by the methods of automatic decoding of satellite images of the Landsat8 OLI series satellite for 2015, dated by the periods: spring - May 20, summer - July 23, autumn - October 20. Satellite imagery data obtained by Landsat satellite with a resolution in the multispectral image of 30 m per pixel, and in the panchromatic image - 10 m per pixel, which correspond to the requirements for satellite imagery to assess the dynamics of soil and vegetation cover. Lower resolution data, for example, NDVI MODIS, does not provide a reliable reflection of the state of soil and vegetation cover under arid conditions. In this regard, remote sensing data obtained from the Internet resource https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ was used.

Detection and representation of the basic peculiarities of vegetation cover by the mapping method (experience based on a research of goltsy-taiga territories)

2013 ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
S. V. Osipov
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
High Rise ◽  
The Third ◽  
Altitudinal Belts ◽  
The One ◽  
Dynamic Series ◽  
River Valleys

Geobotanical mapping of the territory in riverheads Bureya of 4500 sq.km is carried out and the map of a actual vegetation cover of scale 1 : 200 000 is prepared. The legend of the map is presented in the form of the text with three-level hierarchy of classes. At the heart of structure of a legend of the map such regularities of a vegetation cover, as its latitudinal zonality / altitudinal belts, situation in a relief and dynamic series lie. The largest divisions of the legend reflect, first, change of large classes of mesocombinations of vegetation at the level of belts and, secondly, distinction in a boreal - forestry belt between a vegetation cover of tops and slopes of mountains, on the one hand, and the bottoms of river valleys, with another. Divisions of the legend of the second level reflect, first, vegetation changes in the form of high-rise and barrier changes of subbelts, secondly, distinctions of a vegetation cover in different geomorphological conditions (small and average river valleys, northern slopes, etc.). Divisions of the legend of the second level correspond to dynamic series of units of the third level. Essential addition to it are block diagrams of dynamics of a vegetation cover.

Aleksandr A. Yunatov and his studies in Mongolia (to his 100th anniversary)

2009 ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Z. V. Karamysheva
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Vegetation Map ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
First Time

The paper is dedicated to the famous geobotanist and botanical geographer A. A. Yunatov and his researches in Mongolia. Yunatov’s scientific activities and his role as an organizer of the science is analyzed. His personal contributions into a study of the vegetation of Mongolia are following: the vegetation cover of Mongolia was described in detail for the first time, zonal and altitudinal regularities of its distribution were revealed, the scheme of botanical-geographic regionalization and the first medium-scale vegetation map were compiled. Author’s research data were published in Russia, Mongolia and China.

The large-scale vegetation maps of the western coast of Peter the Great Bay (Far East, the Sea of Japan)

2000 ◽  
pp. 50-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Osipov ◽  
V. P. Verkholat
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Far East ◽  
Peter The Great Bay ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Spatial Unit ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Great Bay ◽  
River Valleys

Two territories on the western coast of Peter the Great Bay were mapped in the large scale. The geobotanical mapping means revealing and displaying the essential regularities of vegetation cover. Both the spatial and temporal regularities of vegetation under natural and anthropogenic influences are well pronounced in the territory under consideration. The concept of the vegetation spatial unit (vegetation complexes) was applied as a basis for mapping. The maps and their legend were worked out as a system of vegetation combination types (vegetation combination is a spatial unit of the supracoenotic level). Such categories, as vegetation of tops and slopes, lowlands and river valleys, sea coasts reflect maximal contrasts in vegetation cover, so they are the highest level divisions of the map legend. Types of succession series and stages of series are developed for construction of the second and third levels of the legend. Communities, similar in ecotope, total species composition, saplings and some other characteristics, are referred to one type of series. 5 types of series have been distinguished: dry, fresh, moist, very moist, wet. The main factor of dynamics in considered territory is fire and the series are mainly pyrogeneous. Series are presented as sequences of vegetation stages. The vegetation stages for tops and slopes are: closed low forest — open low woodland — shrub thicket with saplings — meadow with saplings, for lowlands and river valleys they are: open low woodland — thicket of saplings — meadow or mire with saplings.

scholarly journals Brief Communication: Analysis of the Fatalities and Socio-Economic Impacts Caused by Hurricane Florence

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanto Paul ◽  
Dawit Ghebreyesus ◽  
Hatim Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Communication Analysis ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Torrential Rainfall ◽  
Cape Fear

Florence made landfall on the southeastern coast of North Carolina (NC) generating torrential rainfall and severe flooding that led to 53 fatalities in three states (NC, SC, and VA) and $16–$40 billion in damage. Seventy-seven percent (77%) of the fatalities occurred in the rural flood plains of NC with Duplin county reporting a high of eight deaths. Approximately 50% of the total number of hurricane-related fatalities across the three states were vehicle-related. The predominant demographic at risk were males over the age of 50 years. The type of property damage was in line with other major hurricanes and predominantly affected residential structures (93% of the total number of damaged buildings). Florence is among the top 10 costliest hurricanes in U.S. history with approximately 50% of the damage projected as uninsured losses due to residential flooding. The cumulative 5-day rainfall resulted in major flooding along the Cape Fear, Lumberton, and Neuse rivers where many industrial waste sites (hog manure lagoons and coal ash pits) are located. Several of these waste sites located in the flood plain were breached and have likely cross-contaminated the waterways and water treatment operations. The observed extent of the flooding, environmental contamination, and impact to public health caused by Florence will add to the long-term disaster related mortality and morbidity rates and suggests an expansion of the 100-yr flood hazard zone to communicate the expanded risk to the public.

scholarly journals Ecological Distribution of Cyclemys oldhamii (Gray, 1863) from Nepal

Our Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalu Ram Rai
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Ecological Distribution ◽  
Eupatorium Adenophorum ◽  
Adult Specimen ◽  
Juvenile Specimen ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Ecological Habitats

Tangting River originates from southern slope of Murtidanda of Mahabharat range and forms a very narrow v-shaped agriculturally fertile valley in lower parts of Chure hills. It has three main tributaries merging from east and west. Water is clear with rocky bed and margin is covered with thick bushes of semi-shrubs (Eupatorium adenophorum). During the herpetological survey, a live juvenile specimen of Cyclemys oldhamii (Gray, 1983) was collected from the periphery of Banmare Khola, an eastern tributory of the river. It was found hiding in the paddy field in the flood plain of Tangting river (280 m), and another adult specimen was collected from Dhobi Khola (450 m), a western tributory of the river. Empty shells were also collected from Garuwa and Mai valleys, respectively. Tangting and Garuwa river valleys are the favourable habitats for Cyclemys oldhamii. The main reason of discontinued distribution is habitat loss by deforestation. Key words: Cyclemys, Morphology, Ecological habitats, Distributiondoi:10.3126/on.v2i1.317Our Nature (2004) 2: 7-12

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