Maximum Expiratory Flow of Children and Adolescents Living at Moderate Altitudes: Proposed Reference Values

(1) Background: Spirometry is useful for diagnosing and monitoring many respiratory diseases. The objectives were: (a) compare maximum expiratory flow (MEF) values with those from international studies, (b) determine if MEF should be evaluated by chronological age and/or maturity, (c) develop reference norms for children, and adolescents. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed with 3900 subjects ages 6.0 and 17.9 years old. Weight, standing height, sitting height, and MEF were measured. Length of the lower limbs, body mass index (BMI), and age of peak height velocity growth (APHV) were calculated. (3) Results: Values for the curves (p50) for females of all ages from Spain and Italy were higher (92 to 382 (L/min)) than those for females from Arequipa (Peru). Curve values for males from Spain and Italy were greater [70 to 125 (L/min)] than the males studied. MEF values were similar to those of Chilean students ages 6 to 11. However, from 12 to 17 years old, values were lower in males (25 to 55 (L/min)) and in females (23.5 to 90 (L/min)). Correlations between chronological age and MEF in males were from (r = 0.68, R2 = 0.39) and in females from (r = 0.46, R2 = 0.21). Correlations between maturity (APHV) and MEF for males were from (r = 0.66, R2 = 0.44) and for females (r = 0.51, R2 = 0.26). Percentiles were calculated for chronological age and APHV. Conclusion: Differences occurred in MEF when compared with other geographical regions of the world. We determined that maturity may be a more effective indicator for analyzing MEF. Reference values were generated using chronological age and maturity.

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Reference norms for evaluating maximum expiratory flow of children and adolescents of the Maule Region in Chile

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.5157 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e5157

Author(s):

Marco Antonio Cossio-Bolaños ◽

Cynthia Andruske ◽

Miguel Arruda ◽

Jose Sulla-Torres ◽

Jaime Pacheco-Carrillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Peak Height ◽

Biological Age ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Chronological Age ◽

International Studies ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Biological Maturation ◽

Maximum Expiratory Flow ◽

Expiratory Flow

Background The norms for evaluating the maximum expiratory flow (MEF) usually are developed according to chronological age and height. However, to date, little research has been conducted using reference values that take into account the temporal changes of biological maturation. The objectives of this study were to (a) compare the MEF with those of other international studies, (b) align the MEF values with chronological and biological age, and (c) propose reference standards for children and adolescents. Methods The sample studied consisted of 3,566 students of both sexes (1,933 males and 1,633 females) ranging in age from 5.0 to 17.9 years old. Weight, standing height, and sitting height were measured. Body mass index was calculated. Biological maturation was predicted by using age of peak height velocity growth (APHV). MEF (L/min) was obtained by using a forced expiratory manoeuvre. Percentiles were calculated using the LMS method. Results and Discussion Predicted APHV was at age 14.77 ± 0.78 years for males and for females at age 12.74 ± 1.0 years. Biological age was more useful than chronological age for assessing MEF in both sexes. Based on these findings, regional percentiles were created to diagnose and monitor the risk of asthma and the general expiratory status of paediatric populations.

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Injury Risk and Injury Burden Are Related to Age Group and Peak Height Velocity Among Talented Male Youth Soccer Players

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967118811042 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 232596711881104 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hans Jan Bult ◽

Maarten Barendrecht ◽

Igor Joeri Ramon Tak

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

Age Groups ◽

Peak Height ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Incidence Density ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

The Mean ◽

Injury Burden

Background: The relationship between injury risk (IR) in age groups and periods around peak height velocity (PHV) remains unclear. PHV is defined as the moment of the largest increase in body height. Purpose: To investigate injury risk and injury burden as functions of growth velocity (periods around PHV) and chronological age groupings (under 12 years [U12] to U19) in talented youth male soccer players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 170 players from the youth academy of a Dutch soccer club (highest professional league: Eredivisie) were observed for 1 to 3 seasons. Injuries, exposure, PHV age, and chronological age were registered. The injury incidence density (IID) and injury burden per 1000 hours of soccer participation, with 95% CIs, were calculated for 5 PHV periods and 7 age groups. These were compared with the overall cohort results using incidence ratios (IRs) and burden ratios (BRs) with 95% CIs. Results: The mean age at PHV was 14.4 ± 0.65 years (range, 12.8-16.5 years). The mean IID for the total cohort was 8.34 injuries per 1000 hours (95% CI, 7.71-9.02). Compared with the overall mean, a significantly higher IID was found for PHV period 4+5 (IR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.00-1.71]; P = .049) and for the U15 group (IR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.24-1.79]; P < .001). The overall injury burden was 58.37 injury days per 1000 hours (95% CI, 56.66-60.13). In PHV period 4+5, the injury burden was significantly higher (BR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.39-1.68]; P < .001) when compared with the overall mean. Also, compared with the overall mean, the injury burden was higher in the U16 (BR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.39-1.58]; P < .001), U15 (BR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.19-1.38]; P < .001), and U17 groups (BR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.13-1.31]; P < .001). Conclusion: Talented young soccer players were more prone to injuries during the 6 months after PHV (31% above overall mean) as well as in the U15 group (49% above overall mean). Based on the higher injury burden in the U16 (48%), U15 (28%), and U17 (21%) groups, we suggest that research on injury risk factors and preventive measures should primarily target these age groups. Additional interventions based on PHV may be of limited value from a screening perspective. Further research is needed on the interaction between age groups and PHV periods.

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Maximum expiratory flow-volume curves and airway conductance in children and adolescents

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1969.26.3.308 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 308-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 141

Author(s):

A. Zapletal ◽

E. K. Motoyama ◽

K. P. Van De Woestijne ◽

V. R. Hunt ◽

A. Bouhuys

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Flow Volume ◽

Maximum Expiratory Flow ◽

Expiratory Flow ◽

Airway Conductance

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Hopping and Landing Performance in Male Youth Soccer Players: Effects of Age and Maturation

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0043-114009 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 902-908 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Paul Read ◽

Jon Oliver ◽

Mark De Ste Croix ◽

Gregory Myer ◽

Rhodri Lloyd

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Temporary Reduction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male Youth ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Increased Risk

AbstractQuantifying hopping and landing performances can assist coaches in identifying young male soccer players who may be at increased risk of injury. The influence of chronological age and maturation on these measures in this population is unknown. Single leg hop for distance (SLHD) and 75% horizontal hop and stick landing force (75%Hop) were examined in a cross-sectional sample (N=400) of elite male youth soccer players. Between-group differences for both chronological age (U11–U18) and stage of maturation (pre-, circa- or post-peak height velocity (PHV)) were analyzed. Absolute 75%Hop increased with both age and maturation. Apart from the U18s, pre-PHV and U11–U12 players displayed the greatest relative landing forces compared to all other groups (p<0.001; d=0.56–0.93). Absolute and relative SLHD were greatest in the U18s and post-PHV players (p<0.001; d=0.35–2.04). A trend showed increased SLHD with each consecutive age group although a reduction in performance was identified in the U13s (d=0.50–0.59). High volumes of accumulated soccer participation in the U18s may lead to altered landing strategies indicative of high injury risk. A temporary reduction in hop performance in the U13s may also be linked to a period of adolescent awkwardness.

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Maturity-Related Variation in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among 9–14 Year Olds

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.6.5.597 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 597-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Eric E. Wickel ◽

Joey C. Eisenmann ◽

Gregory J. Welk

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender ◽

Biological Maturity

Background:This study compared physical activity levels among early, average, and late maturing boys and girls.Methods:Physical activity was assessed with an Actigraph accelerometer in 161 (76 boys, 85 girls) 9 to 14 year olds over 7 consecutive days. Anthropometric variables were measured and the maturity offset (ie, years from peak height velocity) was predicted. Biological maturity groups (early, average, and late) were created based on the mean estimated age at peak height velocity for boys and girls separately.Results:Levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were similar between early, average, and late maturing boys and girls after adjusting for differences in chronological age. Levels of MVPA progressively declined across chronological age in boys and girls (P < .001) and gender differences existed at 10-, 12-, and 13-years, with boys having higher levels than girls (P < .05). When aligned according to biological age, gender-related differences in MVPA did not exist.Conclusions:Within this sample of 9 to 14 year old boys and girls, there were no significant differences in MVPA among early, average, and late maturing individuals.

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Comparison of maturation and physical performance in basketball athletes of different playing positions

Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance ◽

10.1590/1980-0037.2019v21e60248 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Lilian Keila Barazetti ◽

Pedro Rafael Varoni ◽

Fernando de Souza Campos ◽

Michelli Demarchi ◽

Lucielle Baumann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Body Mass ◽

Aerobic Power ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Peak Height ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Leg Length ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Sitting Height

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of somatic maturation, anthropometric and physical performance (vertical jump and aerobic power) in young basketball players of different playing positions (under 13 years) and analyze these relationships using Peak Height Velocity (PHV) as a measure of somatic maturation. For this, 26 male athletes were evaluated. Anthropometric variables were: body mass, standing and sitting height, and length of lower limbs. Maturation was determined by age at PHV. Physical performance was determined by lower limb power (counter movement jump - CMJ) and aerobic power (Intermittent Recovery Test) tests. MANOVA reported significant differences (p<0.05) among playing positions regarding variables Maturity Offset, estimated PHV age, standing height, sitting height, estimated leg length, body mass and Yo-Yo IR1. In addition, it was identified that point guards reached estimated PHV at later age than their peers who act as small forwards and centers. Regarding CMJ, no significant differences were identified among playing positions, but in relation to aerobic power, point guards and small forwards presented higher performance. These findings confirm that maturation has great effect on growth and physical performance measures and the estimated PHV age is an applicable tool in young athletes, mainly aiding professionals in structuring the teaching-learning- training process in this age group.

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Puberty timing and adiposity change across childhood and adolescence: disentangling cause and consequence

10.1101/578005 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Linda M O’Keeffe ◽

Monika Frysz ◽

Joshua A. Bell ◽

Laura D. Howe ◽

Abigail Fraser

Keyword(s):

Fat Mass ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Before And After ◽

Puberty Onset

AbstractObjectiveTo better understand if earlier puberty is more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood.DesignProspective birth cohort study.SettingPopulation based study of children born in 1991/1992 in Bristol UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)).Participants4,186 participants (2,176 female and 1,990 male) of predominantly White ethnicity with 18,232 repeated measures throughout follow-up.Exposures & outcomesRepeated measures of height from 5y to 20y to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity) and repeated measures of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived fat mass from age 9y to 18y, modelled separately in females and males using models based on chronological age and time before and after puberty onset.ResultsMean age at peak height velocity was 11.7y (standard deviation (SD)=0.8y) for females and 13.6y (SD=0.9y) for males. In adjusted models of fat mass by chronological age, a one-year later age at peak height velocity was associated with 20.4% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 18.5% to 22.3%) and 22.8% (95% (CI): 20.7% to 24.8%) lower fat mass in females and males respectively at 9y. These differences were smaller at age 18y: 7.8% (95% (CI):5.9% to 9.6%) and 11.9% (95% (CI): 9.1%, to 14.7%) lower fat mass in females and males respectively per year later age at peak height velocity. Trajectories of fat mass by time before and after puberty onset provided strong evidence for an association of pre-pubertal fat mass with puberty timing, and little evidence of an association of puberty timing with post-pubertal changes in fat mass in females. In males, findings were less clear before puberty though there was some evidence for an association of earlier puberty timing with great post-pubertal gain in fat mass.ConclusionsEarlier puberty is more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood in females. In males early to puberty, differences in fat mass after puberty are driven partially by tracking of adiposity from early childhood but also greater gains in post-pubertal adiposity. Reducing levels of childhood adiposity may help prevent both earlier puberty, later life adiposity and their associated adverse social, mental and physical health sequelae.

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Longitudinal Change of Forearm-Hand Inertia Value and Shoulder Musculature Using Dual X-ray Absorptiometry in Youth Japanese Baseball Players: Implications for Elbow Injury

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports8120152 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 152

Author(s):

Toshiharu Tsutsui ◽

Toshihiro Maemichi ◽

Satoshi Iizuka ◽

Suguru Torii

Keyword(s):

Shoulder Girdle ◽

Peak Height ◽

Longitudinal Change ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Maximum Increase ◽

Baseball Players ◽

X Ray ◽

Elbow Injury

It is important to understand the timing of the maximum increase of forearm-hand inertia value and lean body mass (LBM) of the shoulder girdle musculature when elbow injury frequently occurs. This study aimed to clarify the discrepancies of those in youth baseball players. Forty-three male baseball players (8- to 14-years-old) participated in this study. The forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature were calculated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A cubic spline fit was applied to the annual increase forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature for each chronological age and years from peak height velocity (PHV) age. As a result of cubic splines fitting, the peak timing for forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature was 12.42 and 12.75 years in chronological age, −0.66 and −0.11 years in PHV age. Therefore, the peak timing of forearm-hand inertia value was about 4 months earlier in chronological age and half a year earlier in PHV age than LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature. Acquiring sufficient shoulder girdle musculature during the period when the growth of the shoulder girdle musculature cannot catch up with forearm-hand inertial value is necessary to reduce the elbow load while throwing.

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The Mediating Role of Lean Soft Tissue in the Relationship between Somatic Maturation and Bone Density in Adolescent Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Sports

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18063008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 3008

Author(s):

Ricardo R. Agostinete ◽

André O. Werneck ◽

Santiago Maillane-Vanegas ◽

Luis Gracia-Marco ◽

Esther Ubago-Guisado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Peak Height ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Areal Bone Mineral Density ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Mineral Density

This study aimed to identify the mediating effect of lean soft tissue (LST) in the association between somatic maturation and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in adolescents by sex and sport participation. The sample included 558 adolescents (401 males, mean age of 14.0 years) that were practitioners of sports (11 sport modalities, n = 402) and a non-sport group (n = 157). Somatic maturation was assessed by using a validated peak height velocity prediction equation. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess aBMD (upper and lower limbs, spine and total body less head—TBLH) and LST. For both sexes, LST mediated the association between somatic maturation and aBMD at all skeletal sites (mediation percentage ranging from 36.3% to 75.4%). For sport and non-sport groups, the LST also mediated the association between somatic maturation and aBMD at all skeletal sites (mediation percentage ranging from 51.6% to 85.6%). The direct effect was observed in all groups, except for lower limbs and TBLH in the non-sport group. The association between somatic maturation and aBMD was mediated by LST in adolescents of both sexes and regardless of involvement in organized sports. Our findings highlighted the role of improving LST to mitigate the association of somatic maturation with aBMD.

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Morphological and Fitness Attributes of Young Male Portuguese Basketball Players: Normative Values According to Chronological Age and Years From Peak Height Velocity

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living ◽

10.3389/fspor.2021.629453 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Sérgio Antunes Ramos ◽

Luis Miguel Massuça ◽

Anna Volossovitch ◽

António Paulo Ferreira ◽

Isabel Fragoso

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Young Male ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Normative Values ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Arm Span

The aims of the present study were: (i) to describe the structural and functional attributes of young male Portuguese basketball players aged 12–16 years and (ii) to generate normative data according to chronological age and years from peak height velocity. A total of 281 male Portuguese young basketball players between the ages of 12 and 16 years were assessed in this study. Chronological age, maturity parameters (maturity offset and predicted age at peak height velocity), morphological (body mass, height, and skinfolds and length), and fitness (sprint, change of direction ability, jump, and upper body strength) attributes were measured. Descriptive statistics were determined for the age and maturity status, and the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles were chosen as reference values. Descriptive and normative values of the players' morphological and fitness attributes, stratified by age and maturity status, are provided. The normative values of age at peak height velocity (category YAPHV = 0) showed that regional basketball players presented average values (50th percentile) of 169.8 cm for height, 173.3 cm for arm span, 55.6 kg for body mass, 3.34 s for the 20-m speed test, 10.31 s for the T-test, 4.75 m for the 2-kg medicine ball throw, 66.9 kg for the combined right and left handgrip strength, and 30.1 and 35.9 cm for jump height in the countermovement jump (CMJ) and CMJ with arm swing, respectively. In conclusion, these results may be helpful to quantify and control an athlete's performance over time and to adjust strength and conditioning programs to biological demands.

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