scholarly journals Multianalytical Assessment of Armour Paints—The Ageing Characteristics of Historic Drying Oil Varnish Paints for Protection of Steel and Iron Surfaces in Sweden

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1141-1164
Author(s):  
Arja Källbom ◽  
Austin Nevin ◽  
Francesca C. Izzo
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Small Concentration ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Industrial Heritage ◽  
Tung Oil ◽  
Drying Oil ◽  
Degradation Reactions ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
Physical Changes

The characteristics of armour paints, historically used to protect ferrous industrial heritage, are explored. Amour paints contain lamellar and highly reflexive pigments of micaceous iron oxide (MIO) and metallic, leafing aluminium, bound in linseed oil and linseed oil–tung oil mixtures, on an inhibitive and soap-forming linseed oil primer (red lead). It is the first study of the binding media used for historical armour paints and investigates the chemical and physical ageing of armour paints using a multianalytical approach. Naturally aged examples are compared to accelerated aged replica armour paint, and to historical paints. The ageing and degradation reactions are assessed by complementary GC–MS and FTIR, together with measurements of wettability, hardness and surface colour. The historical paint formulations include linseed oils and alkyd binders. The results confirm that the leafing effect of aluminium pigments results in only a small concentration of binder at the surface: the paints studied reflect light and form a strong chemical and physical barrier. Linseed oils and tung oil mixtures have been proven to be suitable for the production of armour paints, but the evaluation of ageing and assessment of physical changes will require further investigation.

scholarly journals Fungicidal Efficacy of Drying Plant Oils in Green Beans against Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Vera Breiing ◽  
Jennifer Hillmer ◽  
Christina Schmidt ◽  
Michael Petry ◽  
Brigitte Behrends ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Uromyces Appendiculatus ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Bean Rust ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Tung Oil

As biorationals, plant oils offer numerous advantages such as being natural products, with low ecotoxicological side effects, and high biodegradability. In particular, drying glyceride plant oils, which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, might be promising candidates for a more sustainable approach in the discussion about plant protection and the environment. Based on this, we tested the protective and curative efficacy of an oil-in-water-emulsion preparation using drying plant oils (linseed oil, tung oil) and a semi-drying plant oil (rapeseed oil) separately and in different mixtures. Plant oils were tested in greenhouse experiments (in vivo) on green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) against bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus). We observed that a 2% oil concentration showed no or very low phytotoxic effects on green beans. Both tested drying oils showed a protective control ranging from 53–100% for linseed oil and 32–100% for tung oil. Longer time intervals of 6 days before inoculation (6dbi) were less effective than shorter intervals of 2dbi. Curative efficacies were lower with a maximum of 51% for both oils when applied 4 days past inoculation (4dpi) with the fungus. Furthermore, the results showed no systemic effects. These results underline the potential of drying plant oils as biorationals in sustainable plant protection strategies.

scholarly journals Manufacture and Characteristics of Oil-Modified Refined Lacquer for Wood Coatings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Wei Chang ◽  
Hsiu-Ling Lee ◽  
Kun-Tsung Lu
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Polymeric Coating ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Drying Oils ◽  
Drying Oil ◽  
Wood Coatings ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Oriental Lacquer

Oriental lacquer, a natural and renewable polymeric coating, comes from the sap produced by lacquer trees. For practical application, oriental lacquer must be refined to reduce excess water and enhance its quality. In this study, drying oils were blended with oriental lacquer during the refining process to prepare an oil-modified refined lacquer (OMRL). The type and adding amount (0, 10, and 20% by wt.) of drying oils for wood coatings utilization were evaluated. Rhus succedanea oriental lacquer is composed of 54.1% urushiols, 34.3% water, 7.2% plant gum, and 4.4% nitrogenous compounds, and drying oils, including tung oil (TO), linseed oil (LO), and dehydrated castor oil (DCO) were used as materials in this study. The results show that the drying oil acts as a diluent, which reduces the viscosity and enhances the workability and could shorten the touch-free drying time and speed up the hardened drying of the OMRL. The results also indicate that the hardness, mass retention, Tg, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and lightfastness of OMRL films decrease as more drying oils are blended. Conversely, the bending resistance, elongation at break, impact resistance increase, and particularly, the gloss, is greatly improved through the blending of more drying oils. In conclusion, the LO-modified refined lacquer (RL) has the highest film gloss and the DCO-modified RL has the shortest drying time for coating; otherwise, the film properties are similar among the three types of drying oil.

scholarly journals Multi-Analytical Assessment of Bodied Drying Oil Varnishes and Their Use as Binders in Armour Paints

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3402-3420
Author(s):  
Francesca Caterina Izzo ◽  
Arja Källbom ◽  
Austin Nevin
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Industrial Heritage ◽  
Drying Oil ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Technical Function ◽  
Complex Chemical Reactions ◽  
Analytical Assessment ◽  
Paint Binders

The characteristics of commercially available refined and bodied linseed and tung oils, used as binders in the production of armour paints after historic recipes, are explored. Employed as anticorrosive paints mainly from the 1920s to 1960s, armour paints are greener alternatives that can be used for protection in industrial heritage conservation. Using a multi-analytical approach, chemical and physical properties of the fresh oils and solid films before and after accelerated ageing (ISO 16474-2:2013) were investigated to better understand which features are beneficial for the technical function of armour paints. Tests included measurements of density, the refractive index, insoluble impurities, alkaline impurities, the water content, the iodine value, the saponification value, the free fatty acid concentration, the acid value, the peroxide value and colour (Lovibond) and cold tests. The characterisation of the fresh oils using molecular analysis with FTIR and GC-MS revealed the complexity of the commercial formulations, for which additions of semi- and non-drying oils were detected. The results show that organic paint binders follow complex chemical reactions (such as oxidation and decrease of unsaturation being variable or swelling following water-immersion tests), with implications for their suitability for use in protection.

scholarly journals ARCHITECTONICS OF THE VENOUS BED OF PLACENTA IN WOMEN WITH THE EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (67) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Игорь Гориков ◽  
Igor Gorikov ◽  
Николай Дорофиенко ◽  
Nikolay Dorofienko ◽  
Ольга Кутепова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Threatened Miscarriage ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
Curved Vessels

The aim of the study was to assess the architectonics of the venous bed of the fetus part of placenta from women with the exacerbation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. There were examined 75 patients after the term birth, among them there were 25 seropositive women with the exacerbation of CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy without clinical signs of threatened miscarriage; 23 seropositive women with the exacerbation of CMV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy and clinical signs of threatened miscarriage; 27 seronegative women without threatened miscarriage. The architectonics of the venous bed of the fetus part was studied with the pressing of contrast (red lead oxide in the linseed oil) through the umbilical vein into the vessels and placenta cotyledons. The roentgen shots were done at the device RUM-20 M “Sapphire”. During the research of the venous bed of the fetus part of placenta from women with the exacerbation of CMV infection and threatened miscarriage in the first trimester of pregnancy there was identified a velamentous attachment of the umbilical cord with the segmentary narrowing and venous varices as well as with the decrease of the outer diameter of veins of preconfluent zone of the fetus part of the organ. There is an increase in the number of asymmetrically located biconfluent venous vessels, the quantity of marginally located and blindly finishing curved vessels of veins and venous roots, which does not provide the effective blood flow and leads to the ischemia of the peripheral (edge) part of placenta. This reduces the delivery of oxygen and metabolites to the fetus, is accompanied with the development of plethora, stasis, thrombosis and inflammation in veins and arteries, as well as the increase of the risk of partial non-progressive separation of normally placed placenta and its partial intimate attachment to the uterus.

scholarly journals An Economic Appraisal of the U. S. Tung Oil Economy

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Jimmy L. Matthews ◽  
Abner W. Womack
Keyword(s):  
Water Resistance ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Support Program ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Tung Oil ◽  
Economic Appraisal ◽  
Drying Oil ◽  
Natural Oils ◽  
Credit Corporation ◽  
Natural Drying

Tung has been a preferred natural drying oil because of the high gloss finish, durability and water resistance qualities which it imparts to paint, varnish and lacquer products. However, increased competition from chemical synthetics, combined with lower prices for other natural oils since the early 1950's, has brought a decline of domestic tung oil consumption from 72.4 million pounds in 1950-51 to around 32 million pounds in 1968–69.The mandatory support program, initiated in 1948, obligates the Commodity Credit Corporation to support tung oil prices to growers at a minimum 65 percent of parity or at 24.3 cents per pound in 1968. Large accumulations of CCC stocks, close to 63 million pounds in 1966, triggered a change in CCC inventory policy.

scholarly journals Petroleum Diesel Fuel and Linseed Oil Mixtures as Engine Fuels

2018 ◽  
Vol 944 ◽  
pp. 012077 ◽  
Author(s):  
V A Markov ◽  
V G Kamaltdinov ◽  
A A Savastenko
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Oil Mixtures

Theory of Dielectric Properties of Heterogeneous Substances Applied to Water in a Paint Film

CORROSION ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Lindqvist
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Paint Film ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Empirical Expression ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The water content of 12 paints on steel substrate, exposed to 0.1M sodium chloride at 25 C for 24 h, was calculated from impedance measurements and compared with gravimetric determinations. Brasher's empirical expression was compared with five mixture formulas derived from the theory of dielectric properties of heterogeneous substances by Boettcher, Bruggeman, Looyenga, Wagner, and Rayleigh. The 12 paints were based on two grades of red lead and iron oxide in epoxy, chlorinated rubber, alkyd, and linseed oil binders. The significance of the results for cyclic wet/dry paint tests according to (1) the difference between the water absorption and desorption rates of a single paint and (2) the testing of different types of paints in the same cycle test program are exemplified. A possible explanation is given for the poor correlation often found between the results of cyclic wet/dry tests and those obtained in practical applications.

A comparative study of the reactivity of three plant oil methyl esters with divinylbenzene by FTIR spectroscopy

e-Polymers ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuqiang Jin ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Suqin Hu ◽  
Jianmei Wang ◽  
Feipeng Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Tung Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

AbstractPoly(divinylbenzene) microspheres were prepared by seed swelling polymerization of divinylbenzene in the presence of tung oil methyl esters, linseed oil methyl esters and soybean oil methyl esters, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize the polymers for investigating the reactivity of the three plant oil methyl esters. Results showed that tung oil methyl esters had strongest reactivity with divinylbenzene, and soybean oil methyl esters had weakest reactivity of the three oil methyl esters in the polymerization. These results were related with the fatty acid compositions of the oils.

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