scholarly journals Multi-Analytical Assessment of Bodied Drying Oil Varnishes and Their Use as Binders in Armour Paints

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3402-3420
Author(s):  
Francesca Caterina Izzo ◽  
Arja Källbom ◽  
Austin Nevin
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Industrial Heritage ◽  
Drying Oil ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Technical Function ◽  
Complex Chemical Reactions ◽  
Analytical Assessment ◽  
Paint Binders

The characteristics of commercially available refined and bodied linseed and tung oils, used as binders in the production of armour paints after historic recipes, are explored. Employed as anticorrosive paints mainly from the 1920s to 1960s, armour paints are greener alternatives that can be used for protection in industrial heritage conservation. Using a multi-analytical approach, chemical and physical properties of the fresh oils and solid films before and after accelerated ageing (ISO 16474-2:2013) were investigated to better understand which features are beneficial for the technical function of armour paints. Tests included measurements of density, the refractive index, insoluble impurities, alkaline impurities, the water content, the iodine value, the saponification value, the free fatty acid concentration, the acid value, the peroxide value and colour (Lovibond) and cold tests. The characterisation of the fresh oils using molecular analysis with FTIR and GC-MS revealed the complexity of the commercial formulations, for which additions of semi- and non-drying oils were detected. The results show that organic paint binders follow complex chemical reactions (such as oxidation and decrease of unsaturation being variable or swelling following water-immersion tests), with implications for their suitability for use in protection.

Muscle glycogen availability and temperature regulation in humans

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Martineau ◽  
I. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Exercise Regimen ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Muscle Groups

The effects of intramuscular glycogen availability on human temperature regulation were studied in eight seminude subjects immersed in 18 degrees C water for 90 min or until rectal temperature (Tre) decreased to 35.5 degrees C. Each subject was immersed three times over a 3-wk period. Each immersion followed 2.5 days of a specific dietary and/or exercise regimen designed to elicit low (L), normal (N), or high (H) glycogen levels in large skeletal muscle groups. Muscle glycogen concentration was determined in biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after each immersion. Intramuscular glycogen concentration before the immersion was significantly different among the L, N, and H trials (P less than 0.01), averaging 247 +/- 15, 406 +/- 23, and 548 +/- 42 (SE) mmol glucose units.kg dry muscle-1, respectively. The calculated metabolic heat production during the first 30 min of immersion was significantly lower during L compared with N or H (P less than 0.05). The rate at which Tre decreased was more rapid during the L immersion than either N or H (P less than 0.05), and the time during the immersion at which Tre first began to decrease also appeared sooner during L than N or H. The results suggest that low skeletal muscle glycogen levels are associated with more rapid body cooling during water immersion in humans. Higher than normal muscle glycogen levels, however, do not increase cold tolerance.

scholarly journals Study on the Microscopic Mechanism of Spontaneous Combustion and Oxidation Kinetics of Water-Leached Coal

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Naifu Cao ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Yuntao Liang
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spontaneous Combustion ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Oxidation Kinetic ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Spontaneous Combustion Of Coal

In this article, a series of experiments have been carried out to study the spontaneous combustion and oxidation mechanism of coal after water immersion and investigate its tendency to spontaneous combustion, analyze the difficulty of spontaneous combustion of coal samples under different water immersion conditions, and establish a kinetic model of water immersion coal oxidation (taking the Bulianta 12# coal as a case study). They rely on physical oxidation adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry, and oil bath heating. SEM has been used to analyze the characteristics of coal pore structure under different water immersion conditions (water-saturated coal samples under different water loss conditions until the coal samples are completely dried); FTIR served to investigate the characteristics of the molecular chemical structure of the coal surface before and after the coal is immersed in water. Through programmed temperature oxidation experiments combined with FTIR analyses and gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of gaseous products, it has been possible to study the changes of molecular structure and gas products on the surface of coal samples at different temperatures and water immersion conditions. The oxidation reaction rate of the 12# coal samples of Shendong Mine’s Bulianta Mine under different water content conditions during the spontaneous combustion process has been quantitatively studied. The difficulty of spontaneous combustion of coal samples has been correspondingly addressed. A kinetic model from the perspective of oxygen consumption has been proposed. Thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) has been used to analyze and study the exothermal oxidation process before and after coal immersion. From the perspective of the exothermic intensity of the coal-oxygen reaction, an oxidation kinetic model for immersed coal samples has been developed to qualitatively determine its spontaneous combustion tendency. Results have shown that the increase in the specific surface area increases the risk of spontaneous combustion, and coal samples after soaking and drying have a stronger tendency to spontaneous combustion than raw coal. The moisture content of the coal sample leading to the easiest ignition conditions is 16.05%. Regardless of the moisture content, the critical temperature is maintained at 65–75°C, and the temperature of the left coal in the goaf should be prevented from exceeding this critical value.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS COLD WATER IMMERSION SUHU 15° C DAN 25° C TERHADAP PERBAIKAN DAYA TAHAN DAN PERSEPSI NYERI OTOT TUNGKAI PADA PEMAIN SEPAK BOLA USIA DINI

MEDIKORA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rifqi Fatoni ◽  
Sigit Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Akumulasi pertandingan dengan masa pemulihan yang singkat menyebabkan kelelahan, kerusakan dan inflamasi otot yang dapat menurunkan daya tahan otot dan meningkatkan resiko cedera. Pada keadaan cedera akut, penggunaan terapi dingin dapat mencegah kerusakan jaringan yang lebih luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas Cold Water Immersion (CWI) suhu 15°C dan 25°C terhadap daya tahan dan persepsi nyeri otot tungkai pada pemain sepak bola usia dini. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu dengan pola Two Group Pretest-Posttest. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes dan pengukuran nyeri dan daya tahan otot tungkai. Subjek penelitian ini adalah atlet sepak bola Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) KKK Klajuaran usia 9-11 tahun. Teknik sampel menggunakan quota sampling dengan subyek sebanyak 14 orang. Subyek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu, perlakuan CWI 15°C (G15) dan CWI suhu 25°C (G25). Data pretest pada kedua perlakuan dan data post test kedua perlakuan diuji dengan uji Mann Whitney. Daya tahan otot dan persepsi nyeri sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada masing masing kelompok terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif dan diuji dengan analisis Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Uji efektivitas dihitung dengan membandingkan selisih data post test dan pretest terhadap data pretest. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan daya tahan otot dan persepsi nyeri sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan antara kedua kelompok perlakuan. Pada kelompok G15 terjadi penurunan persepsi nyeri sebesar 55% dengan uji wilcoxon dengan nilai p = 0,018, akan tetapi tidak ditemukan perubahan daya tahan otot setelah perlakuan. Hasil yang sama ditemukan pada kelompok G25 dimana terdapat penurunan persepsi nyeri sebesar 58% dengan uji wilcoxon dengan p = 0,018 serta tidak ditemukan perubahan daya tahan otot tungkai. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan CWI 15°C dan 25°C dapat menurunkan nyeri tapi tidak mempengaruhi daya tahan otot. Tidak terdapat perbedaan efektivitas kedua jenis perlakuan tersebut dalam menurunkan persepsi nyeri dan meningkatkan daya tahan otot. EFFECTIVENESS OF COLD WATER IMMERSION TEMPERATURE OF 15 ° C AND 25° C AGAINST IMPROVEMENT IN ENDURANCE AND PERCEPTION OF LEG MUSCLE PAIN IN EARLY AGE FOOTBALL PLAYERSAbstractAccumulation of matches with a short recovery period causes fatigue, damage and inflammation of the muscles which can reduce muscle endurance and increase the risk of injury. In the case of acute injury, the use of cold therapy can prevent damage to broader tissue. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Cold Water Immersion (CWI) temperatures of 15 ° C and 25 ° C on the endurance and perception of leg muscle pain in early age soccer players.The design used in this study was quasi-experimental with Two Group Pretest-Posttest patterns. The instrument used was a test and measurement of pain and endurance of leg muscles. The subjects of this study were the soccer athletes of Klajuaran KKK Soccer School (SSB) aged 9-11 years. The sampling technique uses quota sampling with subjects as many as 14 people. The subjects were divided into two groups namely, 15 ° C (G15) CWI treatment and 25 ° C (G25) CWI treatment. Pretest data on both treatments and post-test data on both treatments were tested with the Mann Whitney test. Muscle endurance and pain perception before and after treatment in each group collected were analyzed descriptively and tested with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test analysis. The effectiveness test is calculated by comparing the difference between the post test and pretest data against the pretest data. There were no differences in muscle endurance and pain perception before and after treatment between the two treatment groups. In the G15 group there was a decrease in pain perception by 55% with the Wilcoxon test with a value of p = 0.018, but there was no change in muscle endurance after treatment. Similar results were found in the G25 group where there was a decrease in pain perception by 58% with the Wilcoxon test with p = 0.018 and no changes in endurance of leg muscles were found. It can be concluded that the CWI treatment of 15 ° C and 25 ° C can reduce pain but does not affect muscular endurance. There is no difference in the effectiveness of the two types of treatment in reducing pain perception and increasing muscle endurance.

scholarly journals Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 1403-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson J. Fyfe ◽  
James R. Broatch ◽  
Adam J. Trewin ◽  
Erik D. Hanson ◽  
Christos K. Argus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Before And After

We determined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on long-term adaptations and post-exercise molecular responses in skeletal muscle before and after resistance training. Sixteen men (22.9 ± 4.6 y; 85.1 ± 17.9 kg; mean ± SD) performed resistance training (3 day/wk) for 7 wk, with each session followed by either CWI [15 min at 10°C, CWI (COLD) group, n = 8] or passive recovery (15 min at 23°C, control group, n = 8). Exercise performance [one-repetition maximum (1-RM) leg press and bench press, countermovement jump, squat jump, and ballistic push-up], body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), and post-exercise (i.e., +1 and +48 h) molecular responses were assessed before and after training. Improvements in 1-RM leg press were similar between groups [130 ± 69 kg, pooled effect size (ES): 1.53 ± 90% confidence interval (CI) 0.49], whereas increases in type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area were attenuated with CWI (−1,959 ± 1,675 µM2 ; ES: −1.37 ± 0.99). Post-exercise mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling (rps6 phosphorylation) was blunted for COLD at post-training (POST) +1 h (−0.4-fold, ES: −0.69 ± 0.86) and POST +48 h (−0.2-fold, ES: −1.33 ± 0.82), whereas basal protein degradation markers (FOX-O1 protein content) were increased (1.3-fold, ES: 2.17 ± 2.22). Training-induced increases in heat shock protein (HSP) 27 protein content were attenuated for COLD (−0.8-fold, ES: −0.94 ± 0.82), which also reduced total HSP72 protein content (−0.7-fold, ES: −0.79 ± 0.57). CWI blunted resistance training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not maximal strength, potentially via reduced skeletal muscle protein anabolism and increased catabolism. Post-exercise CWI should therefore be avoided if muscle hypertrophy is desired. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study adds to existing evidence that post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates muscle fiber growth with resistance training, which is potentially mediated by attenuated post-exercise increases in markers of skeletal muscle anabolism coupled with increased catabolism and suggests that blunted muscle fiber growth with cold water immersion does not necessarily translate to impaired strength development.

scholarly journals Nanomaterials for Combined Stabilisation and Deacidification of Cellulosic Materials—The Case of Iron-Tannate Dyed Cotton

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Palladino ◽  
Marei Hacke ◽  
Giovanna Poggi ◽  
Oleksandr Nechyporchuk ◽  
Krzysztof Kolman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Fibre Surface ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Apparent Colour

The conservation of textiles is a challenge due to the often fast degradation that results from the acidity combined with a complex structure that requires remediation actions to be conducted at several length scales. Nanomaterials have lately been used for various purposes in the conservation of cultural heritage. The advantage with these materials is their high efficiency combined with a great control. Here, we provide an overview of the latest developments in terms of nanomaterials-based alternatives, namely inorganic nanoparticles and nanocellulose, to conventional methods for the strengthening and deacidification of cellulose-based materials. Then, using the case of iron-tannate dyed cotton, we show that conservation can only be addressed if the mechanical strengthening is preceded by a deacidification step. We used CaCO3 nanoparticles to neutralize the acidity, while the stabilisation was addressed by a combination of nanocellulose, and silica nanoparticles, to truly tackle the complexity of the hierarchical nature of cotton textiles. Silica nanoparticles enabled strengthening at the fibre scale by covering the fibre surface, while the nanocellulose acted at bigger length scales. The evaluation of the applied treatments, before and after an accelerated ageing, was assessed by tensile testing, the fibre structure by SEM and the apparent colour changes by colourimetric measurements.

Prolactinotrophic effect of endogenous and exogenous heat loads in human male adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1351-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Brisson ◽  
F. Peronnet ◽  
H. Perrault ◽  
P. Boisvert ◽  
D. Massicotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Beta Endorphin ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Heat Loading ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blood Hormones ◽  
Heat Loads ◽  
Face Cooling

Factors associated with heat-induced increase in blood prolactin (PRL) were investigated. Ten male volunteers (23.7 +/- 2.2 yr) were exposed to exogenous heating (head-out immersion) in 41 degrees C water (control 37 degrees C) for 30 min with and without face fanning and cooling. In seven of the subjects, endogenous heating was produced by a 45-min exercise in a warm environment (41 degrees C; control 10 degrees C) with and without selective face fanning. Venous blood was collected before and after each trial; blood hormones were analyzed by radioimmunologic techniques. Heat loading, whether exogenous or endogenous in origin, induced significant increases in blood PRL, beta-endorphin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels. Blood thyrotropin (TSH) level decreased significantly during water immersion and more significantly with face cooling. From measurement in peripheral blood, the differential beta-endorphin, VIP, and TSH responses to selective face ventilation during exogenous and endogenous heat exposures suggest that blood PRL released in heat derives from secretory stimuli that are independent of these prolactinotropic factors.

scholarly journals Eksperimental Adsorpsi dan Absorpsi Air Permukaan menggunakan Komposit hibrida Batu Basalt/ Moringa oleifera/ Tepung Lengket

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Alesandro Tarigan ◽  
I.D.G Ary Subagia ◽  
A.A.I.A Sri Komaladewi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Heavy Fractions

Pada penelitian ini, komposit hibrida sebagai adsorbsi dan absorpsi polutan pada air permukaan telah dibuat. Komposisi hibrida terdiri dari batu basalt (BB) dan moringa oleifera (MO) sebagai pengisi dan tepung lengket (TL) sebagai matrik. Komposisi fraksi berat yaitu 40 wt% pengisi dan 60 wt% matrik telah diaplikasikan. Proses pencetakan panas (hot-press) telah digunakan untuk memproduksi komposit hibrida masing-masing variasi dengan melalui suhu 200° Celcius dan tekanan 2000 psi. Tujuan penelitian menginovasi kemampuan bahan dalam fungsi sebagai penyerap dan pengikat polutan pada air permukaan. Perendaman komposit hibrida selama 14 hari pada air permukaan telah dilakukan untuk menguji sifat adsorpsi dan absorpsi. Turbidity dilakukan untuk menentukan nilai kekeruhan dan nilai kandungan micro-organisme pada air permukaan sebelum dan setelah penambahan komposit hibrida. Hasil pengujian ditunjukan pertambahan paling tinggi yaitu pada spesimen dengan komposisi 40% batu basalt dan 60% tepung lengket dengan pertambahan berat sebesar 21,11 gram selama 336 jam dan paling kecil pada spesimen dengan komposisi 40% moringa oleifera dan 60% tepung lengket dengan pertambahan berat sebesar 4,15 gram selama 336 jam. Pada air dilakukan pengujian terhadap kekeruhan, pH dan bakteri pada air setelah dilakukan pengujian, dimana hasil pada spesimen dengan komposisi 40% moringa oleifera dan 60% tepung dapat mengurangi bakteri coliform sebesar 78,6%. hybrid composition is consisted of basalt and moringa oleifera with filler wood flour as a matrix. The composition of heavy fractions is 40 wt% filler and 60 wt% matrix has been applied. The hot-press process has been used to produce hybrid composites of each variation through a temperature of 200° Celsius and a pressure of 2000 psi. The purpose of this research is to inovate the ability of materials to function as absorbent and as binder of pollutants in surface water. Immersion of hybrid composites for 14 days in surface water has been carried out to test the characteristic of adsorption and absorption. Turbidity is done to determine the turbidity value and the value of micro-organism content in surface water before and after the addition of hybrid composites. The test results showed the highest increase in the specimens with a composition of 40% basalt stone and 60% sticky flour with a weight gain of 21.11 grams for 336 hours and the smallest in specimens with a composition of 40% moringa oleifera and 60% wood flour with weight gain amounting to 4.15 grams for 336 hours. In the water testing of turbidity, pH and bacteria on water after testing, the results on specimens with a composition of 40% moringa oleifera and 60% wood flour can reduce coliform bacteria by 78.6%.

scholarly journals Effect of cotton padding on the setting properties of plaster slabs

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Barlow ◽  
R Bansal ◽  
T Barlow ◽  
SJ Rhee ◽  
JH Kuiper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Materials Testing ◽  
Optimal Position ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plastic Cylinder ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
American Society

Introduction Plaster of Paris (PoP) impregnated bandages have been used to maintain the position of bones and joints for over a century. Classically, wool dressing is applied to the limb before the PoP, which can then be moulded to the desired shape. A modification of this practice is to wrap the PoP bandages circumferentially in cotton before wetting and applying to the patient in an attempt to reduce inhalation of plaster dust and reduce mess. However, this may affect the water content of the cast and therefore also its setting properties and strength. This study compared the setting properties of PoP casts when used with and without cotton wrapping. Methods Sixty specimens, compliant with the American Society for Testing and Materials standards for three-point bending tests, were prepared, with thirty wrapped in cotton. All were weighed before and after water immersion, and wrapped around a plastic cylinder to mimic limb application. Bending stiffness and yield strength was measured on a servohydraulic materials testing machine at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results The water content of cotton-wrapped plaster was significantly higher (50%) than that of standard plaster. It had significantly lower strength up to 24 hours and significantly lower stiffness up to 72 hours. Conclusions The initial decrease in strength and stiffness of the cast wrapped in cotton may comprise the ability of the backslab to hold the joint or bone in an optimal position. Any modification of the standard plaster slab application technique should allow for the potential adverse effects on the plaster setting properties.

scholarly journals Evaluation of novel cleaning systems on mock-ups of unvarnished oil paint and chalk-glue ground within the Munch Aula Paintings Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Porsmo Stoveland ◽  
Tine Frøysaker ◽  
Maartje Stols-Witlox ◽  
Terje Grøntoft ◽  
Calin Constantin Steindal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Soft Particle ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analytical Assessment ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractLow-risk removal of embedded surface soiling on delicate heritage objects can require novel alternatives to traditional cleaning systems. Edvard Munch’s monumental Aula paintings (1911–16) have a long history of exposure to atmospheric pollution and cleaning campaigns that have compromised the appearance and the condition of these important artworks. Soiling removal from porous and water-sensitive, unvarnished oil paintings continues to be a major conservation challenge. This paper presents the approach and results of research into the effect and efficiency of three novel systems used for soiling removal: soft particle blasting, CO2-snow blasting, and Nanorestore Gel® Dry and Peggy series hydrogels. Cleaning tests were performed on accelerated-aged and artificially soiled mock-ups consisting of unvarnished oil paint and chalk-glue grounds. Visual and analytical assessment (magnification using a light microscope and scanning electron microscope, as well as colour- and gloss measurement) was carried out before and after mock-up cleaning tests and the results were compared to those obtained using the dry polyurethane sponges employed in the most recent Aula surface cleaning campaign (2009–11). Although the results varied, the Nanorestore Gel® series proved promising with respect to improved soiling removal efficiency, and reduced pigment loss for the water-sensitive surfaces evaluated, compared to dry sponges.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document