scholarly journals Evaluation of Personal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Estimation of the Inhaled Dose for Commuters in the Urban Area of Milan, Italy

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Borghi ◽  
Giacomo Fanti ◽  
Andrea Spinazzè ◽  
Davide Campagnolo ◽  
Sabrina Rovelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Low Traffic

The aim of this study is to evaluate a commuter’s exposure to different pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fractionated particulate matter (PM), including ultrafine particles (UFP)), via miniaturized and portable real-time monitoring instruments in different and selected environments; the inhaled doses of these pollutants were also estimated in each of these environments. Experimental data were collected during four working weeks, in two different seasons (winter and summer). Principal results show how higher exposures were measured in Underground (for all PM fractions and NO2) and in Car (UFP), while lower exposure levels were measured in Car (PM and NO2) and in Train (UFP). On the contrary, instead, higher values of inhaled dose were found in environments defined as Other, followed by Walking (ht—High Traffic condition), while lower values were found in Walking (lt—Low Traffic condition) and in Car.

scholarly journals Commuters’ Personal Exposure Assessment and Evaluation of Inhaled Dose to Different Atmospheric Pollutants

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Borghi ◽  
Andrea Spinazzè ◽  
Giacomo Fanti ◽  
Davide Campagnolo ◽  
Sabrina Rovelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Personal Exposure Assessment

Several studies evaluating exposure to pollutants in microenvironments (MEs) are available in the scientific literature, but studies that evaluate the inhaled doses of pollutants are few in number. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the exposure of commuters to different pollutants (i.e., nitrogen dioxide [NO2] and fractionated particulate matter [PM], including ultrafine particles [UFPs]) using miniaturized and portable real-time monitoring instruments in selected MEs; the inhaled doses of these pollutants were estimated for each of these MEs. Measurements were performed along a typical commute, considering different traffic and nontraffic MEs. Experimental data were collected over four working weeks in two different seasons (winter and summer). Different portable and miniaturized instruments were used to evaluate PM and NO2 exposure. Furthermore, physiological parameters were evaluated using a heart rate monitor. The principal results show that higher exposure levels were measured in Underground (for all PM fractions and NO2) and in Car (UFP), while lower levels were measured in Car (PM and NO2) and in Train (UFP). In contrast, higher values of the inhaled cumulative dose were estimated in environments defined as Other, followed by Walking (ht), while lower values were observed in Walking (lt) and in Car.

scholarly journals The contribution of cooking appliances and residential traffic proximity to aerosol personal exposure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shehab ◽  
F. D. Pope ◽  
J. M. Delgado-Saborit
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Indoor Sources ◽  
Personal Exposures ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Purpose Indoor and outdoor factors affect personal exposure to air pollutants. Type of cooking appliance (i.e. gas, electricity), and residential location related to traffic are such factors. This research aims to investigate the effect of cooking with gas and electric appliances, as an indoor source of aerosols, and residential traffic as outdoor sources, on personal exposures to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particles (UFP). Methods Forty subjects were sampled for four consecutive days measuring personal exposures to three aerosol pollutants, namely PM2.5, BC, and UFP, which were measured using personal sensors. Subjects were equally distributed into four categories according to the use of gas or electric stoves for cooking, and to residential traffic (i.e. houses located near or away from busy roads). Results/conclusion Cooking was identified as an indoor activity affecting exposure to aerosols, with mean concentrations during cooking ranging 24.7–50.0 μg/m3 (PM2.5), 1.8–4.9 μg/m3 (BC), and 1.4 × 104–4.1 × 104 particles/cm3 (UFP). This study also suggest that traffic is a dominant source of exposure to BC, since people living near busy roads are exposed to higher BC concentrations than those living further away from traffic. In contrast, the contribution of indoor sources to personal exposure to PM2.5 and UFP seems to be greater than from outdoor traffic sources. This is probably related to a combination of the type of building construction and a varying range of activities conducted indoors. It is recommended to ensure a good ventilation during cooking to minimize exposure to cooking aerosols.

Characterization and Quantification of Ultrafine Particles and Carbonaceous Components from Occupational Exposures to Diesel Particulate Matter in Selected Workplaces

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan da Silveira Fleck ◽  
Cyril Catto ◽  
Gilles L’Espérance ◽  
Jean-Philippe Masse ◽  
Brigitte Roberge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Diesel Particulate Matter ◽  
Subway Tunnel ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Exposure Levels

Abstract Questions still exist regarding which indicator better estimates worker’s exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM) and, especially for ultrafine particles (UFP), how exposure levels and the characteristics of the particles vary in workplaces with different exposure conditions. This study aimed to quantify and characterize DPM exposures in three workplaces with different exposure levels: an underground mine, a subway tunnel, and a truck repair workshop. The same sampling strategy was used and included measurements of the particle number concentration (PNC), mass concentration, size distribution, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the characterization of carbonaceous fractions. The highest geometric means (GMs) of PNC and elemental carbon (EC) were measured in the mine [134 000 (geometric standard deviation, GSD = 1.5) particles cm−3 and 125 (GSD = 2.1) µg m−3], followed by the tunnel [32 800 (GSD = 1.7) particles cm−3 and 24.7 (GSD = 2.4) µg m−3], and the truck workshop [22 700 (GSD = 1.3) particles cm−3 and 2.7 (GSD = 2.4) µg m−3]. This gradient of exposure was also observed for total carbon (TC) and particulate matter. The TC/EC ratio was 1.4 in the mine, 2.5 in the tunnel and 8.7 in the workshop, indicating important organic carbon interference in the non-mining workplaces. EC and PNC were strongly correlated in the tunnel (r = 0.85; P < 0.01) and the workshop (r = 0.91; P < 0.001), but a moderate correlation was observed in the mine (r = 0.57; P < 0.05). Results from TEM showed individual carbon spheres between 10 and 56.5 nm organized in agglomerates, while results from the size distribution profiles showed bimodal distributions with a larger accumulation mode in the mine (93 nm) compared with the tunnel (39 nm) and the truck workshop (34 nm). In conclusion, the composition of the carbonaceous fraction varies according to the workplace, and can interfere with DPM estimation when TC is used as indicator. Also, the dominance of particles <100 nm in all workplaces, the high levels of PNC measured and the good correlation with EC suggest that UFP exposures should receive more attention on occupational routine measurements and regulations.

Personal exposure to particulate matter in commuters using different transport modes (bus, bicycle, car and subway) in an assigned route in downtown Santiago, Chile

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Suárez ◽  
Stephanie Mesías ◽  
Verónica Iglesias ◽  
Claudio Silva ◽  
Dante D. Cáceres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
Transport Modes

Commuters' exposure to PM2.5and ultrafine particles above background levels was observed in Santiago, Chile, which varied with transport mode.

Impact of air pollutants on pediatric admissions for Mycoplasma pneumonia: A cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Chen ◽  
Jianwei Shi ◽  
Jiaoling Huang ◽  
Wenya Yu ◽  
Rui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Abstract Background Children are especially vulnerable to pneumonia and the effects of air pollution. However, little is known about the impacts of air pollutants on pediatric admissions for Mycoplasma pneumonia. This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of air pollutants on pediatric hospital admissions for Mycoplasma pneumonia in Shanghai, China.Methods A cross-sectional design was applied to explore the association between pediatric hospital admissions and levels of air pollutants (fine particulate matter, particulate matter, ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide). Data on hospital admissions for pneumonia and levels of ambient air pollutants were obtained for the period of 2015 to 2018. Associations between pediatric admissions for Mycoplasma pneumonia and ambient air pollutants were calculated using logistic regression and described by the odds ratio and relevant 95% confidence interval. The hysteresis effects of air pollutants from the day of hospital admission to the previous 7 days were evaluated in single-pollutant models and multi-pollutant models with adjustments for weather variables and seasonality. Lag 0 was defined as the day of hospital admission, lag 1 was defined as the day before hospital admission, and so forth.Results In the single-pollutant models (without adjustment for other pollutants), pediatric hospital admissions for pneumonia were positively associated with elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter. A 0.5% increase in daily admissions per 10-μg/m3 increase in the nitrogen dioxide level occurred at lag 1 and lag 2, and a 0.3% increase in daily admissions per 10-μg/m3 increase in fine particulate matter occurred at lag 1. In the multi-pollutant models, nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter remained significant after inclusion of particulate matter, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide.Conclusions This study illustrated that higher levels of nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter increase the risk of hospitalization for Mycoplasma pneumonia in Shanghai, China. These findings imply that the high incidence of Mycoplasma pneumonia in children in Asia might be attributed to the high concentration of specific air pollutants in Asia.

scholarly journals Human Health Risk to Ultrafine Particles in Jakarta

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Budi Haryanto
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
School Children ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
The Road ◽  
Private Car ◽  
On The Road ◽  
At Home

In Jakarta, the main pollution sources are vehicles and industry, with motorized traffic accounting for 71% of the oxides of nitrogen (NOX), 15% of sulphur-dioxide (SO2), and 70% of particulate matter (PM 10 ) of the total emission load. Both urban population size and the fraction of the population that owns a pri-vate vehicle are increasing. The study objective is to determine the numbers of ultrafine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 mm or less, or PM0.1 inhaled by elementary school children, commute workers with private car and commute workers with public transport. A cross-sectional study design is implemented in Jakarta 2005. Ten elementary school children, ten commuters with private car and ten commuters with public transports are purpo-sively selected as subjects and measured personally for 3 x 24 hours using Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) real-time personal exposure measurement (measured in terms of the number of particles per cubic centimeter, or # cm-3). The average concentration of ultrafine particulate matter of elementary school children at home, on the road and at school is 29,254/cm3, 147,897/cm3 and 61,033/cm3 respectively. For those commuters with private car at home, on the road and at office is 29,213/cm3, 310,179/cm3 and 42,496/cm3 respectively. For those commuters with public transport, the concentration average of at home, on the road and at office is found higher: 35,332/cm3, 453,547/cm3, and 69,867/cm3, respectively. Keywords: Ultrafine particles, human health riskAbstrakPerhatian terhadap pencemaran udara ini menjadi semakin meningkat ketika banyak diketemukan dampaknya pada anak-anak, terutama kaitannya dengan insidens dan prevalens asma. Sumber utama pencemaran udara di Jakarta adalah dari kendaraan bermotor dan industri, dimana transportasi berkontribusi terhadap 71% NOX, 15% SO 2, dan 70% partikel debu kurang dari 10 mikronmeter (PM 10). Tujuan penelitian mengetahui jumlah partikel debu berdiameter ultrafine (partikel berukuran <0,1 mm) yang terhirup oleh anak sekolah dasar, pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi dan kendaraan umum. Studi ini menggunakan desain crosssectional dan dilakukan di Jakarta tahun 2005. Sebanyak 30 responden anak sekolah dasar, pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi dan kendaraan umum dipilih secara purposif sebagai subyek penelitian. Jumlah partikel ultrafine terhirup secara individu diukur selama 3 x 24 jam menggunakan Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) real time personal exposure measurement (jumlah ultrafine partikel per cm 3). Rerata konsentrasi partikel ultrafine terhirup pada anak sekolah dasar di rumah, di perjalanan, dan di sekolah adalah berurutan sebagai berikut: 29.254/cm 3, 147.897/cm 3 dan 61.033/cm 3. Pada pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi di rumah, di perjalanan, dan di kantor diperoleh rerata konsentrasi secara berurutan sebagai berikut: 29.213/cm 3, 310.179/cm 3 dan 42.496/cm 3. Sedangkan pada pekerja pengguna kendaraan umum adalah: 35.332/cm 3 di rumah, 453.547/cm 3 di perjalanan, dan 69.867/cm 3 di kantor. Kata kunci : Partikel ultrafine, risiko kesehatan manusia

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Coronary Events in Strasbourg, France—Importance of Seasonal Variations

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Baptiste Vaudrey ◽  
Marie Mielcarek ◽  
Erik Sauleau ◽  
Nicolas Meyer ◽  
Benjamin Marchandot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Coronary Event ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Coronary Events ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

The aim of this study, is to investigate the effects of a short-term exposure to air pollutants, as assessed by Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter PM2,5 and PM10 concentrations, on coronary event onsets in Strasbourg, France. An observational, analytical, retrospective, epidemiological study was conducted in Strasbourg between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2014. Higher daily coronary events rates were evidenced when NO2 concentrations were measured above 40 µg/m3 (1.258 (95% CI 1.142–1.374) vs. 1.110 (95% CI 1.033–1.186); p = 0.015). The NO2 concentration was higher than 30 µg/m3 for 677 days (61.8%). Higher daily coronary events rates were evidenced when NO2 concentrations were measured above 30 µg/m3 (1.208 (95% CI 1.128–1.289) vs. 1.067 (95% CI 0.961–1.172) p = 0.009). A marked seasonality of NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations characterized by an increase during winter and a decrease during the summer could be established. The seasonality of coronary events was evidenced simultaneously. After adjustments were made to account for the time and the month, no independent impact of NO2, PM2.5 or PM10 on daily coronary events could be demonstrated.

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