Personal exposure to particulate matter in commuters using different transport modes (bus, bicycle, car and subway) in an assigned route in downtown Santiago, Chile

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Suárez ◽  
Stephanie Mesías ◽  
Verónica Iglesias ◽  
Claudio Silva ◽  
Dante D. Cáceres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
Transport Modes

Commuters' exposure to PM2.5and ultrafine particles above background levels was observed in Santiago, Chile, which varied with transport mode.

scholarly journals The contribution of cooking appliances and residential traffic proximity to aerosol personal exposure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shehab ◽  
F. D. Pope ◽  
J. M. Delgado-Saborit
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Building Construction ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Indoor Sources ◽  
Personal Exposures ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract Purpose Indoor and outdoor factors affect personal exposure to air pollutants. Type of cooking appliance (i.e. gas, electricity), and residential location related to traffic are such factors. This research aims to investigate the effect of cooking with gas and electric appliances, as an indoor source of aerosols, and residential traffic as outdoor sources, on personal exposures to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particles (UFP). Methods Forty subjects were sampled for four consecutive days measuring personal exposures to three aerosol pollutants, namely PM2.5, BC, and UFP, which were measured using personal sensors. Subjects were equally distributed into four categories according to the use of gas or electric stoves for cooking, and to residential traffic (i.e. houses located near or away from busy roads). Results/conclusion Cooking was identified as an indoor activity affecting exposure to aerosols, with mean concentrations during cooking ranging 24.7–50.0 μg/m3 (PM2.5), 1.8–4.9 μg/m3 (BC), and 1.4 × 104–4.1 × 104 particles/cm3 (UFP). This study also suggest that traffic is a dominant source of exposure to BC, since people living near busy roads are exposed to higher BC concentrations than those living further away from traffic. In contrast, the contribution of indoor sources to personal exposure to PM2.5 and UFP seems to be greater than from outdoor traffic sources. This is probably related to a combination of the type of building construction and a varying range of activities conducted indoors. It is recommended to ensure a good ventilation during cooking to minimize exposure to cooking aerosols.

scholarly journals Human Health Risk to Ultrafine Particles in Jakarta

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Budi Haryanto
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
School Children ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
The Road ◽  
Private Car ◽  
On The Road ◽  
At Home

In Jakarta, the main pollution sources are vehicles and industry, with motorized traffic accounting for 71% of the oxides of nitrogen (NOX), 15% of sulphur-dioxide (SO2), and 70% of particulate matter (PM 10 ) of the total emission load. Both urban population size and the fraction of the population that owns a pri-vate vehicle are increasing. The study objective is to determine the numbers of ultrafine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 mm or less, or PM0.1 inhaled by elementary school children, commute workers with private car and commute workers with public transport. A cross-sectional study design is implemented in Jakarta 2005. Ten elementary school children, ten commuters with private car and ten commuters with public transports are purpo-sively selected as subjects and measured personally for 3 x 24 hours using Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) real-time personal exposure measurement (measured in terms of the number of particles per cubic centimeter, or # cm-3). The average concentration of ultrafine particulate matter of elementary school children at home, on the road and at school is 29,254/cm3, 147,897/cm3 and 61,033/cm3 respectively. For those commuters with private car at home, on the road and at office is 29,213/cm3, 310,179/cm3 and 42,496/cm3 respectively. For those commuters with public transport, the concentration average of at home, on the road and at office is found higher: 35,332/cm3, 453,547/cm3, and 69,867/cm3, respectively. Keywords: Ultrafine particles, human health riskAbstrakPerhatian terhadap pencemaran udara ini menjadi semakin meningkat ketika banyak diketemukan dampaknya pada anak-anak, terutama kaitannya dengan insidens dan prevalens asma. Sumber utama pencemaran udara di Jakarta adalah dari kendaraan bermotor dan industri, dimana transportasi berkontribusi terhadap 71% NOX, 15% SO 2, dan 70% partikel debu kurang dari 10 mikronmeter (PM 10). Tujuan penelitian mengetahui jumlah partikel debu berdiameter ultrafine (partikel berukuran <0,1 mm) yang terhirup oleh anak sekolah dasar, pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi dan kendaraan umum. Studi ini menggunakan desain crosssectional dan dilakukan di Jakarta tahun 2005. Sebanyak 30 responden anak sekolah dasar, pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi dan kendaraan umum dipilih secara purposif sebagai subyek penelitian. Jumlah partikel ultrafine terhirup secara individu diukur selama 3 x 24 jam menggunakan Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) real time personal exposure measurement (jumlah ultrafine partikel per cm 3). Rerata konsentrasi partikel ultrafine terhirup pada anak sekolah dasar di rumah, di perjalanan, dan di sekolah adalah berurutan sebagai berikut: 29.254/cm 3, 147.897/cm 3 dan 61.033/cm 3. Pada pekerja pengguna kendaraan pribadi di rumah, di perjalanan, dan di kantor diperoleh rerata konsentrasi secara berurutan sebagai berikut: 29.213/cm 3, 310.179/cm 3 dan 42.496/cm 3. Sedangkan pada pekerja pengguna kendaraan umum adalah: 35.332/cm 3 di rumah, 453.547/cm 3 di perjalanan, dan 69.867/cm 3 di kantor. Kata kunci : Partikel ultrafine, risiko kesehatan manusia

scholarly journals Evaluation of Personal Exposure to Air Pollutants and Estimation of the Inhaled Dose for Commuters in the Urban Area of Milan, Italy

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Borghi ◽  
Giacomo Fanti ◽  
Andrea Spinazzè ◽  
Davide Campagnolo ◽  
Sabrina Rovelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Low Traffic

The aim of this study is to evaluate a commuter’s exposure to different pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fractionated particulate matter (PM), including ultrafine particles (UFP)), via miniaturized and portable real-time monitoring instruments in different and selected environments; the inhaled doses of these pollutants were also estimated in each of these environments. Experimental data were collected during four working weeks, in two different seasons (winter and summer). Principal results show how higher exposures were measured in Underground (for all PM fractions and NO2) and in Car (UFP), while lower exposure levels were measured in Car (PM and NO2) and in Train (UFP). On the contrary, instead, higher values of inhaled dose were found in environments defined as Other, followed by Walking (ht—High Traffic condition), while lower values were found in Walking (lt—Low Traffic condition) and in Car.

scholarly journals Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2177
Author(s):  
Lu Yang ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
Wanli Xing ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Particulate matter (PM) is a major factor contributing to air quality deterioration that enters the atmosphere as a consequence of various natural and anthropogenic activities. In PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of organic chemicals with at least two aromatic rings that are mainly directly emitted via the incomplete combustion of various organic materials. Numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies have proven adverse links between exposure to particulate matter-bound (PM-bound) PAHs and human health due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Among human exposure routes, inhalation is the main pathway regarding PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs differ among people, microenvironments and areas. Hence, understanding the behaviour of PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere is crucial. However, because current techniques hardly monitor PAHs in real-time, timely feedback on PAHs including the characteristics of their concentration and composition, is not obtained via real-time analysis methods. Therefore, in this review, we summarize personal exposure, and indoor and outdoor PM-bound PAH concentrations for different participants, spaces, and cities worldwide in recent years. The main aims are to clarify the characteristics of PM-bound PAHs under different exposure conditions, in addition to the health effects and assessment methods of PAHs.

scholarly journals Measuring personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) among rural Honduran women: A field evaluation of the Ultrasonic Personal Aerosol Sampler (UPAS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 50-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Pillarisetti ◽  
Ellison Carter ◽  
Sarah Rajkumar ◽  
Bonnie N. Young ◽  
Megan L. Benka-Coker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Fine Particulate

scholarly journals Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Mpererwe District, Kampala, Uganda: A Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Schwander ◽  
Clement D. Okello ◽  
Juergen Freers ◽  
Judith C. Chow ◽  
John G. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Coarse Particles

Air quality in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, has deteriorated significantly in the past two decades. We made spot measurements in Mpererwe district for airborne particulate matter PM2.5(fine particles) and coarse particles. PM was collected on Teflon-membrane filters and analyzed for mass, 51 elements, 3 anions, and 5 cations. Both fine and coarse particle concentrations were above 100 µg/m3in all the samples collected. Markers for crustal/soil (e.g., Si and Al) were the most abundant in the PM2.5fraction, followed by primary combustion products from biomass burning and incinerator emissions (e.g., K and Cl). Over 90% of the measured PM2.5mass can be explained by crustal species (41% and 59%) and carbonaceous aerosol (33%–55%). Crustal elements dominated the coarse particles collected from Kampala. The results of this pilot study are indicative of unhealthy air and suggest that exposure to ambient air in Kampala may increase the burden of environmentally induced cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory diseases including infections. Greater awareness and more extensive research are required to confirm our findings, to identify personal exposure and pollution sources, and to develop air quality management plans and policies to protect public health.

scholarly journals Achieving ‘Active’ 30 Minute Cities: How Feasible Is It to Reach Work within 30 Minutes Using Active Transport Modes?

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Alan Both ◽  
Lucy Gunn ◽  
Carl Higgs ◽  
Melanie Davern ◽  
Afshin Jafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Transport Modes

Confronted with rapid urbanization, population growth, traffic congestion, and climate change, there is growing interest in creating cities that support active transport modes including walking, cycling, or public transport. The ‘30 minute city’, where employment is accessible within 30 min by active transport, is being pursued in some cities to reduce congestion and foster local living. This paper examines the spatial relationship between employment, the skills of residents, and transport opportunities, to answer three questions about Australia’s 21 largest cities: (1) What percentage of workers currently commute to their workplace within 30 min? (2) If workers were to shift to an active transport mode, what percent could reach their current workplace within 30 min? and (3) If it were possible to relocate workers closer to their employment or relocate employment closer to their home, what percentage could reach work within 30 min by each mode? Active transport usage in Australia is low, with public transport, walking, and cycling making up 16.8%, 2.8%, and 1.1% respectively of workers’ commutes. Cycling was found to have the most potential for achieving the 30 min city, with an estimated 29.5% of workers able to reach their current workplace were they to shift to cycling. This increased to 69.1% if workers were also willing and able to find a similar job closer to home, potentially reducing commuting by private motor vehicle from 79.3% to 30.9%.

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