scholarly journals 137Cs-Based Variation of Soil Erosion in Vertical Zones of a Small Catchment in Southwestern China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiacun Chen ◽  
Zhonglin Shi ◽  
Anbang Wen ◽  
Dongchun Yan ◽  
Taili Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Sloping Land ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ecological Construction ◽  
Sloping Farmland ◽  
High Elevation Forest

The study of the variability of soil erosion in mountainous areas provides the basis for soil and water conservation work and forest ecological construction in a targeted way. In this study, Liangshan Town catchment, a typical catchment in the Hengduan Mountains region, southwest China, was selected to investigate the variation of soil erosion in different vertical zones using the 137Cs tracing technique. The mean 137Cs reference inventories varied between 573.51 and 705.54 Bq/m2, with the elevation increasing from 1600 to 2600 m. The rates of soil erosion exhibited a significant variation. Under the same land cover condition, the average annual soil erosion modulus of high-elevation forest (elevation > 2200 m) was 400.3 t/(km2·a). However, the average annual soil erosion modulus of a low-elevation sparse forest (elevation < 1600 m) was as high as 1756 t/(km2·a). The average annual soil erosion modulus of the sloping farmland, mainly distributed at elevations of 1600–2200 m, was estimated to be 2771 t/(km2·a). These results indicate that effective soil management measures need to be implemented on the cultivated sloping land in the future.

Effect of ecological construction on sediment connectivity in a typical small watershed on Loess Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongyong Ma ◽  
Zhanbin Li ◽  
Jingming Hou ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Zongping Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Small Watershed ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Sediment Connectivity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ecological Construction

&lt;p&gt;In recent years, the significantly decrease of water and sediment in the Yellow River has attracted wide attention from domestic and foreign scholars. The Loess Plateau is the main source of sediment in the Yellow River, which ecological environment changes caused by large-scale ecological construction measures is considered as one of the main factors affecting the water and sediment changes in the Yellow River. In this study, the Wangmaogou small watershed in Loess Plateau was taken as the study area. On the basis of summing up the process of ecological construction in Wangmaogou watershed, and restoring the topography before ecological construction by topographic map, we set up four scenarios of ecological construction to analyzed the characteristics of sediment connectivity under different ecological construction scenarios and the effects of ecological construction on sediment connectivity, which are before ecological construction, only slope measures are built, only channel measures are constructed, and at the same time slope measures and channel measures are constructed. Under the same ecological construction scenario, the index of sediment connectivity (IC) of the basin shows a decreasing trend from ridge to gully, which mean the connectivity of the sediment at the ridge is less than that at the gully, and the gully are more prone to occur soil erosion than ridge. The distributed of large amount of construction land in the middle and lower reaches at the main gully of Wangmaogou small watershed reduces the connectivity of their surrounding sediment, and the region is prone to occur sediment deposition. Eco-construction measures have decreased significantly the sediment connectivity index (p&lt;0.01) of Wangmaogou small watershed, and reduced the occurrence of soil erosion. Laying ecological measures lessened the possibility of local soil erosion, and increased the resistance of sediment in the transport process. Compared with the situation without ecological control, the mean of D&lt;sub&gt;up&lt;/sub&gt; index decreased by 75.27% by laying slope and gully measures, while the mean of D&lt;sub&gt;up&lt;/sub&gt; index decreased by only 6.45% by laying gully measures.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar on Soil and Water Loss on Sloping Farmland in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China during the Spring Thawing Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1460
Author(s):  
Pengfei Yu ◽  
Tianxiao Li ◽  
Qiang Fu ◽  
Dong Liu ◽  
Renjie Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Soil And Water Loss ◽  
Sloping Farmland ◽  
Soil And Water

Biochar, as a kind of soil amendment, has attracted wide attention from scholars in various countries, and the effects of biochar on soil and water loss have been well reported. However, soil erosion is significantly affected by geographical conditions, climate, and other factors, and research on the characteristics of soil erosion and the effects of biochar application in seasonally frozen soil areas is currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of corn straw biochar application on soil and water conservation during the spring thawing period. Specifically, through field experiments, the addition of 0, 6, and 12 kg m−2 biochar on slopes of 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, and 7.2° and the effects on runoff and the soil erosion rate of farmland were analyzed. The results showed that in the 6 and 12 kg m−2 biochar addition treatments, the saturated water content of the soil increased by 24.17 and 42.91%, and the field capacity increased by 32.44 and 51.30%, respectively. Compared with the untreated slope, with an increase in biochar application rate, runoff decreased slightly, and soil erosion decreased significantly. This study reveals that biochar can be used as a potential measure to prevent soil and water loss on sloping farmland in cold regions.

Causes and its Impacts of Soil Erosion in the Rocky Mountain Area of Northern China

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3807-3810
Author(s):  
Zi Jun Li ◽  
Qiao Qin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Rocky Desertification ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Slope Farmland ◽  
Ecological Construction

Soil erosion has been the most prominent issue in Chinas ecological environment. The rocky mountain area of Northern China is an important typical area of soil erosion and one of the most dangerous regions of potential erosion in China characterized by more stones in thinner soils and the land surface is easily reduced to sand gravel or rocky desertification. Concentrated rainfall with frequent rainstorms, broken topography with steep slope and highly dense gully are important natural factors resulting in soil erosion. However, unreasonable land utilization especially slope farmland aggravates soil erosion. Soil erosion results in land degradation, threatens regional water resources security, intensifies regional poverty and restricts socio-economic development. Sloping cultivated land transformation will be the necessary choice for soil and water conservation and ecological construction in this region.

Soil organic carbon and nutrients losses form the sloping land in the scenario of water erosion in the south of Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiqun Wang ◽  
Chaodong Li ◽  
Zhanbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Sloping Lands ◽  
Sloping Land ◽  
Erosive Rainfall ◽  
Sloping Farmland ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Runoff Plot

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract:&lt;/strong&gt;Rwanda is located in the plateau of the central-eastern Africa nearby the equator of the Earth, known as &amp;#8217;The Land of a Thousand Hills&amp;#8217;, and covers the part of the region of the Upper Nile. The sloping lands are ubiquitous across Rwanda, and the sloping farmlands account for more than 70 per cent of the sloping land resources. The soil and water losses are very severe on the sloping lands, especially on the sloping farmlands due to the farming activities and soil water erosion induced by the erosive rainfall events. Therefore, the soil erosion and soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient losses and the resultant soil deterioration and crop yield decline on the sloping farmlands in this country have attracted the widespread concerns. It is necessary to understand severity of the SOC and nutrient losses on the sloping farmland due soil erosion in term of launching the countermeasure to control the losses. The investigation on the SOC and nutrient losses in the sloping farmlands and the rainfall was carried out on the runoff plot with 20m long, 5m wide and gradient of 12&amp;#176;in Rubona, Huye District, south province of Rwanda. The cropping rotation of soybean-maize-groundnut was practiced on the plot during the monitor on soil losses from the plot. The contents of constituents of soils lost from the plot decreased in the order: SOC&gt; total potassium (TK)&gt;total nitrogen (TN)&gt;total phosphorus (TP). The loss intensities of SOC from the plot varied from 383.0 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to 1680.9 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in the period from 2011 to 2013, 259.4 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to 1138.5 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; for TK, 41.2 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to 180.8 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; for TN, 9.2 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to 40.2 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; for TP. The loss intensities of SOC, TK, TN and TP were 1262.3 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 99.0 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 99.4 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 35.4 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 2017, and 3786.8 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 2970.0 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 298.1 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and 106.3 kg/hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 2018, respectively. The loss intensities of SOC and nutrients varied significantly over the years. It can be seen that the amounts of erosive rainfall have the crucial impacts on loss intensities of SOC and nutrients through analyzing the relation between loss intensities and erosive rainfall. The relations between loss intensities of SOC and nutrients and mounts of erosive rainfall can be described by exponential function. Compared with the loss intensities of SOC and nutrients on the runoff plot, the loss intensities were much less on the plots with the corresponding soil and water conservation measures such as terracing and plant hedges. Therefore, the measures of anti-erosion should be adopted on the sloping farmlands in an effort to reduce SOC and nutrient losses and keep the sustainable soil productivity in Rwanda.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt; SOC; nutrient; sloping farmland, Rwanda&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Pengendalian Erosi secara Vegetatif Menggunakan Rumput Pait (Axonopus compressus) dan Rumput Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) pada Tanah Ordo Ultisols

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-403
Author(s):  
Safriani Safriani ◽  
Dewi Sri Jayanti ◽  
Syahrul Syahrul
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Sloping Land ◽  
Slope Vegetation ◽  
Soil And Water

Abstrak. Perubahan penggunaan lahan pada lahan miring menyebabkan tanah lebih mudah tererosi. Salah satu upaya penanganan erosi dapat dilakukan dengan metoda vegetatif yaitu menggunakan rumput pait (Axonopus compressus) dan rumput alang-alang (Imperata cylindrical) pada tanah ordo ultisols. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan rumput pait dan rumput alang-alang dalam mengurangi erosi tanah pada kemiringan yang berbeda. Penelitian  ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Konservasi Tanah dan Air Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala dengan menggunakan Rainfall Simulator yang ditata dalam kotak uji. Faktor yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kemiringan (main plot factor) dan jenis rumput (sub plot factor). Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 3 taraf kemiringan, yaitu 5º, 10º, serta 15º dan 3 taraf vegetasi, yaitu tanpa rumput, rumput pait dan rumput alang-alang. Hasil penelitian diperoleh besar erosi yang terjadi pada kemiringan 5º dengan vegetasi tanah tanpa rumput (0,425 ton/ha/tahun), rumput pait (0,375 ton/ha/tahun), dan rumput alang-alang (0,125 ton/ha/tahun). Pada kemiringan 10º dengan vegetasi tanah tanpa rumput (1,102 ton/ha/tahun), rumput pait (0,305 ton/ha/tahun), dan rumput alang-alang (0,414 ton/ha/tahun). Pada kemiringan 15º dengan vegetasi tanah tanpa rumput (2,217 ton/ha/tahun), rumput pait (0,451 ton/ha/tahun), dan rumput alang-alang (0,858 ton/ha/tahun). Hasil pengujian dengan analisis sidik ragam (Ansira) bahwa terdapat perlakuan yang berpengaruh nyata. Perlakuan yang berpengaruh nyata tersebut diantaranya kemiringan, vegetasi, dan kombinasi antara kemiringan dan vegetasi. Sedangkan hasil dari uji lanjut BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil) menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada beberapa perlakuan. Vegetative Erosion Control Using Carpet Grass (Axonopus compressus) and Reed Grass (Imperata cylindrica) in Ordo of Ultisols Abstract. Land use change in the sloping land cause soil erosion easier. One efforts for erosion countermeasure can be made with a vegetative method using carpet grass (Axonopus compressus) and reed grass (Imperata cylindrical) in ordo of ultisols. Therefore this research aim to determine the ability of carpet grass and reed grass in overcoming soil erosion at different slope of land. This research was done in Soil and Water Conservation Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture, University of Syiah Kuala using with Rainfall Simulator arranged in a test box. Factors used in this research is the slope (main plot factor) and type of grass (sub plot factor). The treatment of this research consist of 3 levels slope, namely 5º, 10º and 15º and 3 levels vegetation, namely land without grass, carpet grass and reed grass. The research results are erosion in the slope of 5º with land without grass (0.425 ton/hectare/year), with carpet grass (0.375 ton/hectare/year), and reed grass (0.125 ton/hectare/year). In the slope of 10º with land without grass (1.102 ton/hectare/year), with carpet grass (0.305 ton/hectare/year), and reed grass (0.414 ton/hectare/year). In the slope of 15º with land without grass (2.217 ton/hectare/year), with carpet grass (0.451 ton/hectare/year), and reed grass (0.858 ton/hectare/year). The result of variance  analysis (Anova) show that there are treatments with significant effect. The treatment with significant effect are slope, vegetation, and combination of slope and vegetation. Results from continued test with LSD (Least Significant Difference) show significant difference among treatments.

scholarly journals Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Erosion on the Loess Plateau: A Case Study in the Ansai Watershed

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6266
Author(s):  
Hui Wei ◽  
Wenwu Zhao ◽  
Han Wang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Erosion Environment

Large-scale vegetation restoration greatly changed the soil erosion environment in the Loess Plateau since the implementation of the “Grain for Green Project” (GGP) in 1999. Evaluating the effects of vegetation restoration on soil erosion is significant to local soil and water conservation and vegetation construction. Taking the Ansai Watershed as the case area, this study calculated the soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2015 under the initial and current scenarios of vegetation restoration, using the Chinese Soil Loess Equation (CSLE), based on rainfall and soil data, remote sensing images and socio-economic data. The effect of vegetation restoration on soil erosion was evaluated by comparing the average annual soil erosion modulus under two scenarios among 16 years. The results showed: (1) vegetation restoration significantly changed the local land use, characterized by the conversion of farmland to grassland, arboreal land, and shrub land. From 2000 to 2015, the area of arboreal land, shrub land, and grassland increased from 19.46 km2, 19.43 km2, and 719.49 km2 to 99.26 km2, 75.97 km2, and 1084.24 km2; while the farmland area decreased from 547.90 km2 to 34.35 km2; (2) the average annual soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2015 under the initial and current scenarios of vegetation restoration was 114.44 t/(hm²·a) and 78.42 t/(hm²·a), respectively, with an average annual reduction of 4.81 × 106 t of soil erosion amount thanks to the vegetation restoration; (3) the dominant soil erosion intensity changed from “severe and light erosion” to “moderate and light erosion”, vegetation restoration greatly improved the soil erosion environment in the study area; (4) areas with increased erosion and decreased erosion were alternately distributed, accounting for 48% and 52% of the total land area, and mainly distributed in the northwest and southeast of the watershed, respectively. Irrational land use changes in local areas (such as the conversion of farmland and grassland into construction land, etc.) and the ineffective implementation of vegetation restoration are the main reasons leading to the existence of areas with increased erosion.

scholarly journals Operational USLE-Based Modelling of Soil Erosion in Czech Republic, Austria, and Bavaria—Differences in Model Adaptation, Parametrization, and Data Availability

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3647
Author(s):  
Peter Fiener ◽  
Tomáš Dostál ◽  
Josef Krása ◽  
Elmar Schmaltz ◽  
Peter Strauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Implementation Techniques ◽  
Consistent Method

In the European Union, soil erosion is identified as one of the main environmental threats, addressed with a variety of rules and regulations for soil and water conservation. The by far most often officially used tool to determine soil erosion is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and its regional adaptions. The aim of this study is to use three different regional USLE-based approaches in three different test catchments in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Austria to determine differences in model results and compare these with the revised USLE-base European soil erosion map. The different regional model adaptations and implementation techniques result in substantial differences in test catchment specific mean erosion (up to 75% difference). Much more pronounced differences were modelled for individual fields. The comparison of the region-specific USLE approaches with the revised USLE-base European erosion map underlines the problems and limitations of harmonization procedures. The EU map limits the range of modelled erosion and overall shows a substantially lower mean erosion compared to all region-specific approaches. In general, the results indicate that even if many EU countries use USLE technology as basis for soil conservation planning, a truly consistent method does not exist, and more efforts are needed to homogenize the different methods without losing the USLE-specific knowledge developed in the different regions over the last decades.

scholarly journals Soil and Water Conservation in Rainfed Vineyards with Common Sainfoin and Spontaneous Vegetation under Different Ground Conditions

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahed Ben-Salem ◽  
Sara Álvarez ◽  
Manuel López-Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Sediment Traps ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Ephemeral Gullies ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Spontaneous Vegetation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Soil erosion seriously affects vineyards. In this study, the influence of two vegetation covers on topsoil moisture and the effect of different physiographic conditions on runoff and sediment yields were evaluated in a rainfed vineyard formed by four fields (NE Spain) during 15 months. One field had spontaneous vegetation in the inter-row areas, and three fields had a cover crop of common sainfoin. Moisture conditions were dry and stable in the vineyards’ rows, wet and very variable in the inter-row areas and wet and very stable in the corridors. Topsoil moisture in the areas with common sainfoin was much higher than in the rows (62–70%), whereas this difference was lower with spontaneous vegetation (40%). Two runoff and sediment traps (STs) were installed in two ephemeral gullies, and 26 time-integrated surveys (TIS) were done. The mean runoff yields were 9.8 and 13.5 L TIS−1 in ST2 and ST3. Rainfall depth (12 mm) and erosivity (5.2 MJ mm ha−1 h−1) thresholds for runoff initiation were assessed. The mean turbidity was 333 (ST2) and 19 (ST3) g L−1. Changes in the canopy covers (grapevines and vegetation covers), topography and rainfall parameters explained the runoff and sediment dynamics.

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