scholarly journals Emerging Resistance of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Scoping Review of the Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folahanmi T. Akinsolu ◽  
Priscilla O. Nemieboka ◽  
Diana W. Njuguna ◽  
Makafui N. Ahadji ◽  
Dora Dezso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Clinical Resistance ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat with the potential to cause millions of deaths. There has been a tremendous increase in the use of antimicrobials, stemming from preventive chemotherapy elimination and control programs addressing neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). This study aims to identify the frequency of drug resistance for 11 major NTDs and 20 treatment drugs within a specific period by systematically analyzing the study design, socio-demographic factors, resistance, and countries of relevant studies. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we performed systematic reviews of the major 11 NTDs to identify publications on drug resistance between 2000 and 2016. A quality assessment tool adapted for evaluating observational and experimental studies was applied to assess the quality of eligible studies. Results: One of the major findings is that six NTDs have information on drug resistance, namely human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and trachoma. Many studies recorded resistance due to diagnostic tests, and few studies indicated clinical resistance. Although most studies were performed in Africa where there is the occurrence of several NTDs, there was no link between disease burden and locations of study. Conclusions: Based on this study we deduce that monitoring and surveillance systems need to be strengthened to enable the early detection of AMR and the mitigation of its global spread.

The Epitome of Novel Techniques and Targeting Approaches in Drug Delivery for Treating Lymphatic Filariasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1250-1263
Author(s):  
Saurabh Shrivastava ◽  
Anshita Gupta ◽  
Chanchal Deep Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Lymphatic Diseases ◽  
Life Threatening

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a pervasive and life-threatening disease for human beings. Currently, 893 million people in 49 countries worldwide affected by lymphatic filariasis as per WHO statistics. The concealed aspects of lymphatic diseases such as delayed disease detection, inappropriate disease imaging, the geographical outbreak of infection, and lack of preventive chemotherapy have brought this epidemic to the edge of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Many medications and natural bioactive substances have seen to promote filaricidal activity against the target parasitic species. However, the majority of failures have occurred in pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic issues. Objective: The purpose of the study is to focus on the challenges and therapeutic issues in the treatment of filariasis. The review brings novel techniques and therapeutic approaches for combating lymphatic filariasis. It also offers significant developments and opportunities for such therapeutic interventions. Conclusion: Through this review, an attempt has made to critically evaluate the avenues of innovative pharmaceuticals and molecular targeting approaches to bring an integrated solution to combat lymphatic filariasis.

scholarly journals Genomic and phenotypic characterization of experimentally selected resistant Leishmania donovani reveals a role for dynamin-1 like protein in the mechanism of resistance to a novel anti-leishmanial compound

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Hefnawy ◽  
Gabriel Negreira ◽  
Marlene Jara ◽  
James A. Cotton ◽  
Ilse Maes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Tropical Diseases

AbstractThe implementation of prospective drug resistance (DR) studies in the R&D pipelines is a common practice for many infectious diseases, but not for Neglected Tropical Diseases. Here, we explored and demonstrated the importance of this approach, using as paradigms Leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), and TCMDC-143345, a promising compound of the GSK ‘Leishbox’ to treat VL. We experimentally selected resistance to TCMDC-143345 in vitro and characterized resistant parasites at genomic and phenotypic levels. We found that it took more time to develop resistance to TCMDC-143345 than to other drugs in clinical use and that there was no cross resistance to these drugs, suggesting a new and unique mechanism. By whole genome sequencing, we found two mutations in the gene encoding the L. donovani dynamin-1-like protein (LdoDLP1) that were fixed at highest drug pressure. Through phylogenetic analysis, we identified LdoDLP1 as a family member of the dynamin-related proteins, a group of proteins that impacts the shapes of biological membranes by mediating fusion and fission events, with a putative role in mitochondrial fission. We found that L. donovani lines genetically engineered to harbor the two identified LdoDLP1 mutations were resistant to TCMDC-143345 and displayed altered mitochondrial properties. By homology modeling, we showed how the two LdoDLP1 mutations may influence protein structure and function. Taken together, our data reveal a clear involvement of LdoDLP1 in the adaptation/resistance of L. donovani to TCMDC-143345.ImportanceHumans and their pathogens are continuously locked in a molecular arms race during which the eventual emergence of pathogen drug resistance (DR) seems inevitable. For neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), DR is generally studied retrospectively, once it has already been established in clinical settings. We previously recommended to keep one step ahead in the host-pathogen arms race and implement prospective DR studies in the R&D pipeline, a common practice for many infectious diseases, but not for NTDs. Here, using Leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), and TCMDC-143345, a promising compound of the GSK ‘Leishbox’ to treat VL, as paradigms, we experimentally selected resistance to the compound and proceeded to genomic and phenotypic characterization of DR parasites. The results gathered in the present study suggest a new DR mechanism involving the L. donovani dynamin-1 like protein (LdoDLP1) and demonstrate the practical relevance of prospective DR studies.

scholarly journals Development and validation of a framework to improve neglected tropical diseases surveillance and response at the sub-national level in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Kipkemoi Saitabau Ng'etich ◽  
Kuku Voyi ◽  
Clifford Maina Mutero
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
National Level ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Response System ◽  
Surveillance And Response

Background Assessment of surveillance and response system functions focusing on notifiable diseases has widely been documented in literature. However, there is limited focus on diseases targeted for elimination or eradication, particularly preventive chemotherapy neglected tropical diseases (PC-NTDs). There are limited strategies to guide strengthening of surveillance and response system functions concerning PC-NTDs. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a framework to improve surveillance and response to PC-NTDs at the sub-national level in Kenya. Methods Framework development adopted a multi-phased approach. The first phase involved a systematic literature review of surveillance assessment studies conducted in Africa to derive generalised recommendations. The second phase utilised primary data surveys to identify disease-specific recommendations to improve PC-NTDs surveillance in Kenya. The third phase utilised a Delphi survey to assess stakeholders consensus on feasible recommendations. The fourth phase drew critical lessons from existing conceptual frameworks. The final validated framework was based on resolutions and inputs from concerned stakeholders. Results Framework components constituted inputs with the first domain combining surveillance tools, equipment and infrastructure while the second domain combined financial, technical and logistical support. Processes were categorised into four sub-domains with activities for strengthening existing surveillance tools, surveillance core, support and attribute functions. The intended results phase comprised of ten distinct outputs with the anticipated outcomes categorised into three sub domains. Lastly, the overall impact alluded to reduced disease burden, halted disease transmission and reduced costs for implementing treatment interventions to achieve PC-NTDs control and elimination. Conclusion In view of the mixed methodological approach used to develop the framework coupled with further inputs and consensus among concerned stakeholders, the validated framework appears to be relevant in guiding decisions by policy makers to strengthen the existing surveillance and response system functions towards achieving PC-NTDs elimination.

scholarly journals An Integrated Approach to Assess Knowledge/Perceptions and Attitudes/Practices (KAP) Regarding Major Neglected Tropical Diseases Endemic in the Mbengwi Health District, North West Region, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-434
Author(s):  
Laurentine Sumo ◽  
Ngum H. Ntonifor ◽  
Cédric G. Lenou-Nanga ◽  
Nicanor Chenkumo-Kengmoni ◽  
Vanessa T. Amana-Bokagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Health District ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Structure Questionnaire ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
North West ◽  
West Region

Abstract Background and objectives Preventive chemotherapy (PCT) is the main strategy currently used to control and/or eliminate onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF) and soil transmitted helminthiasis (STH), and community participation (through implementation or adherence to PCT) is critical. This study aimed at investigating knowledge/perceptions of populations of the Mbengwi health district (North West Region, Cameroon), in relation to their attitudes/practices regarding the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Methods A household-based cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Mbengwi health district (North West Region, Cameroon) using the cluster sampling technique. Clusters were selected using the probability proportionate to estimate size strategy. In each cluster, the random walk technique was used for the selection of households, and a structure questionnaire was administered to 2–3 of its members. Results A total of 254 households from 26 clusters were visited, and 514 individuals were interviewed. The sex ratio of interviewees (1.08) was unbiased, and their ages ranged between 10 and 99 years old. Though most of the respondents declared having already heard of these NTDs (41.6%, 73.9% and 90.5% for onchocerciasis, LF and STH, respectively), only a minority of them were aware of how they are acquired/transmitted (8.9%, 9.2% and 32.7% for onchocerciasis, LF and STH, respectively), or prevented (23.1%, 18.9% and 47.2% for onchocerciasis, LF and STH, respectively). Conclusions This study revealed poor knowledge/perceptions and wrong attitudes/practices of interviewees as regards to these NTDs, and these misconceptions can seriously affect the adherence and contribution of populations to the success of PCTs. It appears compulsory to reinforce information, education, and communication, with a focus on the rationale and importance behind PCTs, to optimize/improve community participation.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Paromomycin for Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Pashupati Pokharel ◽  
Rakesh Ghimire ◽  
Pratik Lamichhane
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
South America ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Resource Limited

Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar is one of the most commonly neglected tropical diseases affecting a large number of rural and resource-limited people in South Asia, Africa, and South America. Paromomycin, an aminoglycoside drug, is frequently used for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Despite limited therapies for visceral leishmaniasis and emerging drug resistance, a proper review on the action of paromomycin for kala-azar is lacking. This systematic review aims to look for the efficacy and safety aspects of paromomycin for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Are current preventive chemotherapy strategies for controlling and eliminating neglected tropical diseases cost-effective?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. e005456
Author(s):  
Hugo C Turner ◽  
Wilma A Stolk ◽  
Anthony W Solomon ◽  
Jonathan D King ◽  
Antonio Montresor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
The Cost

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many low-income and middle-income countries. Several NTDs, namely lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) and trachoma, are predominantly controlled by preventive chemotherapy (or mass drug administration), following recommendations set by the WHO. Over one billion people are now treated for NTDs with this strategy per year. However, further investment and increased domestic healthcare spending are urgently needed to continue these programmes. Consequently, it is vital that the cost-effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy is understood. We analyse the current estimates on the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) of the preventive chemotherapy strategies predominantly used for these diseases and identify key evidence gaps that require further research. Overall, the reported estimates show that preventive chemotherapy is generally cost-effective, supporting WHO recommendations. More specifically, the cost per DALY averted estimates relating to community-wide preventive chemotherapy for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis were particularly favourable when compared with other public health interventions. Cost per DALY averted estimates of school-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis and STH were also generally favourable but more variable. Notably, the broader socioeconomic benefits are likely not being fully captured by the DALYs averted metric. No estimates of cost per DALY averted relating to community-wide mass antibiotic treatment for trachoma were found, highlighting the need for further research. These findings are important for informing global health policy and support the need for continuing NTD control and elimination efforts.

scholarly journals Social marketing interventions for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): A systematic review protocol

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaly Aya Pastrana ◽  
J Jaime Miranda ◽  
Claire Somerville ◽  
David Beran ◽  
L Suzanne Suggs
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Behavioral Determinants ◽  
Language Restriction

Background. Social marketing influences behaviors to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals and society, and this approach could be used in the field of public health for the prevention and control Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). NTDs are diseases of poverty that place a burden in individuals, communities and health systems, and that exacerbate the cycle of poverty. Differences in risk and socio-cultural factors make women and children differently vulnerable. Guided by the Hierarchical Model of Social Marketing, this systematic review will assess the breadth of coverage of social marketing interventions about the 17 World Health Organization’s priority NTDs. Additionally, it will use the WHO Gender Assessment Tool (GAT) to assess the gender responsiveness of the included interventions. Methods. This protocol follows the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Searches will be conducted in the databases of PubMed, EbscoHost, ProQuest, Web of Science (WOS), Global Index Medicus and Virtual Health Library (VHL) Regional Portal, and there will be no language restriction. Social marketing interventions implemented at the community, health facility and public policy settings will be included if they target an NTD; it applies at least 1 of the 4 core social marketing concepts, and 1 of the 5 social marketing techniques as described in the Hierarchical Model of Social Marketing. Data management of records will be done in Covidence, a Cochrane systematic review platform, and of data extracted in Excel. The QATSDD Critical Appraisal Tool will be used to assess the quality of individual studies in terms of how they report their research processes. Discussion. The results of this review will contribute to understand the social marketing concepts and techniques that have been used to address NTDs, and their behavioral determinants and behavioral outcomes. Furthermore, the results of this review will bring together the strengths from multidisciplinary fields by integrating gender, social marketing and NTDs in a systematic manner. Systematic review registration. PROSPERO CRD42017063858

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