Dietary Modification and Life Style Changes due to COVID-19 Pandemic Homestay among Nursing Students of Pokhara: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION: In December 2019, new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) emerged in Wuhan, China causing pandemic all over the world which results in homestay order. Homestay lead to changes in lifestyle like sedentary life, sleeping habits and eating behavior. So, the objective is to assess dietary and life style modification among nursing students of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted from August 1 to October 15, 2020. The setting of study (Manipal) was selected purposively in which enumerative sampling technique was used constituting total sample size of 216 nursing students. Data was collected through self-administer semi-structure questionnaire via online mode which was further analyzed using descriptive statistics SPSS 20.0 version. RESULTS: There was slight modification in intake of food items like fruits, vegetable, protein, fats, commercialized items, carbonated/sweetened beverages and non-vegetarian diets (chicken and fish). During COVID-19, less than one-fifth (15%) wake up before 7 AM and 78.2% sleep duration is 7-9 hours. About 64.1% pass their leisure time watching TV/ facebook/ messenger/ youtube/ whatsapp/ instagram. Nearly 99.1% engaged in household activities during home stay. More than three-fourth (77.8%) of respondents were doing physical activity. But still 69.9% had weight gain. CONCLUSION: Despite physical and household activities, some unhealthy practices like waking up late, increased sleep duration and use of screen was observed. There was less modification in dietary pattern. So it is recommended to follow healthy diet like Mediterranean diet having several health benefits like weight reduction, prevention from non-communicable diseases and boost immune system in period of pandemic.

Infant Appetitive Phenotypes: A Group-Based Multi-Trajectory Analysis

Background: Examining appetitive traits with person-centered analytical approaches can advance the understanding of appetitive phenotype trajectories across infancy, their origins, and influences upon them. The objective of the present study was to empirically describe appetitive phenotype trajectories in infancy and examine the associations with infant and parent factors.Materials and Methods: In this longitudinal cohort study of Australian infants, parents completed three online surveys ~3 months apart, beginning when the infant was <6 months. Appetitive traits were assessed with the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ) and parent feeding practices with the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ) infant and toddler version. Parent demographics and cognitions were also collected. Infant weight and length were transcribed from health records and converted to a BMI z-score. Group-based trajectory modeling identified appetitive phenotype trajectories using the BEBQ. Multilevel modeling examined change in feeding practices and child BMI z-score over time by appetitive phenotype trajectories.Results: At time 1, 380 participants completed the survey (mean infant age 98 days), 178 at time 2 (mean infant age 198 days), and 154 at time 3 (mean infant age 303 days). Three multi-trajectory appetitive phenotype groups were identified and labeled as (Phenotype 1) food avoidant trending toward low food approach (21.32% of infants), (Phenotype 2) persistently balanced (50.53% of infants), and (Phenotype 3) high and continuing food approach (28.16% of infants). Formula feeding was more common in Phenotype 1 (p = 0.016). Parents of infants in Phenotype 1 were more likely to rate them as being more difficult than average, compared to infants with phenotypes 2 or 3. Phenotype 2 had the greatest increase in persuasive feeding over time [0.30; 95% CI (0.12, −0.47)].Conclusions: Distinct multi-trajectory appetitive phenotype groups emerge early in infancy. These trajectories appear to have origins in both infant and parent characteristics as well as parent behaviors and cognitions. The infant multi-trajectory appetitive phenotype groups suggest that for some infants, difficulties in self-regulating appetite emerge early in life. Investigation of infant multi-trajectory appetitive phenotype groups that utilize a range of measures, examine relationships to key covariates and outcomes, and extend from infancy into childhood are needed.

Health Literacy on COVID-19 among Older Adults in South-South Nigeria

The aged is one of the most vulnerable cohorts of the COVID-19 pandemic; consequently to curb the spread of the virus public health knowledge is central. This study examines the sources of learning about COVID-19 pandemic, level of knowledge/awareness on the pandemic, and to ascertain if there is variation in the level of knowledge among older adults in South-South Nigeria on the basis of income, gender, education and marital status. The study was carried out in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Using analytical descriptive survey research design, older adults from 60 years and above were randomly selected. The instrument used was a structure questionnaire and an assessment test on Knowledge of COVID-19. Percentage, Mean, range, Standard deviation and ANOVA were used in analyzing the data collected. The study reveals that radio and television were the major sources of learning about Covid-19 among older adults, that their level of awareness of the symptoms of the disease is poor, moderate in prevention of community spread and basic management of patients with the virus. The study also reveals that there is variation in the level of awareness on the basis of income, while no variation was found in terms of gender, education and marital status. From the findings, it was concluded that radio and television were the dominant source of information on health literacy among the older adults and there is an association between level of level of awareness of COVID-19 and level of income of older adults.

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude regarding Self Administration of Insulin Injection among Diabetes Mellitus patient in selected Hospital of Visnagar City, in view of Information Booklet

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrine disorder, characterized by hyperglycemia that is, high blood sugar levels. This is caused due to a relative or absolute insulin deficiency, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Lack of insulin, either relative or absolute affects metabolism or breaking down of carbohydrates, proteins, fat, water and electrolytes leading to an accumulation of glucose in the blood. Till the earlier part of this century, it was believed that there was no effective treatment for this condition, until the discovery of insulin, in 1922, by Fredrick Banting and his student, John McCleod1 Design: A descriptive survey approach was used for assessing the knowledge and attitude of Diabetes Mellitus patients regarding Self-Administration of insulin injection. Participants: The target population consisted of 60 Diabetic patients who were on Insulin Therapy within the age group of 40-70 years. Half of the patients were admitted and a few were attending the OPD services in Nootan General Hospital at visnagar. Interventions: Booklet information was given to the patients. Tool: Structure questionnaire was used to assess the level of Knowledge regarding Self-Administration of insulin injection and used Likert’s attitude scale to assess attitude regarding Self-Administration of insulin injection among diabetes mellitus patients. Results: In this study. The total 60 sample under the study were 38.3% sample 61-70 years, 20% sample 51-60 years, 20% sample 41-50 years 8.3% sample below 40 years of age. Distributed sample according to gender were 73.3% are male and 26.7% are female. Distribution of sample based on education is 1.7% graduated 3.3% had higher secondary, 21.7% completed secondary and 73.3% sample had completed primary education as regards 53.3% samples were unemployed 23% self-employed. According to family history 36.7% had family history of DM 63.3% had no family history. The level of knowledge regarding self-administration of the insulin injection were 81.7% had average knowledge, 13.3% had poor knowledge and only 5% had good knowledge regarding self-administration of insulin injection. The overall mean value of the diabetic patients knowledge regarding self-administration of insulin injection was 14.45 with a standard deviation of 3.326. This finding showed that the most of the diabetic patients were not much aware of self-administration of insulin injection. The level of attitude regarding self-administration of insulin injection was assessed were, only 18.3% had most favorable and 81.7% had a favorable attitude towards self- administration of insulin injection. It revealed the mean percentage of the positive attitude, which was 69.05 with a standard deviation of 5.585. These results showed that most of the diabetic patients were not having a most favourable attitude towards self-administration of insulin injection. Conclusion: The finding indicates that the Booklet information was a suitable and effective method of instruction for updating and enhancing the knowledge and attitude among patients.

Malaria awareness of adults in high, moderate and low transmission settings: A cross-sectional study in rural East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

Introduction The 2009 Indonesian roadmap to malaria elimination indicated that the nation had been progressing towards achieving malaria elimination by 2030. Currently, most of the districts in the western part of Indonesia have eliminated malaria; however, none of the districts in the East Nusa Tenggara Province (ENTP) have met these set targets. This study aimed to investigate the status of malaria awareness of rural adults in the ENTP. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2019 in high, moderate, and low malaria-endemic settings (MESs) in the ENTP. After obtaining informed consent, data were collected using an interviewer-administered structure questionnaire among 1503 participants recruited by a multi-stage cluster sampling method. A malaria awareness index was developed based on ten questions. A binary logistic regression method was applied to investigate the significance of any association between malaria awareness and the different MESs. Results The participation rate of the study was 99.5%. Of this number, 51.4% were female and 45.5% had completed primary education. The malaria awareness index was significantly low (48.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.2–52.4). Malaria awareness of rural adults residing in low endemic settings was two times higher than for those living in high endemic settings (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.81–3.21) and the basic malaria knowledge of participants living in low malaria-endemic settings was almost four times higher than that in high endemic settings (AOR: 3.75, 95% CI: 2.75–5.11). Of the total participants, 81.3% (95% CI: 79.1–83.5) were aware that malaria could be prevented and 75.1% (95% CI: 72.6–77.6) knew at least one prevention measure. Overall, the awareness of fever as the main symptom of malaria, mosquito bites as the transmission mode of malaria, and seeking treatment within 24 hours of suffering from malaria was poor at 37.9% (95% CI: 33.9–41.9), 59.1% (95% CI: 55.9–62.3), and 46.0% (95% CI: 42.3–49.7), respectively. The poor level of awareness was significantly different amongst the three MESs, with the lowest levels of awareness in the high endemic setting. Conclusion Malaria awareness of rural adults needs to be improved to address Indonesia’s national roadmap for malaria elimination. Results indicated that public health programs at a local government level should incorporate the malaria awareness index in their key strategic intervention to address malaria awareness.

An Integrated Approach to Assess Knowledge/Perceptions and Attitudes/Practices (KAP) Regarding Major Neglected Tropical Diseases Endemic in the Mbengwi Health District, North West Region, Cameroon

Background and objectives Preventive chemotherapy (PCT) is the main strategy currently used to control and/or eliminate onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF) and soil transmitted helminthiasis (STH), and community participation (through implementation or adherence to PCT) is critical. This study aimed at investigating knowledge/perceptions of populations of the Mbengwi health district (North West Region, Cameroon), in relation to their attitudes/practices regarding the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Methods A household-based cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Mbengwi health district (North West Region, Cameroon) using the cluster sampling technique. Clusters were selected using the probability proportionate to estimate size strategy. In each cluster, the random walk technique was used for the selection of households, and a structure questionnaire was administered to 2–3 of its members. Results A total of 254 households from 26 clusters were visited, and 514 individuals were interviewed. The sex ratio of interviewees (1.08) was unbiased, and their ages ranged between 10 and 99 years old. Though most of the respondents declared having already heard of these NTDs (41.6%, 73.9% and 90.5% for onchocerciasis, LF and STH, respectively), only a minority of them were aware of how they are acquired/transmitted (8.9%, 9.2% and 32.7% for onchocerciasis, LF and STH, respectively), or prevented (23.1%, 18.9% and 47.2% for onchocerciasis, LF and STH, respectively). Conclusions This study revealed poor knowledge/perceptions and wrong attitudes/practices of interviewees as regards to these NTDs, and these misconceptions can seriously affect the adherence and contribution of populations to the success of PCTs. It appears compulsory to reinforce information, education, and communication, with a focus on the rationale and importance behind PCTs, to optimize/improve community participation.

Prevalence of Nutritional Anemia and Its Causes among Adolescent Girls

Background: Nutritional anemia is a disorder that cause due to a lack of one or more vital nutrients, such as iron, protein, vitamin B12, and other vitamins and minerals. In this condition hemoglobin content in the blood is lower than usual. Nutritional anemia has been described as correlated with reduced childhood emotional, physical, and cognitive function and is a major risk factor for maternal mortality. Objective: 1. To assess the prevalence of nutritional anemia among adolescent girls. 2. To assess the causes of nutritional anemia among adolescent girls. 3. To associate the demographic variable with prevalence and causes of nutritional anemia among adolescent girls. Methodology: This is a cross sectional observational study will be conducted among the adolescent girls where age is between 10-14 years, the sample size can be calculated statistically by using the prevalence of previous studies which done in India and the sample size is 220 adolescent girls selected in a particular rural community area of Wardha district. Non-probability convenience sampling will be using for sample collection. The standard haemoglobinometer (Accusure HB meter) for analyzing the haemoglobin according to WHO criteria and structure questionnaire scale is made upon the causes behind the nutritional anemia. According to some previous studies, the prevalence rate has been shown high in the adolescent age group so this study help to find the prevalence rate in a particular community and the causes of nutritional anemia among adolescent girls. Expected Results: In this study the researcher evaluate the prevalence and its causes of nutritional anemia among adolescent girls, this study will show the rate of prevalence in the particular community area and also the causes of nutritional anemia among adolescent girls. Conclusion: The conclusion will be drawn from the results.

The Relationship Between Cognitive Abilities and Trait Clinical Features in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder

Very few studies have focused on the relationship between cognitive functions and clinical features in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Subjects with BPD and healthy controls were administered the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, Trail Making Test A and B, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-53) was used to assess the severity of current symptoms. Attachment style was assessed with the Experiences in Close Relationship Questionnaire, identity integration with the Personality Structure Questionnaire, and other domains of personality dysfunction with the RUDE Scale for Personality Dysfunction. Patients with BPD performed significantly worse than healthy controls in all cognitive domains. Cognitive functions, particularly delayed memory and visuospatial abilities, displayed meaningful associations with trait-like clinical features, above the effect of global cognition and state psychopathology. These findings highlight the need to evaluate effects of cognitive rehabilitation on trait features among individuals with BPD.

Screening and Risk Factor Associated with Deep Vein Thrombosis among Factory Workers

Background: Venous thrombo embolism (VTE) its a form of vascular disorder becomes important disease condition now a days. Basically VTE is term used for both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is defined as a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein usually in the legs, also in the calf and thigh veins. It is 3rd largest cause for mortality and morbidity. Deep vein thrombosis occur mostly there are no symptoms but in some cases lower extremity will be painful, warm redden, and also superficial veins may engorged. In such cases when there is massive embolism thrombolytic therapy agent as streptokinase or urokinase or tissue plasminogen activation used for dissolve the thrombus or resolve the obstruction. For relieving chances of venous thrombosis like range of motion, physiotherapy, graduated stocking can be categorized as important mechanical methods for the prevention of DVT. Objective: In this study 1. To Screen the deep vein thrombosis among factory workers To assess the risk factor of deep vein thrombosis among factory workers To associate the screening and risk factor of deep vein thrombosis among factory workers with their selected demographic variables Methodology: Descriptive research design will use for this research study. Sample will be factory workers. Non probability purposive sampling technique will use for the study. This research study will include 120 Factory workers from Mahalakshmi Steel factory Pvt. Ltd, Deoli, Dist.Wardha, Maharashtra. Factory workers must select according to requirements for inclusion and exclusion criteria. 1.Factory workers who were completed 5 years in steel factory & Factory workers who are willing participate in study are inclusion criteria. Exclusion Criteria: 1.Factory workers who already taking treatment for deep vein thrombosis. 2. Factory workers those were participated in similar kind of study. 3. Office workers are excluded in this study. Expected Results: Outcome includes Screening and risk factors associated with deep vein thrombosis among factory workers for the study are low probability, moderate probability, high probability with the clinical validated tool Wells criteria for screening of deep vein thrombosis. Risk factor associated with deep vein thrombosis assess with structure questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from (DMIMS(DU)/IEC/DEC-2019/8684). Conclusion: It will be drawn from the results.