Factors Associated with Suicide Attempts and Suicides in the General Population of Andalusia (Spain)

Discrepant results have been published by studies comparing deaths by suicide with attempted suicides. This study aimed to determine factors associated with suicides and attempted suicides in Andalusia (Spain) between 2007 and 2013, comparing sex, age, year, and suicide method between these populations. A retrospective study was conducted of data on deaths by suicide and attempted suicides over a seven-year period, calculating the sex and age rates for each behavior. Adjusted Poisson regression was used to analyze the association with study variables, and incidence rate ratios were estimated. During the seven-year study period, 20,254 attempted suicides and 5202 deaths by suicide were recorded. The prevalence of attempted suicide did not differ between the sexes, whereas the prevalence of deaths by suicide was three-fold higher among males than among females and increased with higher age. The most frequently used method was the same in males and females for suicide attempts, but differed between the sexes for suicides. The combined influence of sex and age was greater in the model for death by suicide than in the model for attempted suicide. The key differentiating factor was the method used, while the finding of greatest concern was the suicide behavior among the elderly. Preventive strategies should take these differences into account.

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Factors Associated with Repeat Suicide Attempts among Adolescents

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00712.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 437-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Jacqualine Vajda ◽

Kate Steinbeck

Keyword(s):

Substance Abuse ◽

Sexual Abuse ◽

Alcohol Abuse ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Chronic Medical Conditions ◽

Medical Conditions ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of

Objective: To determine potential risk factors associated with repeat suicide attempts among adolescents. Method: Retrospective medical record review of all patients aged 13–20 years who presented to the emergency department at an inner city tertiary hospital after attempted suicide between 1994 and 1996. Subjects were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) codes E950.0 to E959.9 for attempted suicide. Study variables included demographic parameters, chronic medical conditions/illnesses, psychiatric and substance abuse disorders, history of sexual abuse and previous and subsequent suicide attempts. Variables univariately associated with repetition at p < 0.25 were entered into a multiple regression analysis. Results: Eighty seven per cent of patients presented with a drug overdose. Seventy-six per cent of all subjects attempted suicide in the context of a dispute or relationship break-up. At least one psychiatric disorder was present in 76% of subjects at the index attempt. The most frequently diagnosed disorders were depression (45.5%) and drug (34%) and alcohol abuse (27%). Variables predicting repetition within 12 months were drug (OR = 3.891, p = 0.02) and alcohol abuse (OR = 3.56, p = 0.05), non-affective psychotic disorders (OR = 3.81, p = 0.04), and chronic medical conditions/illness (OR = 3.29, p = 0.03). A history of sexual abuse was almost significant (OR = 3.03, p = 0.06). Conclusions: Adolescents most likely to re-attempt suicide with 12 months present with either substance abuse, non-affective psychotic disorders, chronic medical conditions, or a history of sexual abuse. All adolescents with a possible suicide attempt should receive a comprehensive mental health and psychosocial assessment. Closer scrutiny of the role of chronic illnesses and sexual abuse in both future research and clinical management is urged. A broad based, multidisciplinary intervention approach is recommended.

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Effectiveness of a nationwide aftercare program for suicide attempters

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291712002425 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 1447-1454 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Y.-J. Pan ◽

W.-H. Chang ◽

M.-B. Lee ◽

C.-H. Chen ◽

S.-C. Liao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Time To Death ◽

Aftercare Services ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Prolonged Duration ◽

History Of ◽

Using Data

BackgroundThe effectiveness of large-scale interventions to prevent suicide among persons who previously attempted suicide remains to be determined. The National Suicide Surveillance System (NSSS), launched in Taiwan in 2006, is a structured nationwide intervention program for people who survived their suicide attempts. This naturalistic study examined its effectiveness using data from the first 3 years of its operation.MethodEffectiveness of the NSSS aftercare services was examined using a logistic/proportional odds mixture model, with eventual suicide as the outcome of interest. As well, we examined time until death for those who died and factors associated with eventual suicide.ResultsReceipt of aftercare services was associated with reduced risk for subsequent suicide; for service recipients who eventually killed themselves, there was a prolonged duration between the index and fatal attempts. Elderly attempters were particularly prone to a shorter duration between the index and fatal attempts. Male gender, the lethality potential of the index attempt, and a history of having had a mental disorder also were associated with higher risk.ConclusionsThe structured aftercare program of the NSSS appears to decrease suicides and to delay time to death for those who remained susceptible to suicide.

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Unemployment and Suicidal Behavior in a New Zealand Birth Cohort

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910.28.2.95 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 95-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

David M. Fergusson ◽

Joseph M. Boden ◽

L. John Horwood

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Poisson Regression ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Regression Models ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Suicidal Behaviors ◽

Time Dynamic

Abstract. This study examined the association between exposure to unemployment and suicidal behaviors (suicidal ideation and attempted suicide) in a birth cohort of New Zealand young adults using fixed-effects logistic and Poisson regression models. Data were gathered on unemployment and suicidal behaviors at annual periods from ages 16-25 years. At all ages increasing exposure to unemployment was associated with increased risks of suicidal ideation (p < .0001) and number of suicide attempts (p < .0001). Following adjustment for fixed effects and time-dynamic covariates, associations between unemployment and suicidal ideation reduced to marginal significance (p < .10), while the association between unemployment and suicide attempts was not statistically significant (p > .10). After adjustment, those experiencing 6 or more months of unemployment in a given year had odds of suicidal ideation that were 1.43 (95% CI: .96 to 2.16) times higher, and rates of suicide attempts that were 1.72 (95% CI: .89 to 3.32) times higher, than those who were not exposed to unemployment. Although unemployment was associated with moderate increases in risks of suicidal behaviors, much of this association was explained by confounding factors.

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The Study of Suicide and Attempted Suicide Epidemiology in Sirjan in 2018

international journal high risk behaviors & addiction ◽

10.5812/ijhrba.108648 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Mohadeseh Balvardi ◽

Zahra Imani-Goghary ◽

Kamran Babaee ◽

Zahra Izadabadi

Keyword(s):

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Chi Square ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Younger Age ◽

Males And Females ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

One Year

Background: Prevalence of suicide and attempted suicide has increased due to social, economic, and cultural factors. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the suicide and attempted suicide epidemiology in Sirjan, Iran, in 2018. Methods: Following a cross-sectional design, suicide attempts and their related factors were investigated in the city of Sirjan in 2018. Data were collected by a researcher-developed checklist and were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (i.e., chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests) by SPSS. Results: A total of 768 people referred to Sirjan’s hospitals with a diagnosis of suicide attempt were investigated. One-year suicide attempts incidence for males and females was 120.6 (N = 391) and 116.3 (N = 377) per 100,000 people, respectively. The mean age of males and females was 26.0 ± 9.2 and 24.2 ± 8.1, respectively. Most cases were aged 20 - 29 and 10 - 19 years. The male-to-female ratio was higher in the 20 - 29 age group, but more females, most suicide cases were aged 10 - 19, and this difference was significant. Most of them were single, urbanite, educated up to high school diploma, or were school-goers. Self-poisoning (i.e. drug intoxication) was the most common method of suicide attempts. Suicides that led to death were 3.7 per 100000 people, higher rates were observed in men, younger age, single status, urbanite, and those with school diplomas. Hanging was the most common suicide method. Conclusions: Sirjan is one of the areas with high rates of suicide attempts; therefore, the findings of the present study can be regarded as a step forward in future studies to consider interventions intended to improve mental health, as well as to find useful solutions to prevent suicide occurrence.

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Rurality as a Risk Factor for Attempted Suicide and Death by Suicide in Ontario, Canada

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/07067437211053300 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 070674372110533

Author(s):

Rebecca Barry ◽

Jürgen Rehm ◽

Claire de Oliveira ◽

Peter Gozdyra ◽

Simon Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Administrative Databases ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Urban Males ◽

Males And Females

Objective This study aims to examine rural and urban differences in attempted suicide and death by suicide in Ontario, Canada. Method This is a population-based nested case-control study. Data were obtained from administrative databases held at ICES, which capture all hospital and emergency department visits across Ontario between 2007 and 2017. All adults living in Ontario who attempted suicide or died by suicide are included in the study, and controls were matched by sex and age. Suicides were captured using vital statistics. Suicide attempts were determined using emergency department service codes. Results Rurality is a risk factor for attempted suicide and death by suicide. Rural males are more likely to die by suicide compared with urban males (adjusted odds ratio(AOR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.49 to 1.95), and the odds of death by suicide increase with increasing levels of rurality. Rural males and females have an increased risk of attempted suicide compared with their urban counterparts (males: AOR = 1.37, 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.50) (females: AOR = 1.26, 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.39), with a pattern of increasing risk of suicide attempts with increasing rurality. Rural females are not at increased risk of suicide compared with urban females (AOR = 1.08, 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.45). Sensitivity analyses corroborated the results. Conclusions Rural males are almost two times more likely to die by suicide compared with urban males, and both rural males and females have an elevated risk of suicide attempts compared with urban residents. Future research should examine potential mediators of the relationship between rurality and suicide.

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Patterns and motivations for method choices in suicidal thoughts and behaviour: qualitative content analysis of a large online survey

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2021.15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Lisa Marzano ◽

Dafni Katsampa ◽

Jay-Marie Mackenzie ◽

Ian Kruger ◽

Nazli El-Gharbawi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suicidal Behaviour ◽

Online Survey ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Suicide Method ◽

Suicidal Thoughts ◽

Impulsive Behaviour ◽

Preventative Measures ◽

History Of

Background Choice of suicide method can strongly influence the outcome of suicidal behaviour, and is an important aspect of the process and planning involved in a suicide attempt. Yet, the reasons why individuals consider, choose or discard particular methods are not well understood. Aims This is the first study to explore method choices among people with a history of suicidal behaviour and individuals who have experienced, but not enacted, suicidal thoughts. Method Via an online survey, we gathered open-ended data about choice of methods in relation to suicidal thoughts and behaviours, including reasons for and against specific means of harm. Results A total of 712 respondents had attempted suicide, and a further 686 experienced suicidal thoughts (but not acted on them). Self-poisoning was the most commonly contemplated and used method of suicide, but most respondents had considered multiple methods. Method choices when contemplating suicide included a broader range of means than those used in actual attempts, and more unusual methods, particularly if perceived to be lethal, ‘easy’, quick, accessible and/or painless. Methods used in suicide attempts were, above all, described as having been accessible at the time, and were more commonly said to have been chosen impulsively. Key deterrents against the use of specific methods were the presence of and impact on other people, especially loved ones, and fears of injury and survival. Conclusions Exploration of method choices can offer novel insights into the transition from suicidal ideation to behaviour. Results underscore the need for preventative measures to restrict access to means and delay impulsive behaviour.

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Seasonal Changes and Decrease of Suicides and Suicide Attempts in France Over the Last 10 Years”.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1031840/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marine AMBAR AKKAOUI ◽

Christine CHAN-CHEE ◽

Karine LAAIDI ◽

Gregory FIFRE ◽

Michel LEJOYEUX ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suicide Attempt ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Seasonal Changes ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Middle Age ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Preventive Strategies ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

National Databases

Abstract Introduction: The objective of this study was to examine the evolution of suicides and suicide attempts over the last 10 years in France. Methods: We analyzed the number of deaths by suicide and suicide attempts in metropolitan France (2009-2018) from French national databases, on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Seasonal variation in suicide rates was modeled using a cosinor function. Based on this model, we determined the association of suicides and suicide attempts with geographic characteristics, age, gender, means used and psychiatric disorders. Results: The number of suicides and suicide attempts decreased over the last ten years in France (mean decrease of 14.49% and 11.69% per year). We observed a significant and recurrent seasonal pattern of suicides and suicide attempts in France, with a peak in spring. The suicide and suicide attempt rates were higher in the northern departments of France. Suicides were more frequent for men (75%) and middle-age individuals (45-54 years old), while suicide attempts were more frequent for women (62%) and young adults and middle-age individual (15-19 and 40-49 years old). Nearly two-thirds of the patients who attempted suicide suffered from comorbid psychiatric disorders. Mood disorders was the most frequent comorbid psychiatric disorder (54%). Voluntary drug intoxication was the most common means of suicide attempt (80%), and hanging was the most common means of suicide (54%).Conclusion: The number of suicides and suicide attempts decreased in France over the last 10 years, with large and recurrent seasonal variations. These findings could be used to alert and adjust prevention policies, as well as developing preventive strategies such as chronotherapeutics.

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Suicide Thoughts and Attempts in the Norwegian General Population during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4102

Author(s):

Tore Bonsaksen ◽

Laila Skogstad ◽

Trond Heir ◽

Øivind Ekeberg ◽

Inger Schou-Bredal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Risk Group ◽

Early Stage ◽

Related Factors ◽

Social Media Data ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Norwegian Population ◽

Media Data

The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of suicide thoughts and attempts during the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak and examine pandemic-related factors associated with suicide thoughts in the general Norwegian population. A sample of 4527 adults living in Norway were recruited via social media. Data related to suicide thoughts and attempts, alcohol use, pandemic-related concerns, and sociodemographic variables were collected. Associations with suicide thoughts were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. In the sample, 3.6% reported suicide thoughts during the last month, while 0.2% had attempted suicide during the same period. Previous suicide attempts (OR: 11.93, p < 0.001), lower age (OR: 0.69, p < 0.001), daily alcohol use (OR: 3.31, p < 0.001), being in the risk group for COVID-19 complications (OR: 2.15, p < 0.001), and having economic concerns related to the pandemic (OR: 2.28, p < 0.001) were associated with having current suicide thoughts. In addition to known risk factors, the study suggests that aspects specific to COVID-19 may be important for suicidal behaviors during the pandemic.

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Explaining Suicide: The Views of Survivors of Serious Suicide Attempts

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.168.6.780 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 168 (6) ◽

pp. 780-786 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Ian O'Donnell ◽

Richard Farmer ◽

José Catalán

Keyword(s):

Suicide Attempt ◽

Mental State ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Psychiatric Treatment ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Preventive Strategies ◽

Suicidal Intent ◽

Suicide Intent ◽

High Level

BackgroundThere is a dearth of information on the motivational aspects of serious suicide attempts, in particular those which involve violent methods. Clarification of the reasons which lie behind such acts may suggest appropriate preventive strategies.MethodInterviews were carried out with 20 individuals who had attempted suicide by jumping in front of a railway train. Demographic and psychiatric data were collected for each case and the Suicidal Intent Scale was administered.ResultsIn most cases the act had been impulsive and was characterised by an extremely high level of suicidal intent. The majority were receiving psychiatric treatment at the time of their suicide attempt. In some cases, survival and the aftermath of the attempt appeared to have a beneficial effect on mental state.ConclusionsWhile high levels of psychiatric morbidity and high suicidal intent were common, impulsivity and improved mental state indicate that there are similarities between high and low suicide intent survivors.

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An Analysis of Suicide Attempts in Jaén Province (Andalusia-Spain)

Psychology Community & Health ◽

10.5964/pch.v4i1.102 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 14-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Sánchez-Teruel ◽

José A. Muela-Martínez ◽

Ana García-León

Keyword(s):

Emergency Departments ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Age Groups ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Suicide Method ◽

Hospital Discharges ◽

Self Harm ◽

Electronic Medical Record Systems ◽

The Relationship

AimSuicide is the leading cause of non-accidental death in Spain across both sexes and all age groups; however, data on suicide attempts by region are heterogeneous and little reported. This study aimed to examine the socio-demographic and epidemiological variables most strongly related to suicide attempts in Jaén province.MethodData on people who had attempted suicide over a 26-month period (2009–2011) were collected from the emergency departments of two hospitals via their electronic medical record systems specific to the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain). Descriptive and frequency statistics were obtained and the relationship among variables was examined.ResultsSuicide attempters were aged 24 to 53 years, being primarily women (65.25%). The most frequent suicide method was medication ingestion (85.55%); thus, ingestion of toxic substances has become the preferred method among women (LR(3) = 14.731; p = .02). The hospitals discharged the patients (46.44%) or referred them to mental health services in the area (20.08%) following a suicide attempt. There were more hospital discharges when the attempt involved ingestion of toxic substances or self-harm (LR(12) = 20.603; p = .05), and in winter and spring (LR(12) = 69.772; p < .001).ConclusionThe need for emergency departments to have prevention and intervention procedures in place, specifically designed for suicide attempts and at-risk individuals, is discussed.

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