scholarly journals Comparison between Continuous and Fractionated Game Format on Internal and External Load in Small-Sided Games in Soccer

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Branquinho ◽  
Ricardo Ferraz ◽  
Bruno Travassos ◽  
Mário C. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
External Load ◽  
Continuous Method ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Game Format ◽  
Physical Impact ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
External Loads

This study aimed to identify the effects of continuous and fractionated game formats on internal and external load in small-sided games in soccer. Twenty male professional soccer players participated in the study performing the same exercise (5 vs. 5 players) continuously (1 × 24 min) and in a repeated/fractioned manner (2 × 12 min, 4 × 6 min, and 6 × 4 min). A comparison between playing conditions was assessed by means of standardized mean differences calculated with combined variance and respective confidence intervals of 90%. The limits for the statistics were 0.2, trivial; 0.6, small; 1.2, moderate; 2.0, large; and >2.0, very large. The results indicate that the use of the continuous method seems to present the tendency of less physical impact on the internal and external loads compared to the fractionated method. In addition, the higher number of exercise repetitions in the fractionated method was found to increase the external load compared to the continuous method. This study showed that application of small-sided games by the fractionated method tends to result in higher training loads.

scholarly journals Training/Match External Load Ratios in Professional Soccer Players: A Full-Season Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Alireza Rabbani ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
Daniel Castillo ◽  
José Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Training

The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to describe the training/match ratios of different external load measures during a full professional soccer season while analyzing the variations between different types of weeks (three, four and five training sessions/week) and (ii) to investigate the relationship between weekly accumulated training loads and the match demands of the same week. Twenty-seven professional soccer players (24.9 ± 3.5 years old) were monitored daily using a 10-Hz global positioning system with a 100-Hz accelerometer. Total distance (TD), running distance (RD), high-speed running (HSR), sprinting distance (SD), player load (PL), number of high accelerations (ACC), and number of high decelerations (DEC) were recorded during training sessions and matches. An individual training/match ratio (TMr) was calculated for each external load measure. Weeks with five training sessions (5dW) presented meaningfully greater TMr than weeks with four (4dW) or three (3dW) training sessions. Additionally, TDratio (TDr) was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (mean differences dif: 1.23 arbitray units A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.80 A.U.); HSRr was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (dif: 0.90 A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.68 A.U.); and SDr was significantly greater in 5dW than in 3dW (dif: 0.77 A.U.) and 4dW (dif: 0.90 A.U.). Correlations between the weekly training loads and the match demands of the same week were small for PL (r = 0.250 [0.13;0.36]), ACC (r = 0.292 [0.17;0.40]) and DEC (r = 0.236 [0.11;0.35]). This study reveals that ratios of above 1 were observed for specific measures (e.g., HSR, SD). It was also observed that training sessions are not adjusted according to weekly variations in match demands.

The Effects of Long Sprint Ability–Oriented Small-Sided Games Using Different Ratios of Players to Pitch Area on Internal and External Load in Soccer Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1265-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Castagna ◽  
Stefano D’Ottavio ◽  
Stefano Cappelli ◽  
Susana Cristina Araújo Póvoas
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
External Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
External Loads ◽  
Sprint Ability

Purpose: To examine the internal and external load imposed by long sprint ability–oriented small-sided games (SSG) using different ratios of players to pitch area (densities) in soccer players. Methods: A total of 19 professional soccer players from the same soccer club (age = 17.1 [0.3] y, height = 1.76 [0.69] m, and body mass = 69.7 [9.4] kg) participated in this study. Players performed 4 × 30-s (150 s recovery) all-out 1-vs-1 SSG considering 300, 200, and 100 m2 per player (48 h apart). Players’ external loads were tracked with global positioning technology (20 Hz). Heart rate, blood lactate concentration (BLc), and rating of perceived exertion characterized players’ internal load. Peak BLc was assessed with a 30-s all-out test on a nonmotorized treadmill (NMT). Results: SSG300 produced higher BLc than SSG200 (moderate) and SSG100 (large). The SSG300, SSG200, and SSG100 BLc were 97.8% (34.8%), trivial; 74.7% (24.9%), moderate; and 43.4% (15.7%), large, of the NMT30s peak BLc, respectively. Players covered more distance at high intensity during the SSG300 than in other SSG conditions (huge to very large differences). High-intensity deceleration distance was largely lower in SSG200 than in SSG300. SSG100 elicited very large to huge and large to very large lower external load values than SSG300 and SSG200, respectively. Conclusions: The main finding of this study showed an inverse association between ball-drill density and internal/external loads in long sprint ability–oriented SSG. The SSG300 provided BLc closer to individual maximal, thus satisfying the all-out construct assumed for the development of long sprint ability. Further studies using the SSG300 as a training intervention and/or investigating other different SSG formats using the same density are warranted.

scholarly journals Effects of Match-Related Contextual Factors on Weekly Load Responses in Professional Brazilian Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5163
Author(s):  
Luiz Guilherme Cruz Gonçalves ◽  
Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho ◽  
Fábio Yuzo Nakamura ◽  
Vincenzo Rago ◽  
José Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Load Distributions ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
External Loads

This study aimed to quantify the weekly training load distributions according to match location, opponent standard, and match outcome in professional soccer players. Rate-of-perceived-exertion-based training load (sRPE) and distance- and accelerometry-based measures were monitored daily during 52 training sessions and 11 matches performed by 23 players. Athletes who played ≥ 60 min during non-congested weeks were considered for data analysis. The training days close to away matches (e.g., one day before the match = MD-1) presented greater sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work (player load) compared to the training days close to home matches (p = 0.001–0.002; effect size (ES) = medium−large). The most distant days of the home matches (e.g., five days before the match = MD-5) presented higher internal and external loads than before away matches (p = 0.002–0.003, ES = medium). Higher sRPE, distance-based volume measures, and mechanical work were found during the middle of the week (e.g., three days before the match, MD-3) before playing against bottom vs. medium-ranking teams (p = 0.001–0.01, ES = small−medium). These metrics were lower in MD-5 before matches against bottom vs. medium-ranking opponents (p = 0.001, ES = medium). Higher values of all external load measures were observed during the training session before winning matches (MD-1) compared to a draw or loss (p < 0.001–0.001, ES = medium−large). In conclusion, the training load distribution throughout the week varied considerably according to match-contextual factors.

scholarly journals Dose-Response Relationships between Training Load Measures and Physical Fitness in Professional Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4321
Author(s):  
Saeid Younesi ◽  
Alireza Rabbani ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Rui Silva ◽  
Hugo Sarmento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Session ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Fitness Test ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Final Velocity ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Before And After ◽  
External Loads

The aim of this cohort study was two-fold: (i) to analyze within-group changes of final velocity in a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (VIFT), final velocity in a Vameval test (Vvameval), 20-m sprint and countermovement jump (CMJ); (ii) to explore the relationships between VIFT and Vvameval outcomes and their changes with internal and external loads. Twenty-two professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age 27.2 ± 3.4 years, height 174.2 ± 3.6 cm, body mass 69.1 ± 6.4 kg, and body fat 10.4 ± 4.1%, 3.1 ± 1.5 years in the club) participated in this study. External and internal loads were obtained using global positioning system, heart rate and rate of perceived effort (sRPE) after each training session. Players were assessed in CMJ, 20-m sprint, Vameval and 30-15 intermittent fitness test, before and after the observed period. Very large relationships were observed between VIFT and Vameval for pre- (r = 0.76), post (r = 0.80) and pooled-data (r = 0.81). Vvameval showed less sensitivity (−22.4%, [−45.0 to 9.4]), ES −0.45 [−1.05 to 0.16]) than VIFT. ∆VIFT had unclear associations with all sRPE, but had moderate correlations with objective internal and external measures, while, ∆Vvameval varied between large and very large relationships with all sRPE, but had unclear associations with all other selected training loads. Objective internal and external loads may be used to track aerobic power related changes from VIFT.

scholarly journals In-season training responses and perceived wellbeing and recovery status in professional soccer players

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254655
Author(s):  
Nuno Mateus ◽  
Bruno Gonçalves ◽  
Jose Luis Felipe ◽  
Javier Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Jorge Garcia-Unanue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Quality Sleep ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
External Loads ◽  
Recovery Indices

This study aimed to describe professional soccer players’ training responses during a competitive season and to investigate the relationship between these responses with wellbeing and recovery indices. Thirteen professional soccer players from the same Spanish Second Division team were monitored during a sixteen-week in-season period. Players’ external loads were analyzed using global positioning measurement units (GPS). Additionally, subjective reporting of sleep quality, sleep duration, fatigue, muscle soreness, and stress were assessed with a customized wellness questionnaire at the beginning of each training session. A two-step cluster analysis identified profiles of different training responses generally described as lower-demand sessions, intermediate-demand sessions, running-based sessions, and sprint-based sessions; which were discriminated by different total distance covered and high-intensity actions. Interestingly, no probabilistic interactions were found between these training responses with wellbeing and recovery markers (i.e., Bayes factor < 1 suggesting no evidence, for all the variables). These findings may raise concerns about using self-reporting tools, as they show that players’ wellness data is probably not accounted for when coaching staff plan and optimize the training process. However, results should be interpreted with caution, due to representing a single team and coaching staff.

scholarly journals Comparison of external load on high speed actions in friendly macth and training sessions (Comparación de carga externa en las acciones de alta velocidad en paridos amistosos y sesiones de entrenamientos)

Retos ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Toscano Bendala ◽  
Miguel Angel Campos Vázquez ◽  
Luis Jesús Suarez-Arrones ◽  
Francisco Javier Núñez Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Soccer Team ◽  
Gps Devices ◽  
And Training

The aim of the current research was to find out the differences that exist between the external load in high-velocity actions (SP+) in competitions and in training sessions of professional soccer team. We took as SP+ indicators those actions that the soccer players performed over 23 km·h-1 and could be held for at least 1 second. It was monitored 25 professional players belonging to the first team of a team of the first Spanish soccer division, and were used 10 GPS devices were used (SPI, ELITE model, GPSport, Canberra, Australia). These GSPORT transmitters have a sampling frequency of 1 Hz. The results of our study showed how during the game, the players performed substantially more number of SP+ de 1 s, 2 s, 3 s y 4 s (per minute of activity) than during training.Resumen.  El objetivo de esta investigación fue encontrar las diferencias que existen entre la carga externa en acciones de alta velocidad (SP+) en paridos amistosos de pretemporada y las sesiones de entrenamientos en un equipo de fútbol profesional. Tomamos como indicadores SP + aquellas acciones que realizan los jugadores de fútbol por encima de 23 km·h-1 y pudiendo ser mantenidas durante al menos 1 segundo. Se monitorizaron 25 jugadores profesionales pertenecientes a la primera plantilla de un equipo de la primera división de fútbol español, y se utilizaron 10 dispositivos GPS (SPI, ELITE model, GPSport, Canberra, Australia). Estos transmisores GPSORT, tienen una frecuencia de muestreo de 1 Hz. Los resultados de nuestro estudio manifestaron como durante el partido, los jugadores realizaron de manera sustancial más número de SP+ de 1 s, 2 s, 3 s y 4 s (por minuto de actividad) que durante los entrenamientos.

scholarly journals Analysis of the External and Internal Load in 5vs5 Large Sided Games: Differences Between Different Sized Fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342
Author(s):  
Giacomo Cofano ◽  
Francesca D’Elia ◽  
Andrea Piccinno ◽  
Italo Sannicandro
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Passive Recovery ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Load Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fourth Session

The study purpose. The purpose of the study is to analyze and understand the internal and external load in Large Sided Games (LSG) exercises carried out on fields of different sizes, defined as Small – Large Sided Games (SLSG) and Big – Large Sided Games (BLSG), according to the different square meters assigned to each player.  Materials and methods. 22 professional soccer players (average age: 23.59 ± 4.87 years, weight: 77.8 ± 7.6 kg, height: 183.5 ± 7.5 cm, age training: 13.1 ± 1.7). The LSG exercises were carried out on a 60 x 54 m field (270 m2/player), defined as "small" (SLSG) and on a 65 x 60 m field (325 m2/player) defined as "big" (BLSG). During the two LSG exercises, the internal load and the external load were analyzed. LSG exercises were performed with 4 sets of 5 minutes each, with 2 minutes of passive recovery between each set.  Results. The results of the internal load analysis show how the LSG carried out on a SLSG field provides higher and more significant HR values (p < 0.0005) than those emerged during the exercise carried out on a BLSG field. The RPE value is also higher during the SLSG, although statistically no significant difference appears. The analysis of the external load in relation with the observed parameters shows higher values in the BLSG, except for the number of accelerations. Conclusions. In terms of external and internal load, the results of this study showed how the difference of 55 m2/player can radically change the configuration of the two exercises. These differences allow to use both dimensions within a micro-cycle, but in sessions with different goals. The most appropriate sessions for LSGs are the first post-match session in which the rest day is not gone and the fourth session 3 days before the match.

scholarly journals Effects of Pitch Size and Goalkeeper Participation on Physical Load Measures during Small-Sided Games in Sub-Elite Professional Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 8024
Author(s):  
Fernando J. Santos ◽  
Carlos E. L. Verardi ◽  
Mayra Grava de Moraes ◽  
Dalton M. Pessôa Filho ◽  
Anderson G. Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
External Load ◽  
Physical Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Post Hoc

This study sought to examine the variations of internal and external load measures in soccer players when performing different types of 4 vs. 4 small-sided games (SSGs). Ten U-23 professional and sub-elite soccer players, eight outfield players (age: 20.1 ± 1.5 years old; height: 1.83 ± 0.04 m; total body mass: 76.1 ± 3.6 kg) and two goalkeepers (GK) (age: 20.5 ± 2.1 years old; height: 1.91 ± 0.04 m; total body mass: 77.0 ± 1.4 kg) participated in the study. Five SSGs were performed with 3 min duration and 3 min rest interval. SSG1, SSG2 and SSG4 aimed for ball possession play, while in SSG3 and SSG5, two GK were added, defending regular-size goals. The pitch size changed from SSG1 (16 × 24 m) to SSG2 and SSG3 (both 20 × 30 m) and SSG4 and SSG5 (both 24 × 36 m). All players were monitored using WIMU Pro device during the tasks. Anova One-Way and the post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference were used for analysis of statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) and effect sizes were determined by calculating partial eta-squared. The framework was associated with relevant but steady state internal load fatigue and induce a considerable external load stimulus. GK participation in SSGs should be carefully considered as it seems to have a greater impact on physical load measures when compared to the pitch size manipulation.

Session-to-session variations in external load measures during small-sided games in professional soccer players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Younesi ◽  
Alireza Rabbani ◽  
Filipe Clemente ◽  
Hugo Sarmento ◽  
António J. Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Professional Soccer
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