scholarly journals Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5904
Author(s):  
Muhammad Moazzam ◽  
Muhammad Imran Sajid ◽  
Hamza Shahid ◽  
Jahanzaib Butt ◽  
Irfan Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan’s Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for COVID-19 infection and may lead to death. Scientist and government agencies around the globe are putting forward their best efforts and resources for the effective treatment of human coronavirus infections; however, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of human coronaviruses (HCoV) infections such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), and COVID-19. Since the outbreak, a plethora of research and review articles have been published. Moreover, the mass media has bombarded the public with conflicting opinions about the pandemic. There is a dire need for accurate and reliable information concerning this pandemic. In this review, we have compiled the up to date information about the origins, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, very few reports have addressed the clinical features and current status of treatment for COVID-19; we have adequately addressed these topics in detail in this review. Finally, a detailed account of clinical trials of vaccines and other therapeutics currently in progress has been delineated.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Di Gennaro ◽  
Damiano Pizzol ◽  
Claudia Marotta ◽  
Mario Antunes ◽  
Vincenzo Racalbuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Health Organization

At the end of 2019 a novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing severe acute respiratory syndrome expanded globally from Wuhan, China. In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared the SARS-Cov-2 virus a global pandemic. We performed a narrative review to describe existing literature with regard to Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and future perspective. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched for relevant articles. Although only when the pandemic ends it will be possible to assess the full health, social and economic impact of this global disaster, this review represents a picture of the current state of the art. In particular, we focus on public health impact, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, diagnosis, case management, emergency response and preparedness.

scholarly journals Global Pandemic as a Result of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Outbreak: A Biomedical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Arvind Sethuraman Vairavan ◽  
Devarani Rameshnathan ◽  
Nagaraja Suryadevara ◽  
Gnanendra Shanmugam
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus had emerged in Wuhan city, China that led to an outbreak resulting in a global pandemic, taking thousands of lives. The infectious virus was later classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Individuals infected by this novel virus initially exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as dry cough, fever, dizziness and many more bodily complications. From the “public health emergency of international concern” declaration by the World Health Organisation (WHO), several countries have taken steps in controlling the transmission and many researchers share their knowledge on the SARS-COV-2 characteristics and viral life cycle, that may aid in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and antiviral drugs that interfere with the viral life cycle. In this literature review the origin, classification, aetiology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and treatment are all reviewed.

The Emergence of Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses: Lectins as Antivirals for SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (41) ◽  
pp. 5286-5292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed S. Sohrab ◽  
Mohd. Suhail ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal ◽  
Fahim Ahmad ◽  
Esam I. Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Plant Lectins ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
The City

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are common viruses and known to be associated with respiratory diseases, including pneumonia. Currently, seven human coronaviruses have been identified and known to cause upper and lower respiratory infections as well as nosocomial viral infections in humans. The bats, palm civets, and camels are identified as the reservoir of human coronaviruses. In 2002-2003, the emergence of SARS-CoV resulted in an outbreak and led towards the more awareness and importance of scientific research and medical urgency. Methods: The recently identified SARS-CoV-2 was identified from the seafood market of the city Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and caused a global pandemic. This virus has now spread to more than 213 countries. This is the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus after SARS and MERS-CoV. The coronaviruses have RNA as genetic material and are known to have frequent recombination and mutations in their genome, which lead to the emergence and re-emergence of new virus strains and isolates with novel properties and extended hosts. The genetic mutations and suitable environmental conditions result in the emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses and cause a serious issue to human health and the economy globally. Lectins are the ubiquitous group of proteins that bind to glycosylated molecules. Conclusion: The plant lectins are known to have significant antiviral activities against coronaviruses. Additionally, the plant lectins can be used as potential therapeutics against bacteria, fungus, yeast, and protozoa. In this review, we have discussed the current status of human pathogenic coronavirus emergence and the use of plant lectins as antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

scholarly journals Evidence from internet search data shows information-seeking responses to news of local COVID-19 cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (21) ◽  
pp. 11220-11222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana I. Bento ◽  
Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Coady Wing ◽  
Felipe Lozano-Rojas ◽  
Yong-Yeol Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Public Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Closures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
First Case ◽  
Search Data ◽  
Collective Attention

The COVID-19 outbreak is a global pandemic with community circulation in many countries, including the United States, with confirmed cases in all states. The course of this pandemic will be shaped by how governments enact timely policies and disseminate information and by how the public reacts to policies and information. Here, we examine information-seeking responses to the first COVID-19 case public announcement in a state. Using an event study framework for all US states, we show that such news increases collective attention to the crisis right away. However, the elevated level of attention is short-lived, even though the initial announcements are followed by increasingly strong policy measures. Specifically, searches for “coronavirus” increased by about 36% (95% CI: 27 to 44%) on the day immediately after the first case announcement but decreased back to the baseline level in less than a week or two. We find that people respond to the first report of COVID-19 in their state by immediately seeking information about COVID-19, as measured by searches for coronavirus, coronavirus symptoms, and hand sanitizer. On the other hand, searches for information regarding community-level policies (e.g., quarantine, school closures, testing) or personal health strategies (e.g., masks, grocery delivery, over-the-counter medications) do not appear to be immediately triggered by first reports. These results are representative of the study period being relatively early in the epidemic, and more-elaborate policy responses were not yet part of the public discourse. Further analysis should track evolving patterns of responses to subsequent flows of public information.

scholarly journals The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Hozhabri ◽  
Francesca Piceci Sparascio ◽  
Hamidreza Sohrabi ◽  
Leila Mousavifar ◽  
René Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Over the past two decades, there have been two major outbreaks where the crossover of animal Betacoronaviruses to humans has resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In December 2019, a global public health concern started with the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) which has rapidly spread all over the world from its origin in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, which includes human SARS-CoV, MERS and two other human coronaviruses (HCoVs), HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1. The fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is lower than the two previous coronavirus epidemics, but it is faster spreading and the large number of infected people with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness, showed SARS-CoV-2 to be highly contagious. Based on the current published evidence, herein we summarize the origin, genetics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, preventions, diagnosis and up to date treatments of SARS-CoV-2 infections in comparison with those caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Moreover, the possible impact of weather conditions on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is also discussed. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to reconsider the two previous pandemics and provide a reference for future studies as well as therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Catecholaminergic Crisis After a Bleeding Complication of COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Rebollo-Román ◽  
Maria R. Alhambra-Expósito ◽  
Yiraldine Herrera-Martínez ◽  
F. Leiva-Cepas ◽  
Carlos Alzas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Bleeding Complication ◽  
Adrenal Mass ◽  
Symptom Control ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
First Case ◽  
Thrombotic Complications

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents in some cases with hemostatic and thrombotic complications. Pheochromocytomas are unusual, though potentially lethal tumors. Herein we describe the first case of hemorrhage in a pheochromocytoma related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. A 62-year-old man consulted for syncope, fever, and palpitations. He was diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and presented with a hemorrhage in a previously unknown adrenal mass, which resulted in a catecholaminergic crisis. Medical treatment and surgery were required for symptom control and stabilization. We hereby alert clinicians to watch for additional/unreported clinical manifestations in COVID-19 infection.

Emerging Pandemic COVID 19 versus SARS-COV-1

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Normal Life ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Bioinformatic Approach ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Rising threat of the global pandemic COVID 19 has become the major cause of concern among nations worldwide. The appalling pandemic has aggravated the global health of people making normal life come to a virtual standstill. The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the similarities and differences between the previous global pandemic outbreak SARS-COV-1 with that of COVID 19. It makes use of a bioinformatic approach to analyze why COVID 19 has made situations uncontrollable as opposed to that of SARS-COV-1 although both belong to the same coronavirus family. Discusses about the recent clinical trials that are being conducted to evaluate potential therapeutics to combat the deadly pandemic. There is currently no available vaccine for COVID 19. E The current status of COVID 19 research stands progressive in various areas of knowledge. Further studies based on emerging evidences are required to produce drugs which can slow down disease progression and improve survival.

scholarly journals CHILDREN IN CORONAVIRUSES’ WONDERLAND: WHAT CLINICIANS NEED TO KNOW

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e2020042
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lassandro ◽  
Valentina  Palladino ◽  
Anna Amoruso ◽  
Viviana Palmieri ◽  
Giovanna Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Illnesses ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) commonly cause mild upper-respiratory tract illnesses but can lead to more severe and diffusive diseases. A variety of signs and symptoms may be present, and infections can range in severity from common cold and sore throat to more serious laryngeal or tracheal infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans, (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. In adults they may cause severe pneumonia that evolve in distress respiratory syndrome and multiorgan failure with a high mortality rate. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. However, some children such as infants, adolescents or those with underlying diseases may be more at-risk categories and require greater caution from clinicians. Available data on pediatric coronavirus infections are rare and scattered in the literature. The purpose of this review is to provide to clinicians a complete and updated panel useful to recognize and characterize the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of coronavirus infections in the pediatric age.

scholarly journals Discovery of Clioquinol and Analogues as Novel Inhibitors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection, ACE2 and ACE2 - Spike Protein Interaction In Vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omonike A. Olaleye ◽  
Manvir Kaur ◽  
Collins Onyenaka ◽  
Tolu Adebusuyi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Molecular Target ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Potential Therapeutics ◽  
Micromolar Range

AbstractSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has emerged as an ongoing global pandemic. Presently, there are no clinically approved vaccines nor drugs for COVID-19. Hence, there is an urgent need to accelerate the development of effective antivirals. Here in, we discovered Clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol (CLQ)), a FDA approved drug and two of its analogues (7-bromo-5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (CLBQ14); and 5, 7-Dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (CLCQ)) as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infection induced cytopathic effect in vitro. In addition, all three compounds showed potent anti-exopeptidase activity against recombinant human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) and inhibited the binding of rhACE2 with SARS-CoV-2 Spike (RBD) protein. CLQ displayed the highest potency in the low micromolar range, with its antiviral activity showing strong correlation with inhibition of rhACE2 and rhACE2-RBD interaction. Altogether, our findings provide a new mode of action and molecular target for CLQ and validates this pharmacophore as a promising lead series for clinical development of potential therapeutics for COVID-19.

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