Relationship between Socioeconomic Inequalities and Oral Hygiene Indicators in Private and Public Schools in Karachi: An Observational Study

Background: The study investigated the relationship between socioeconomic status and oral hygiene indicators in two schools located in Karachi, Pakistan. Oral hygiene indicators of public and private school children were compared. Private schools cater to children of relatively wealthier families compared to public school, whose attendees are generally children from less affluent backgrounds. The aim of this study was to determine whether socio-economic differences and inequalities have an impact on key oral hygiene indicators. Methodology: Primary data for this research was collected from community school visits conducted by the community dentistry department of Jinnah Medical and Dental and Medical College from January to September 2019. A convenience sample of the two schools, comprising 300 school students was selected. Data was collected using modified World Health Organization (WHO) oral health care forms. A pre-tested/customized dental hygiene form based on WHO forms was created by the research team. This form was used to measure DMFT/dmft scores and key oral hygiene indicators in the sample. Results: A total sample size of 300 school-children affiliated with public and private schools was selected. The children’s age ranged from 2 to 18 years. The mean DMFT scores of private and public-school children were not significantly different (private (1.82) vs. public (1.48)). (p = 0.257). The mean of carious teeth was 1.69 in private school children compared to 1.34 in government school children, whereas the mean values of other key indicators of oral hygiene including plaque deposition (p = 0.001), dental stains (p < 0.001) and bleeding gums/gingivitis (p < 0.001), were statistically significant between public and private school children. Conclusion: Oral health inequalities can be reduced with increased awareness and public funding to cater for the oral health needs of children of less affluent families. A dynamic and practical community-oriented program is fundamental for enhancing pediatric oral hygiene status, particularly for children attending government schools.

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Comparison of oral hygiene status among 6-14 year old students of public and private schools of Rajbiraj, Saptari, Nepal

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jcmsn.v10i1.12763 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 17-21

Author(s):

TK Bhagat ◽

A Shrestha ◽

TN Yadav

Keyword(s):

Public School ◽

Private Schools ◽

School Children ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Private School ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Oral Health Education ◽

Significant Difference

Aim To determine the oral hygiene status of 6-14 years old school children in Rajbiraj, Nepal. Materials and Methods Three hundred school children from public and private schools were examined for oral hygiene status using OHI(S). Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests were done. Results There was no significant difference in the oral hygiene status among gender, but the oral hygiene status of the children in private schools was better than that of the public school. Conclusion Large number of public school children had poor oral hygiene compared to private school children. Hence, oral health education programs should be conducted on a frequent basis to improve their oral hygiene status. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v10i1.12763 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2014, Vol.10(1); 17-21

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Textual production of children without learning difficulties

CoDAS ◽

10.1590/2317-1782/20152014037 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 350-358 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Aparecida Gonçalves dos Santos ◽

Simone Rocha de Vasconcellos Hage

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Public School ◽

Private Schools ◽

School Children ◽

Private School ◽

School Students ◽

Public And Private ◽

Specific Protocol ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Overall Performance

PURPOSE: To characterize the writing skills of students, to compare the performance of students in public and private schools, and to identify enhancements in the course of the school year.METHODS: Three texts (narrative, game rules description, and a note or letter) written by 160 students from public and private schools were analyzed based on a specific protocol. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. To compare the overall performance by the protocol between school grades, the Kruskal-Wallis and Miller tests were used, and to compare results as to schools (private and public), Mann-Whitney test was used.RESULTS: Median values of aesthetic aspects, coherence, clarity, and concision for game rules description among public school students remained one point below the top score. Students from private schools achieved the highest score at medians. When comparing schools, private institutions had students with better performances, with significant difference. As to grades, statistical difference was found between the fourth and sixth grades of public schools and between the fourth and fifth grades of private schools.CONCLUSION: Most of the private school children showed consolidation of skills assessed in the different grades. However, public school children had this consolidation only at the sixth grade. Students from private schools had better performances compared to those from public schools. There is tendency to evolution from the fourth to sixth grades in public schools. However, the overall performance is similar in all grades in private schools.

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Measuring the performance of educational institute by using standard of total quality (compare study between private and public schools)

10.24086/afs2020/paper.280 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yazen Mahmood ◽

◽

Saif Younis ◽

Tala Saeed ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Quality Management ◽

Total Quality Management ◽

Private Schools ◽

Private School ◽

Total Quality ◽

Public And Private ◽

Management Standards ◽

Private And Public ◽

Compare Study

This research aims to Identify the Total Quality Management standards and the ability to implementation theses standards in educational institutes of Kurdistan region (KRG) in Public and Private schools by ask a question : what is the reality of implementation the standards of Total Quality Management (TQM) in educational institutes of (KRG). The study take 100 sample (Sava private school and AL-Khouwa public school) and use the excel program for analysis the data and the result showed there are difference in implementation the standards between the Public schools and Private schools. The study recommended the need of sharing and disseminating concepts of implementation the standards of (TQM) between the workers in the educational sector.

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A Geographic Analysis of Public-Private School Choice in South Carolina, USA

Geospatial Technologies and Advancing Geographic Decision Making ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-0258-8.ch016 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 223-238

Author(s):

Haifeng (Charlie) Zhang ◽

Lorin W. Anderson ◽

David J. Cowen ◽

Lisle S. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Public School ◽

School Choice ◽

Private Schools ◽

Private School ◽

School Quality ◽

School Enrollment ◽

Education Policies ◽

Public And Private ◽

Public School Education

Despite years of research and debate, household choice between public and private schools is not well understood. This article investigates factors associated with parental choice between public and private schools using unique census-based school enrollment data for school districts in South Carolina and for neighborhoods in the Columbia Metropolitan Area. This study extends the existing literature by examining patterns of public-private school choice for whites and blacks separately in order to control racial disparities in school choice. Results of multiple regression analyses for the whole population and subdivided racial groups generally support the assumption that public-private school enrollment rate is subject to socioeconomic status, racial proportion, and public school quality. Findings of this study not only suggests the reconciliation of the market-based theory and the racial preference theory, but also provides insights into education policies in terms of stemming white enrollment losses and fostering public school education in the United States.

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A Geographic Analysis of Public-Private School Choice in South Carolina, USA

International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research ◽

10.4018/jagr.2010100101 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haifeng (Charlie) Zhang ◽

Lorin W. Anderson ◽

David J. Cowen ◽

Lisle S. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Public School ◽

School Choice ◽

Private Schools ◽

Private School ◽

School Quality ◽

The United States ◽

School Enrollment ◽

Public And Private ◽

Preference Theory

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Nutritional composition, assessed by chemical analyses, of prepared foods available for primary-school children: a comparison of public and private schools

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010000534 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1855-1862 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Márcia L Weber ◽

Tania B Morais

Keyword(s):

Public School ◽

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Private School ◽

Nutritional Quality ◽

Salt Content ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Iron Salt ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the nutritional quality of prepared foods available to primary-school children.DesignPrepared foods available in a public and private school were sampled daily for 4 weeks (a total of forty-five samples) and chemically analysed for protein, fat, carbohydrate, iron, salt and sodium. The results were compared to the nutritional standards for children aged 7–10 years.SettingAlfenas, south-eastern Brazil.ResultsThe concentration of protein, lipid, iron and sodium and the energy values of the foods at the private school were significantly higher than those at the public school. No differences were seen in the carbohydrate and salt values. The range of macronutrients was more balanced at the public school in relation to fat and protein. Foods at the private school were, in general, energy-dense. At both the public and private school, they provided the minimum energy and iron. Salt content was over twice the maximum amount, and that for sodium was over three times the amount, in both the public and private school.ConclusionsOverall, foods prepared at the public school were better nutritional quality than those at the private school and those offered in public schools in some developed countries. This finding can probably be explained by the fact that a nutritionist, as required by law, was responsible for planning the menus at the public school. However, corrective action is needed to adjust for the wide variability in energy and nutrient content during weekdays and in the sodium content of prepared foods available in both the public and private school.

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Analyzing the Market for Shadow Education in Pakistan: Does Private Tuition Affect the Learning Gap between Private and Public Schools?

THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ◽

10.35536/lje.2013.v18.isp.a6 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (Special Edition) ◽

pp. 129-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bisma Haseeb Khan ◽

Sahar Amjad Shaikh

Keyword(s):

Public School ◽

Learning Outcomes ◽

Private Schools ◽

Private School ◽

Shadow Education ◽

School Students ◽

Public And Private ◽

Public School Students ◽

Learning Gap ◽

Private Tuition

Over the past decade, Pakistan has seen the rapid growth of a third sector in education: shadow education. According to the Annual Survey of Education Report (2013), 34 percent of private school students and 17 percent of public school students undertake private tuition in Punjab. Anecdotal evidence suggests that private tuition has a positive impact on learning outcomes. Keeping this in view, it is possible that private tuition, rather than a difference in schooling quality, is driving the observed learning gap between public and private schools? This study employs a fixed-effects framework, using panel data from the Learning and Educational Achievement in Punjab Schools (LEAPS) survey, to quantify the impact of private tuition on learning outcomes in public and private schools. We analyze the demand and supply dynamics of the shadow education market in Punjab, and find that private tuition has a positive significant effect on learning outcomes, specifically for public school students. For English, much of the learning gap between public and private schools is explained by the higher incidence of private tuition among private school students, but this is not the case for mathematics and Urdu. We also find that private tuition is predominantly supplied by private school teachers, but that they do not shirk their regular class hours to create demand for their tuition classes, as is normally believed. On the demand side, private tuition acts as a substitute for receiving help at home. Moreover, it supplements formal education rather than substituting for low-quality formal schooling.

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Teenagers Lifestyles at Public and Private Schools: Screen Time and Physical Activity (Estilos de vida de los adolescentes en las escuelas públicas y privadas: tiempo de pantalla y actividad física)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i31.53503 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 275-281

Author(s):

Miguel Fialho Pombeiro ◽

Margarida Gaspar de Matos ◽

José Alves Diniz

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Public Schools ◽

Private Schools ◽

Private School ◽

Screen Time ◽

International Health ◽

World Health ◽

Public And Private ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Health Organization

This study aims to compare lifestyles (LS) of students at private and public schools. All schools are from Lisbon´s region (Lisbon). Five lifestyles profiles (LSP) were recognized and interpreted based on physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST). The methodology and the instruments used were adapted from the International Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO). Overall, the sample consists of N=2906 students of both genders averagely aged 13.6 years (SD=1.8). The results showed that in both public and private school the access and use of technological equipment’s is being democratized, but that is not true with PA practice; students of private schools are more disciplined in PA and in ST consume.Rsumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar el estilo de vida de los estudiantes de las escuelas públicas y privadas de la región de Lisboa. Cinco perfiles de estilo de vida fueron reconocidos e interpretados teniendo en cuenta la actividad física y el tiempo de pantalla. La metodología y los instrumentos utilizados en este estudio son el resultado de una adaptación del Internacional Health Beaviour in School-aged Children en niños en edad escolar realizado bajo los auspicios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El estudio incluye N = 2906 estudiantes de ambos sexos, con una media de 13,6 años (SD = 1,8). Los resultados mostraron que en las escuelas públicas y privadas, hay una democratización del acceso y uso de la tecnología, pero no en la actividad física; estudiantes de colegios privados son más disciplinados en la práctica de la actividad física y el tiempo de pantalla.Resumo. O presente estudo pretende comparar o estilo de vida dos alunos de escolas privadas e públicas da Região de Lisboa. Cinco perfis de estilo de vida, foram reconhecidos e interpretados em função da prática de atividade física e do tempo de ecrã. A metodologia e instrumentos utilizados neste estudo resultam de uma adaptação do estudo Internacional Health Beaviour in School-aged Children realizado sob a égide da Organização Mundial de Saúde. O estudo inclui N=2906 alunos de ambos os géneros, com uma média de idades de 13.6 anos (DP=1.8). Os resultados mostraram que em ambas as escolas públicas e privadas, existe uma democratização no acesso e na utilização tecnológica, mas não na prática de atividade física; os alunos das escolas privadas são mais disciplinados na prática de atividade física e no tempo de ecrã.

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Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs among 12 and 15-year-old Government and Private School Children in Rupandehi District (Bhairahawa) Nepal

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v2i3.11822 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 15-19

Author(s):

HK Halwai ◽

PK Bhat ◽

M Shekhar ◽

B Yadav

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Private Schools ◽

School Children ◽

World Health ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Government Schools ◽

Periodontal Index

INTRODUCTION : Good oral health is important and have major impact on peoples daily lives and activities. This study was conducted to assess dental caries, periodontal health, and malocclusion of school children aged 12 and 15 years and to compare them in government and private schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 12- and 15-year-old children in government and private schools was conducted in Rupendehi (Bhairahawa) Nepal. A sample of 1011 school children (both males and females) was selected by a two-stage cluster sampling method. Clinical recordings of dental caries and malocclusion were done according to World Health Organization diagnostic criteria 1997. Periodontal health was assessed by Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs index. The data collected was analyzed by SPSS versons 13. The statistical tests used were t-test and Chi-square tests.RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries was 32.6% and 42.2% at 12 and 15 years of age, respectively. At 12 years of age, the mean decayed, missing, filled teeth were 0.62 ± 1.42 and it was 1.06 ± 2.93 at 15 years of age. Females had higher level of caries than males at both the ages. At both ages, mean of decayed teeth was statistically higher in government schools as compared with private schools. Children in government schools had significantly less number of mean filled teeth at both ages as compared with private schools. The healthy component of gingiva was present in higher percentage of children in private schools as compared with government schools at both the age groups. The prevalence of malocclusion among the 12- year-old (58.1%) was more as compared with that among the 15-year-old (53.5%).CONCLUSION: The caries experience of 12 and 15 years old children was low but the prevalence of gingivitis and malocclusion was quite high. Effective oral health promotion strategies need to be implemented to improve the oral health of school children further in Rupendehi District , Bhairahawa, Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v2i3.11822 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.2(3) 2014: 15-19

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Public Policy Toward Private Schools: A Focus on Parental Choice

Private Education ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195037104.003.0008 ◽

1986 ◽

Author(s):

Mary-Michelle Upson Hirschoff

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Public Schools ◽

Private Schools ◽

Private School ◽

Government Regulation ◽

Mixed System ◽

Public And Private ◽

Private Schooling ◽

Private And Public ◽

Major Factors

Not since the 1920s has our society faced so much controversy about public policy toward private elementary and secondary schools. Then, the major issue was whether private schools should be allowed to exist as alternatives to public schools. That issue was resolved in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, in which the Supreme Court upheld the right of parents to choose private schooling, and thus foreclosed a public monopoly. Today, our mixed system of private and public elementary and secondary education confronts increasing pressures for both fiscal and regulatory change. Most prominent in public debate are proposals for tuition tax credits and voucher systems and challenges to government regulation of private school teacher qualifications, curriculum, and admission practices (especially as the latter affect racial segregation). Two major public policy issues have replaced the issue of whether private schooling should exist at all: (1) To what extent should government encourage or discourage the choice of private schooling, that is, what balance between public and private schooling should government try to achieve? (2) What differences between private and public schooling should government promote or prohibit? Despite this change in emphasis, todays debates echo those of the 1920s in many respects. Just as the proponents of the 1920s laws restricting private schools feared that those schools would harm efforts to Americanize the children of immigrants, some argue today that private schools exacerbate social, economic, racial, religious, and ethnic divisions within the society and that aiding private schools will increase such undesirable effects. Now, as then, advocates of private schooling rest their arguments on the rights of parents to direct their children's education and on the benefits to society of diversity in schooling. Most dispute claims that private schools increase social stratification to any greater degree than do the public schools or that they are less effective in creating good citizens. One of the major factors that distinguishes today's debates from those of the 1920s is the greater attention paid to the impact of private schools on the quality of education.

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