scholarly journals Cognition in Healthy Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Macarena Sánchez-Izquierdo ◽  
Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Experimental Trials

The study of cognitive change across a life span, both in pathological and healthy samples, has been heavily influenced by developments in cognitive psychology as a theoretical paradigm, neuropsychology and other bio-medical fields; this alongside the increase in new longitudinal and cohort designs, complemented in the last decades by the evaluation of experimental interventions. Here, a review of aging databases was conducted, looking for the most relevant studies carried out on cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. The aim was to review not only longitudinal, cross-sectional or cohort studies, but also by intervention program evaluations. The most important studies, searching for long-term patterns of stability and change of cognitive measures across a life span and in old age, have shown a great range of inter-individual variability in cognitive functioning changes attributed to age. Furthermore, intellectual functioning in healthy individuals seems to decline rather late in life, if ever, as shown in longitudinal studies where age-related decline of cognitive functioning occurs later in life than indicated by cross-sectional studies. The longitudinal evidence and experimental trials have shown the benefits of aerobic physical exercise and an intellectually engaged lifestyle, suggesting that bio-psycho-socioenvironmental factors concurrently with age predict or determine both positive or negative change or stability in cognition in later life.

scholarly journals Age Differences and Longitudinal Change in Exposure to Daily Stressors: Three Waves of Diary Data Across 20 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 215-215
Author(s):  
Eric Cerino ◽  
Jonathan Rush ◽  
Robert Stawski
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
National Study ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Daily Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Exposure to daily stress is an important risk factor for healthy aging. We examined cross-sectional age-related differences and longitudinal aging-related change in stressor exposure across three waves of the National Study of Daily Experiences (N=2,914, M=51.53 years, SD=13.55, 56.35% Female) spanning 20 years. Exposure to six types of stressors (arguments, avoided arguments, work overloads, home overloads, network stressors, other) were obtained from telephone interviews over 8 consecutive days in waves conducted in ~1996, ~2008, and ~2017. Longitudinal analyses revealed declines in stressor exposure across 20 years (p<.01), driven by declines in arguments, work overloads, and network stressors specifically. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that older individuals reported stressors less frequently (p<.01), driven by decreases in arguments, avoided arguments, work overloads, and home overloads specifically. Rates of longitudinal decline did not depend on age at baseline. Results suggest that aging-related changes and baseline age differences inform daily stress trajectories in mid- and later-life.

Sex Differences and Interpersonal Relationships: A Cross-Sectional Sample in the U.S. and India

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis K. Norman ◽  
J. Michael Murphy ◽  
Carol Gilligan ◽  
Jyotsna Vasudev
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The U.S

This study introduces a methodology for exploring sex differences and life span patterns in a small sample for the purpose of generating hypotheses concerning the frequency and kinds of relationships people identify as important. Sixty-two participants from the United States and India, ranging in age from nineteen to seventy-five were interviewed as part of a study on ego and moral development. These open-ended, semistructured interviews yielded information on relationships that was subsequently coded for analysis. Sex differences were found in the number of relationships mentioned, with females mentioning a higher number of relationships than males. Life span patterns regarding the number of relationships mentioned were different for men and women between ages nineteen to thirty-one, with women naming more relationships. At age thirty-five there was a convergence in the number of relationships mentioned by both sexes. This age also was the low point in the number of relationships mentioned by both sexes, with later life ages (50–75) the high point for both. The most marked differences in the kinds of relationships mentioned occurred between the two cultures. The U.S. participants mentioned parents and immediate family more often, while the Indian participants mentioned extended and collateral kin more often. These findings support the literature suggesting that there are developmental sex differences regarding the salience of interpersonal relationships. In addition, several age related patterns appear concerning frequency and types of relationships considered important.

Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Age differences in neuropsychological, academic, and socioemotional functioning

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Casey ◽  
Byron P. Rourke ◽  
Erin M. Picard
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Nonverbal Learning ◽  
Remedial Intervention ◽  
Do So

AbstractPrevious research has suggested that changes in the manifestations of the nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome (NLD) occur over the lifespan and that they do so in a manner that is consistent with the tenets of the NLD model (Rourke, 1989). Although the model would predict that age-related changes would also be evident within the childhood years, no study has yet examined this possibility. Based on the tenets of the model, specific predictions were formulated regarding developmental changes in the features of the NLD syndrome that would be expected to occur across the middle childhood and early adolescent years. The pattern of neurocognitive and socioemotional changes observed within the context of the cross-sectional data provided strong support for the predictions. Due to methodological limitations, no firm conclusions regarding the developmental manifestations of the NLD syndrome could be derived from the results of the longitudinal study. At most, these results suggested that some improvements in areas of neurocognitive deficiency may occur with the implementation of an appropriate remedial intervention program.

Emotional Functioning and Sense of Hope as Contributors to Healthy Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-260
Author(s):  
Amiya Waldman-Levi ◽  
Asnat Bar-Haim Erez ◽  
Noomi Katz ◽  
Jeanine M. Stancanelli
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Emotional Functioning ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Emotional Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Individual

Cognitive and physical factors affect participation in later life. It is imperative to explore the contribution of emotional factors on older adults’ participation and wellbeing. Seventy-eight older adults were recruited for this cross-sectional study and grouped based on their level of independence. Emotional functioning, hope, cognition, participation, and wellbeing were measured. Analyses of variance, correlational analysis, and prediction models were employed. Significant differences were found between independent and dependent older adults’ participation and wellbeing, F(2, 72) = 12.71, p < .00, η2 = .26. Independent older adults’ participation was predicted by cognition, β = 0.40, and hope, β = 0.58. Wellbeing was predicted by cognition, β = 0.39, emotional status, β = −0.46, and hope, β = 0.36. Dependent older adults’ wellbeing was predicted by emotional status, β = −0.68, and hope, β = 0.32. Occupational therapists play a key role in promoting healthy aging by incorporating psychosocial factors at the individual, community, and societal levels.

Variability of the Aging Process in Dementia-Free Adults With Down Syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaele Tsao ◽  
Cecile Kindelberger ◽  
Benedicte Fréminville ◽  
Renaud Touraine ◽  
Gerald Bussy
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Psychopathological Disorders

Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the typical aging process in adults with Down syndrome, focusing on its variability. The sample comprised 120 adults with Down syndrome who were free of dementia. Ages ranged from 20 to 69 years. Each participant was assessed on cognitive functioning and social adaptation, and was checked for the presence of psychopathological disorders. Results revealed an age-related deterioration in both cognitive and social adaptation skills, the extent of this decline depending on the dimension under scrutiny, and interindividual variability in aging profiles.

scholarly journals A population neuroscience approach to the study of cerebral small vessel disease in midlife and late life: an invited review

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (6) ◽  
pp. H1117-H1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana R. Jorgensen ◽  
C. Elizabeth Shaaban ◽  
Clayton A. Wiley ◽  
Peter J. Gianaros ◽  
Joseph Mettenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cerebral Microvasculature ◽  
Study Designs

Aging in later life engenders numerous changes to the cerebral microvasculature. Such changes can remain clinically silent but are associated with greater risk for negative health outcomes over time. Knowledge is limited about the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of potentially detrimental changes in the cerebral microvasculature that occur with advancing age. In this review, we summarize literature on aging of the cerebral microvasculature, and we propose a conceptual framework to fill existing research gaps and advance future work on this heterogeneous phenomenon. We propose that the major gaps in this area are attributable to an incomplete characterization of cerebrovascular pathology, the populations being studied, and the temporality of exposure to risk factors. Specifically, currently available measures of age-related cerebral microvasculature changes are indirect, primarily related to parenchymal damage rather than direct quantification of small vessel damage, limiting the understanding of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) itself. Moreover, studies seldom account for variability in the health-related conditions or interactions with risk factors, which are likely determinants of cSVD pathogenesis. Finally, study designs are predominantly cross-sectional and/or have relied on single time point measures, leaving no clear evidence of time trajectories of risk factors or of change in cerebral microvasculature. We argue that more resources should be invested in 1) developing methodological approaches and basic science models to better understand the pathogenic and etiological nature of age-related brain microvascular diseases and 2) implementing state-of-the-science population study designs that account for the temporal evolution of cerebral microvascular changes in diverse populations across the lifespan.

scholarly journals Selective review of cognitive aging

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY A. SALTHOUSE
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Design Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Selective Review ◽  
Age Related

AbstractResearch concerned with relations between adult age and cognitive functioning is briefly reviewed. The coverage is necessarily selective, and is organized in terms of five major questions. These are what abilities are related to age, how many distinct influences are contributing to the relations between age and cognitive functioning, do the differences between people increase with advancing age, what is responsible for the discrepancies between cross-sectional and longitudinal age comparisons of cognitive functioning, and what methods can be used to identify causes of age-related influences on cognition. Although definitive answers are not yet possible, quite a bit of information relevant to the questions is now available. Moreover, the existing information has implications for the design, analysis, and interpretation of cognitive and neuropsychological research concerned with aging. (JINS, 2010, 16, 754–760.)

Extracellular water: greater expansion with age in African Americans

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analiza M. Silva ◽  
Jack Wang ◽  
Richard N. Pierson ◽  
ZiMian Wang ◽  
Steven B. Heymsfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
The Other ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Potential Factors

Aging is associated with the onset of chronic diseases that lead to pathological expansion of the extracellular water (ECW) compartment. Healthy aging, in the absence of disease, is also reportedly accompanied by a relative expansion of the ECW compartment, although the studies on which this observation is based are few in number, applied different ECW measurement methods, included small ethnically homogeneous subject samples, and failed to adjust ECW for non-age-related influencing factors. The aim of the current study was to examine, in a large ( n = 1,538) ethnically diverse [African American (AA), Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic] subject group the cross-sectional relationships between ECW and age after controlling first for other potential factors that may influence fluid distribution. ECW and intracellular water (ICW) were derived from measured total body water (isotope dilution) and potassium (40K whole body counting). The cross-sectional relationships between ECW, ICW, and ECW/ICW (E/I), and age were developed using multiple regression modelling methods. Body weight, weight squared, height, age, sex, race, and interactions were all significant ECW predictors. The slope of the observed race × age interaction was significantly greater in AA (β = 0.0005, P = 0.005) than in the three other race groups. Race, sex, and age differences in fluid distribution persisted after adjusting for body composition in a subgroup ( n = 994) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry lean soft tissue and fat measurements. A relative ECW expansion (i.e., E/I) was present with greater age in most sex-race groups, although the effect was not significantly larger in AA males ( P > 0.05) compared with the other race groups, except Asians ( P < 0.05). For females, a larger E/I-age effect was found in AA compared with the other race groups, but only the comparison against Hispanics was significant ( P < 0.05). The ECW compartment and E/I are thus variably larger, according to race, in healthy older subjects independent of sex, lean soft tissue, and fat mass.

scholarly journals The effect of healthy aging on within-speaker rhythmic variability: A case study on Noam Chomsky

Loquens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 060
Author(s):  
Elisa Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Speech Rhythm ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Age Related

Speech rhythm varies noticeably from language to language, and within the same language as a function of numerous linguistic, prosodic and speaker-dependent factors, among which is the speaker’s age. Cross-sectional studies comparing the acoustic characteristics of young and old voices have documented that healthy aging affects speech rhythm variability. This kind of studies, however, presents one fundamental limitation: They group together people with different life experiences, healthy conditions and aging rate. This makes it very difficult to disentangle the effect of aging from that of other factors when interpreting the rhythmic differences between younger and older adults. In the present paper, we overcame such difficulty by tracing rhythmic variability within one single individual longitudinally. We examined 5 public talks held by Noam Chomsky, from when he was 40 to when he was 89. Within-speaker rhythmic variability was quantified through a variety of rate measures (segment/consonant and vowel rate) and rhythmic metrics (%V, %Vn, nPVI-V, n-PVI-C). The results showed that physiological aging affected speech rate measures, but not the durational characteristics of vocalic and consonantal intervals. More longitudinal data from numerous speakers of the same language are necessary to identify generalizable patterns in age-related rhythmic variability.

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