Effect of an Endurance and Strength Mixed Circuit Training on Regional Fat Thickness: The Quest for the “Spot Reduction”

Accumulation of adipose tissue in specific body areas is related to many physiological and hormonal variables. Spot reduction (SR) is a training protocol aimed to stimulate lipolysis locally, even though this training protocol has not been extensively studied in recent years. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the effect of a circuit-training SR on subcutaneous adipose tissue in healthy adults. Methods: Fourteen volunteers were randomly assigned to spot reduction (SR) or to a traditional resistance training (RT) protocol. Body composition via bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and subcutaneous adipose tissue via skinfold and ultrasound were measured before and after eight weeks of training. Results: SR significantly reduced body mass (p < 0.05) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (p < 0.05). Conclusions: circuit-training SR may be an efficient strategy to reduce in a localized manner abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue depot.

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Visceral obesity: A new risk factor for stone disease

Canadian Urological Association Journal ◽

10.5489/cuaj.3145 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (11-12) ◽

pp. 795 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ilker Akarken ◽

Hüseyin Tarhan ◽

Rahmi Gökhan Ekin ◽

Özgür Çakmak ◽

Gökhan Koç ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Stone Disease ◽

Flank Pain ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Introduction: We examined the relationship between stone disease and the amount of visceral adipose tissue measured with unenhanced computed tomography (CT).Methods: We included 149 patients with complaints of flank pain and kidney stones detected by CT, from August 2012 to April 2013. In addition, as the control group we included 139 healthy individuals, with flank pain within the same time period, with no previous history of urological disease and no current kidney stones identified by CT. Patients were analyzed for age, gender, body mass index, amount of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and serum level of low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride.Results: There were no differences between groups in terms of gender and age (p = 0.27 and 0.06, respectively). Respective measurements for the stone and control groups for body mass index were 29.1 and 27.6 kg/m2; for visceral fat measurement 186.0 and 120.2 cm2; and for subcutaneous fat measurements 275.9 and 261.9 cm2 (p = 0.01; 0.01 and 0.36, respectively). Using multivariate analysis, the following factors were identified as increasing the risk of kidney stone formation: hyperlipidemia (p = 0.003), hypertension (p = 0.001), and ratio of visceral fat tissue to subcutaneous fat tissue (p = 0.01). Our study has its limitations, including its retrospective nature, its small sample size, possible selection bias, and missing data. The lack of stone composition data is another major limitation of our study.Conclusion: The ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue, in addition to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, was identified as an emerging factor in the formation of kidney stones.

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Concentration of DDT and DDE in plasma and subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after intestinal bypass operation for treatment of obesity

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/0041-008x(78)90311-3 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 663-669 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

L. Backman ◽

B. Kolmodin-Hedman

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Intestinal Bypass ◽

Bypass Operation ◽

Before And After ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Subcutaneous adipose tissue free fatty acid uptake measured using positron emission tomography and adipose biopsies in humans

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00030.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 317 (2) ◽

pp. E194-E199

Author(s):

Yanli Cao ◽

Nicola Gathaiya ◽

Qiaojun Han ◽

Bradley J. Kemp ◽

Michael D. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Positron Emission Tomography ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Emission Tomography ◽

Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Uptake Rates ◽

Palmitate Uptake ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals can noninvasively measure free fatty acid (FFA) uptake into adipose tissue. We studied 29 volunteers to test whether abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue FFA uptake measured using [1-11C]palmitate PET agrees with FFA storage rates measured using an intravenous bolus of [1-14C]palmitate and adipose biopsies. The dynamic left ventricular cavity PET images combined with blood sample radioactivity corrected for the 11CO2 content were used to create the blood time activity curve (TAC), and the constant ( Ki) was determined using Patlak analysis of the TACs generated for regions of interest in abdominal subcutaneous fat. These data were used to calculate palmitate uptake rates in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (µmol·kg−1·min−1). Immediately after the dynamic imaging, a static image of the thigh was taken to measure the standardized uptake value (SUV) in thigh adipose tissue, which was scaled to each participant’s abdominal adipose tissue SUV to calculate thigh adipose palmitate uptake rates. Abdominal adipose palmitate uptake using PET [1-11C]palmitate was correlated with, but significantly ( P < 0.001) greater than, FFA storage measured using [1-14C]palmitate and adipose biopsy. Thigh adipose palmitate measured using PET calculation was positively correlated ( R2 = 0.44, P < 0.0001) with and not different from the biopsy approach. The relative differences between PET measured abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue palmitate uptake and biopsy-measured palmitate storage were positively correlated ( P = 0.03) with abdominal subcutaneous fat. We conclude that abdominal adipose tissue FFA uptake measured using PET does not equate to adipose FFA storage measured using biopsy techniques.

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Subcutaneous Fat (or Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue)

Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease ◽

10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_3091 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 826-826

Author(s):

Gordon S. Lynch ◽

David G. Harrison ◽

Hanjoong Jo ◽

Charles Searles ◽

Philippe Connes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Characterization of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue transcriptome in pregnant women with and without spontaneous labor at term: implication of alternative splicing in the metabolic adaptations of adipose tissue to parturition

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2015-0259 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shali Mazaki-Tovi ◽

Adi L. Tarca ◽

Edi Vaisbuch ◽

Juan Pedro Kusanovic ◽

Nandor Gabor Than ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Q Value ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Exon Usage ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

First Time

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to determine gene expression and splicing changes associated with parturition and regions (visceral vs. subcutaneous) of the adipose tissue of pregnant women.Study design:The transcriptome of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from pregnant women at term with (n=15) and without (n=25) spontaneous labor was profiled with the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Exon 1.0 ST array. Overall gene expression changes and the differential exon usage rate were compared between patient groups (unpaired analyses) and adipose tissue regions (paired analyses). Selected genes were tested by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Results:Four hundred and eighty-two genes were differentially expressed between visceral and subcutaneous fat of pregnant women with spontaneous labor at term (q-value <0.1; fold change >1.5). Biological processes enriched in this comparison included tissue and vasculature development as well as inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Differential splicing was found for 42 genes [q-value <0.1; differences in Finding Isoforms using Robust Multichip Analysis scores >2] between adipose tissue regions of women not in labor. Differential exon usage associated with parturition was found for three genes (Conclusion:We show for the first time evidence of implication of mRNA splicing and processing machinery in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of women in labor compared to those without labor.

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Physical Exercise Reduces the Expression of RANTES and Its CCR5 Receptor in the Adipose Tissue of Obese Humans

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2014/627150 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Engin Baturcam ◽

Jehad Abubaker ◽

Ali Tiss ◽

Mohamed Abu-Farha ◽

Abdelkrim Khadir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Ccr5 Expression ◽

Ccr5 Receptor ◽

Before And After ◽

Obese Subjects ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

First Time

RANTES and its CCR5 receptor trigger inflammation and its progression to insulin resistance in obese. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the effect of physical exercise on the expression of RANTES and CCR5 in obese humans. Fifty-seven adult nondiabetic subjects (17 lean and 40 obese) were enrolled in a 3-month supervised physical exercise. RANTES and CCR5 expressions were measured in PBMCs and subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after exercise. Circulating plasma levels of RANTES were also investigated. There was a significant increase in RANTES and CCR5 expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese compared to lean. In PBMCs, however, while the levels of RANTES mRNA and protein were comparable between both groups, CCR5 mRNA was downregulated in obese subjects (P<0.05). Physical exercise significantly reduced the expression of both RANTES and CCR5 (P<0.05) in the adipose tissue of obese individuals with a concomitant decrease in the levels of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and P-JNK. Circulating RANTES correlated negatively with anti-inflammatory IL-1ra (P=0.001) and positively with proinflammatory IP-10 and TBARS levels (P<0.05). Therefore, physical exercise may provide an effective approach for combating the deleterious effects associated with obesity through RANTES signaling in the adipose tissue.

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Effects of a physiological GH pulse on interstitial glycerol in abdominal and femoral adipose tissue

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.5.e848 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 277 (5) ◽

pp. E848-E854 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Claus Højbjerg Gravholt ◽

Ole Schmitz ◽

Lene Simonsen ◽

Jens Bülow ◽

Jens Sandahl Christiansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Tissue Blood Flow ◽

Abdominal Adipose Tissue ◽

Adipose Tissue Blood Flow ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Circulating Levels ◽

Stimulation Of

Physiologically, growth hormone (GH) is secreted in pulses with episodic bursts shortly after the onset of sleep and postprandially. Such pulses increase circulating levels of free fatty acid and glycerol. We tested whether small GH pulses have detectable effects on intercellular glycerol concentrations in adipose tissue, and whether there would be regional differences between femoral and abdominal subcutaneous fat, by employing microdialysis for 6 h after administration of GH (200 μg) or saline intravenously. Subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) was measured by the local Xenon washout method. Baseline of interstitial glycerol was higher in adipose tissue than in blood [220 ± 12 (abdominal) vs. 38 ± 2 (blood) μmol/l, P < 0.0005; 149 ± 9 (femoral) vs. 38 ± 2 (blood) μmol/l, P < 0.0005] and higher in abdominal adipose tissue compared with femoral adipose tissue ( P < 0.0005). Administration of GH induced an increase in interstitial glycerol in both abdominal and femoral adipose tissue (ANOVA: abdominal, P = 0.04; femoral, P = 0.03). There was no overall difference in the response to GH in the two regions during the study period as a whole (ANOVA: P = 0.5), but during peak stimulation of lipolysis abdominal adipose tissue was, in absolute but not in relative terms, stimulated more markedly than femoral adipose tissue (ANOVA: P = 0.03 from 45 to 225 min). Peak interstitial glycerol values of 253 ± 37 and 336 ± 74 μmol/l were seen after 135 and 165 min in femoral and abdominal adipose tissue, respectively. ATBF was not statistically different in the two situations (ANOVA: P = 0.7). In conclusion, we have shown that a physiological pulse of GH increases interstitial glycerol concentrations in both femoral and abdominal adipose tissue, indicating activated lipolysis. The peak glycerol increments after GH were higher in abdominal adipose tissue, perhaps due to a higher basal rate of lipolysis in this region.

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Visceral Adipose Tissue and Different Measures of Adiposity in Different Severities of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11070663 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 663

Author(s):

Netanja Harlianto ◽

Jan Westerink ◽

Wouter Foppen ◽

Marjolein Hol ◽

Rianne Wittenberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Low Grade ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Background: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is associated with both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to investigate the relation between DISH and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in particular, as this would support a causal role of insulin resistance and low grade inflammation in the development of DISH. Methods: In 4334 patients with manifest vascular disease, the relation between different adiposity measures and the presence of DISH was compared using z-scores via standard deviation logistic regression analyses. Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, non-HDL cholesterol, smoking status, and renal function. Results: DISH was present in 391 (9%) subjects. The presence of DISH was associated with markers of adiposity and had a strong relation with VAT in males (OR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.20–1.54) and females (OR: 1.43; 95%CI: 1.06–1.93). In males with the most severe DISH (extensive ossification of seven or more vertebral bodies) the association between DISH and VAT was stronger (OR: 1.61; 95%CI: 1.31–1.98), while increased subcutaneous fat was negatively associated with DISH (OR: 0.65; 95%CI: 0.49–0.95). In females, increased subcutaneous fat was associated with the presence of DISH (OR: 1.43; 95%CI: 1.14–1.80). Conclusion: Markers of adiposity, including VAT, are strongly associated with the presence of DISH. Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness was negatively associated with more severe cases of DISH in males, while in females, increased subcutaneous adipose tissue was associated with the presence of DISH.

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New System Delivering Microwaves Energy for Inducing Subcutaneous Fat Reduction: In - Vivo Histological and Ultrastructural Evidence

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.778 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (18) ◽

pp. 2991-2997 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicola Zerbinati ◽

Edoardo D’Este ◽

Antonia Icaro Cornaglia ◽

Federica Riva ◽

Aurora Farina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

The Body ◽

Invasive Treatment ◽

New Device ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Ultrastructural Evidence ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been developed a new technology for the reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue through a non-invasive treatment by microwaves. The main objective of the present study is to demonstrate the feasibility of utilising a non-invasive, localised microwaves (MW) device to induce thermal modifications into subcutaneous adipose tissue only by a controlled electromagnetic field that heats up fat preferentially. This device is provided with a special handpiece appropriately cooled, directly contacting the cutaneous surface of the body, which provides a calibrated energy transfer by microwaves. AIM: In this paper, microscopic and ultrastructural modifications of subcutaneous adipose tissue induced by microwaves irradiation are evaluated. METHODS: Our experimental plan was designed for collecting biopsy samples, for each skin region treated with a single irradiation session, 1) before treatment (control), 2) immediately after treatment, 3) after 6 hrs, 4) after 1 month, 5) after 2 months. Bioptic samples from each step were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. At the same time, each region where biopsies were collected was subjected to ultrasound examination. Recorded images permitted to evaluate the thickness of different layers as epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, connective fasciae, until to muscle layer, and related modifications induced by treatment. RESULTS: In every biopsy collected at different time-steps, epidermis and superficial dermis appeared not modified compared to control. Differently, already in the short-term biopsies, in the deep dermis and superficial hypodermis, fibrillar connective tissue appeared modified, showing reduction and fragmentation of interlobular collagen septa. The most important adipose tissue modifications were detectable following 1 month from treatment, with a significant reduction of subcutaneous fat, participating both the lysis of many adipocytes and the related phagocytic action of monocytes/macrophages on residuals of compromised structures of adipocytes. In the samples collected two months following treatment, the remnants of adipose tissue appeared normal, and macrophages were completely absent. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound, microscopic and ultrastructural evidence are supporting significant effectiveness of the new device treatment in the reduction of subcutaneous fat. In this paper, the possible mechanisms involved in the activation of the monocytes/macrophages system responsible for the removal of adipocytes residuals have also been discussed.

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Selected Adipokines - Plasma Concentrations and Adipose Tissue Expressions during 24-Hour Lipid Infusion in Healthy Men

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.931464 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 89-96

Author(s):

J Kopecký ◽

E Krušinová ◽

M Klementová ◽

L Kazdová ◽

P Mlejnek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Plasma Concentration ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Lipid Emulsion ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Lipid Infusion ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

Our aim was to assess the reaction of TNFα, resistin, leptin and adiponectin to lipid infusion. Eight healthy subjects underwent a 24-hour lasting infusion of lipid emulsion. Plasma concentrations and expressions of selected cytokines in subcutaneous fat were measured. TNFα plasma concentration did not change during the first 4 hours of hypertriglyceridemia, but a significant increase after 24 hours was detected (p<0.001 for 0; 30; 240 min vs. 24 h). Plasma concentration of resistin significantly increased at 30 min of infusion and remained elevated (p<0.01 for 0 min vs. 30; 240 min; p<0.001 for 0 min vs. 24 h). Plasma concentrations of leptin and adiponectin did not show any significant changes. Although the expression of resistin in the subcutaneous adipose tissue tended to increase, the change was not significant. Expressions of TNFα, leptin and adiponectin were unaffected. In conclusions, our results indicate that acutely induced hyperlipidemia could influence the secretion of TNFα and resistin.

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